MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Mar 19 2015, 9:34 am Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Philip R. Skodinski Gregory F. Zoeller South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana George P. Sherman Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Javon Crockett-Berry, March 19, 2015
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 71A03-1407-PC-242 v. Appeal from the St. Joseph Superior Court The Honorable Jane Woodward State of Indiana, Miller, Judge Appellee-Plaintiff Cause Nos. 71D01-0611-PC-36, 71D01-0401-MR-1
Bradford, Judge.
Case Summary [1] In July of 2001, Appellant-Defendant Javon Crockett-Berry (“Crockett”) took
part in an attempted burglary of a drug dealer’s residence. Crockett and his co-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 1 of 23 conspirators mistakenly targeted the wrong house, the burglary went awry, and
Mary Lou Wolfe was killed. Crockett was implicated in the murder by several
witnesses, and police found Crockett’s DNA at the crime scene. On September
26, 2005, a jury found Crockett guilty of felony murder and burglary. The trial
court sentenced Crockett to an aggregate term of sixty years of imprisonment.
Crockett appealed but subsequently requested that the matter be remanded to
the trial court pursuant to the Davis-Hatton1 procedure, which was granted by
this court. Crockett filed his first petition for post-conviction relief (“PCR”) in
2006. After two subsequent amendments to his petition, the PCR court held
evidentiary hearings and denied Crockett relief. On appeal, Crockett claims
that the trial court erred in admitting and excluding certain evidence, that
Appellee-Plaintiff the State of Indiana (“the State”) was guilty of prosecutorial
misconduct and Brady violations2, and that his trial counsel was ineffective. We
affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
1 The Davis-Hatton procedure involves a termination or suspension of a direct appeal already initiated, upon appellate counsel’s motion for remand or stay, to allow a post-conviction relief petition to be pursued in the trial court. State v. Lopez, 676 N.E.2d 1063, 1069 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (citing Hatton v. State, 626 N.E.2d 442 (Ind. 1993), trans. denied; Davis v. State, 267 Ind. 152, 368 N.E.2d 1149 (1977)). See also Ind. Appellate Rule 37(A) (“At any time after the Court on Appeal obtains jurisdiction, any party may file a motion requesting that the appeal be dismissed without prejudice or temporarily stayed and the case remanded to the trial court … for further proceedings. The motion must be verified and demonstrate that remand will promote judicial economy or is otherwise necessary for the administration of justice.”) 2 In Brady v. Maryland, the United States Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment.” 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 2 of 23 [2] Sometime in early July of 2001, Frank Moffitt was wanted for drug and gun
charges, and, in a stolen car, Moffitt drove to South Bend in hopes of
committing a robbery. While in South Bend, Moffitt was staying with Teresa
Avance, who was the mother of his child. After Moffitt explained his situation
to Avance, he asked her if she knew anyone who would be interested in helping
him conduct a robbery. Avance then introduced Moffitt to her cousin,
Crockett. Moffitt and Crockett decided to rob a drug dealer, DeShawn Works,
who also lived in South Bend. Moffitt and Crockett enlisted the help of Tyson
Crawford who showed Moffitt where Works’s house was located. Sometime in
the early morning hours of July 8, 2001, Moffitt, Crockett, and Ricky Phillips
approached what they believed to be Works’s home from the back alley.
However, the house which the group believed to belong to Works actually
belonged to Walter and Mary Lou Wolfe, who lived next door to Works.
Phillips stayed in the car while Moffitt and Crockett, each of whom was
carrying a gun, approached the back door of the Wolfes’ house. Crockett
entered the house through the back door while Moffitt waited outside.
[3] At approximately 1:00 a.m., Walter awoke to a sound coming from the stairs.
Moments later, Walter saw a silhouette through the bedroom doorway. Walter
yelled at the figure, “Get out of my house.” Tr. p. 337. The figure responded by
firing two shots into the room. Walter waited a moment and then went across
the hall and called 911. After calling for help, he returned to the bedroom and
realized that Mary Lou had been shot. Walter then called 911 a second time
and requested an ambulance. Officers arrived soon thereafter and found a lit
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 3 of 23 cigarette on the ground near the back door which they collected as evidence.
Mary Lou died as a result of a single bullet wound to the upper back/shoulder
area which severed her spinal cord.
[4] After the shooting, Crockett exited the house and returned to the car with
Moffitt. While driving away, Moffitt asked Crockett what happened in the
house. Crockett told Moffitt that someone jumped up and he shot at them.
Crockett returned to Avance’s home and told her “he did something wrong.”
Tr. p. 626. Sometime thereafter, Crockett told Avance “he [thought] he killed
the wrong person.” Tr. p. 628.
[5] In August of 2001, St. Joseph County Police received a Crime Stoppers tip
which led then-Officer Keith Hadary3 to speak with Crockett. When asked
about Wolfe’s murder, Crockett told Captain Hadary, “I didn’t kill that white
b****.” Tr. p. 771. Prior to Crockett’s statement, officers had not given
Crockett any specifics about Wolfe including her race. The case went unsolved
until cold case Investigator Timothy Decker interviewed Moffitt in 2004.
Moffitt agreed to discuss the case on the condition that he be given immunity.
The State agreed and in a January 14, 2004 letter, the State offered Moffitt
complete immunity from “any drug related matters, murder in any degree or
false informing charges, which may be part of this homicide investigation.”
3 Prior to trial, Hadary was promoted to Sergeant and later promoted to Captain before the PCR hearing. Unless quoting directly from the trial or PCR court records, we will hereafter refer to him as “Captain Hadary.”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 4 of 23 State’s Ex. 43. On January 20, 2004, the State charged Crockett with murder,
Class B felony burglary, and felony murder. When Crockett was interviewed
again in 2004, he denied having been at Wolfe’s house and stated that he had
been shot in the face on June 30, 2001, which caused him to be “laid up for two
months.” Tr. p. 977.
[6] At trial, Moffitt, Avance, and Phillips testified and implicated Crockett in the
murder. The State introduced evidence that Crockett’s DNA was present on
the cigarette found near the backdoor of the Wolfes’ house the night of the
murder. On September 26, 2005, a jury found Crockett guilty of felony murder
and burglary. On October 24, 2005, Crockett was sentenced to an aggregate
term of sixty years imprisonment. Crockett appealed but subsequently
requested that the matter be remanded to the trial court pursuant to the Davis-
Hatton procedure, which was granted by this court on July 19, 2006. On
November 16, 2006, Crockett filed a petition for PCR, which was later
amended by subsequent petitions on November 13, 2013, and March 18, 2014.
The PCR court held evidentiary hearings in April of 2014 and issued an order
denying relief on June 23, 2014. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Discussion and Decision I. Direct Appeal Issues A. Trial Court’s Admission and Exclusion of Evidence [7] The admission or exclusion of evidence is a determination entrusted to the discretion of the trial court. Kelley v. Watson, 677 N.E.2d 1053,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 5 of 23 1059 (Ind. App. 1997). We will reverse a trial court’s decision only for an abuse of discretion, that is, only when the trial court’s action is clearly erroneous and against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Id. Adkins v. State, 703 N.E.2d 182, 186 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998).
[8] “Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of
consequence in determining the action.” Ind. Evidence Rule 401. “The court
may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed
by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the
issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting cumulative
evidence.” Ind. Evidence Rule 403. “The trial court enjoys broad discretion in
weighing the probative value of the evidence against the potential for
prejudice.” Burks v. State, 838 N.E.2d 510, 519 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)
1. Witness Tattoos
[9] During the cross-examination of Moffitt, defense counsel attempted to elicit
testimony that Moffitt had a tattoo indicating gang affiliation. The State
objected on relevancy grounds. Crockett argued that both Moffitt and Avance
have identical tattoos indicating affiliation with the same gang which supported
Crockett’s theory that the two had motive to formulate a false story in order to
frame Crockett for the murder. The trial court found that the potential
prejudicial effect outweighed the probative value of the evidence and
consequently sustained the objection. Crockett now argues that the trial court
abused its discretion in declining to permit his line of questioning on this issue.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 6 of 23 [10] As the trial court recognized, the evidence of a shared gang affiliation is only
marginally relevant because it was cumulative. It was undisputed that Moffitt
and Avance were closely associated as evidenced by the fact that they have a
child together, that Moffitt drove a stolen car to Avance’s home in South Bend,
told her he was wanted for drug and gun charges, and asked her if she knew
anyone who would be interested in helping him conduct a robbery. The
subsequent allegation that the two were a part of the same gang provides only
negligible additional evidence of their relationship. Furthermore, it is
inherently prejudicial to introduce evidence of gang affiliation as it creates a
presumption of bad character. We think there is ample evidence to conclude
that the probative value of the tattoos is substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice and needless presentation of cumulative evidence. The trial
court enjoys broad discretion in making Rule 403 determinations, id. at 519,
and we cannot say that the trial court abused that discretion here.
2. Photo of Crockett
[11] Crockett argues that the trial court erred in admitting State’s Exhibit 59, a photo
of Crockett taken from the video of his interview with Captain Hadary. The
State sought to introduce this photo as a response to Crockett’s claim that he
had been shot in the face just prior to Wolfe’s murder, was “laid up” as a result
of the injury, tr. p. 977, and so could not have taken part in the crime. The
State argues that the photo was relevant to show that Crockett had no signs of a
facial wound at the time of the interview, which was conducted approximately
a month after the crime. Crockett argued that the photo’s relevance was
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 7 of 23 minimal because it is blurry and that it is prejudicial because Crockett appears
unkempt and wearing jail garb. When considering whether to admit the
photograph, the trial court viewed the photo and found that it “shows the
absence of any facial wounds, and I think that actually is sufficiently clear.” Tr.
p. 761. The trial court also found that Crockett’s appearance in the photo was
not unlike his appearance in another photo already admitted and that his
clothing was not “identifiable in anyway as prison garb.” Tr. p. 764.
Therefore, the probative value was significant as it disproved Crockett’s claim
of injury and was, at most, minimally prejudicial. Once again, the trial court
has broad discretion in making Rule 403 determinations and we think the trial
court was well within its discretion on this issue.
3. Defense Witness
[12] “Trial courts have the discretion to exclude a belatedly disclosed witness when there is evidence of bad faith on the part of counsel or a showing of substantial prejudice to the State.” Williams v. State, 714 N.E.2d 644, 651 (Ind. 1999). Several specific factors have been deemed helpful in determining whether to exclude witness testimony: (1) the point in time when the parties first knew of the witness; (2) the importance of the witness’s testimony; (3) the prejudice resulting to the opposing party; (4) the appropriateness of instead granting a continuance or some other remedy; and (5) whether the opposing party would be unduly surprised and prejudiced by the inclusion of the witness’s testimony. Id. at 651 n. 5; Cook v. State, 675 N.E.2d 687, 691 n. 3 (Ind. 1996). Rohr v. State, 866 N.E.2d 242, 245 (Ind. 2007).
[13] Crockett’s trial began on Monday September 19, 2005. On September 16, 2005,
the Friday prior to trial, Crockett advised the State of his intent to call twelve
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 8 of 23 witnesses, one of which was Ikelee Lottie, one of Moffitt’s fellow inmates. On
the first day of trial, the State moved to strike a number of the witnesses.
Defense counsel argued that he was only made aware of the witnesses within
the previous week and that two of the witnesses, Michael Townsend and
Dwight Neal, were inmates who could discredit Moffitt’s testimony by
testifying that Moffitt was attempting to recruit other inmates to “jump on the
case, that is, to become witnesses to help strengthen his own testimony in this
case.” Tr. p. 9. Defense counsel stated that the remaining witnesses were
similar and would be called only to bolster Townsend or Neal’s testimony if
necessary. To avoid the exclusion of any of the witnesses, the trial court
ordered defense counsel to make the witnesses available for the State to depose
on the following afternoon. The State was able to interview nearly all of the
witnesses. However, the State was unable to depose Lottie because the attorney
sent by Crockett to oversee the deposition refused to participate in the interview
of Lottie due to a conflict of interest. On the fourth day of trial, Crockett
argued that Lottie should be allowed to testify despite not having been deposed.
After being questioned by the trial court, Crockett indicated that he had been
aware of Lottie’s potential as a witness for over a year. The trial court applied
the five Rohr factors and decided to exclude the witness. Rohr, 866 N.E.2d at
245.
[14] The first of the Rohr factors, and most relevant in this case, is the fact that
Crockett had known of Lottie’s potential as a witness for a year prior to trial
and waited until the eve of trial to notify the State. Both parties argue that the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 9 of 23 second factor, importance of the witness’s testimony, weighs in their favor.
Initially, Crockett advised the State, via his witness list, that Lottie would
provide testimony similar to that of Townsend and Neal, thus making it
cumulative and less important. However, midway through the trial, Crockett
indicated that Lottie would now testify that Moffitt had revealed to Lottie his
(Moffitt’s) intent to perjure himself at trial. Although such testimony would be
extremely important to Crockett, the timing and nature of its disclosure is
dubious. The third and fifth factors, prejudice and undue surprise to the
opposing party, both work in the State’s favor. Crockett wished to call a
witness who had not been made available for deposition, had been disclosed
just days before trial, and was expected to testify that the State’s key witness
was perjuring himself. Even assuming the State could have facilitated a
deposition of Lottie prior to his testimony, there would have been little if any
time left to prepare a response. Finally, it seems that another remedy, such as a
continuance, would have been difficult given the circumstances. The trial was
already on its fourth day and the trial court noted that at least one of the jurors
would suffer significant financial hardship if the trial extended longer than one
week. Based on these considerations, we think the trial court was within its
discretion to exclude the witness.
4. Captain Hadary’s Testimony
[15] The following exchange occurred during the prosecutor’s direct examination of
Captain Hadary in which Captain Hadary describes his initial interview with
Crockett:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 10 of 23 Q: What did you tell [Crockett]? A: Just that we had received a tip that he was involved, and we wanted to talk to him about the Mary Lou Wolfe case. Q: Did you tell him any specifics about Mary Lou Wolfe? A: No. Q: Did you ask him about the case? A: Yes. Q: What was his response? A: That he didn’t have anything to do with that, didn’t know where, was nowhere on Cleveland [Street], didn’t know her, had nothing to do with it. Q: Did he make any specific reference to Miss Wolfe herself? A: Yes, he did. Q: What was that? A: He said he didn’t kill that white b****. [Defense counsel objects]
Tr. p. 771. Captain Hadary went on to testify that the Homicide Unit’s
standard procedure is to not release any information on a victim during a
pending investigation. Captain Hadary also testified that, to his knowledge, the
race of the victim was never disclosed in the newspaper or on TV, the
implication being that Crockett knew that Wolfe was white because he was, in
fact, her killer.
[16] Crockett claims that the trial court improperly admitted Captain Hadary’s
comment, arguing that the comment should have been excluded pursuant to
Indiana Trial Rule 403 because it was both irrelevant and highly prejudicial.
Crockett argues that because Captain Hadary could not say for certain that
Wolfe’s picture was never made available to the public, the implication from
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 11 of 23 the comment is irrelevant.4 However, the fact that Wolfe’s picture could
potentially have been made public only works to cast doubt on the implication,
it does not prove the implication false. In other words, it goes to the weight of
the evidence, not its admissibility.
[T]he fact that evidence only inconclusively connects the defendant to a crime affects the weight to be accorded that evidence by the fact- finder, rather than affecting its admissibility. Hunter v. State, 578 N.E.2d 353, 357 (Ind. 1991), reh’g denied; see also Johnson v. Indiana, 272 Ind. 547, 400 N.E.2d 132, 133 (1980) (“That the connection with the crime is inconclusive affects the weight of the evidence but does not render it inadmissible.”).
Adkins v. State, 703 N.E.2d 182, 186 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998). It was for the jury to
decide whether Crockett’s knowledge of the victim’s race implicated him in the
crime or if he discovered her race through another means. As such, the
comment is relevant.
[17] Furthermore, the probative value of the testimony was not substantially
outweighed by any potential danger of unfair prejudice. As the trial court noted
in its decision to admit the testimony, “it may be highly prejudicial, but it’s also
highly probative. And under Rule [] 403 … the preference is in favor of
4 Crockett also briefly argues that his “white b****” statement was not referring to Wolfe but to another white female murder victim in an unrelated case. The PCR court addressed this argument in its order as follows: “The [trial court] did not review the videotape [of Crockett’s interview] during the trial…The videotape was introduced at the PCR hearing and has been reviewed. The Court’s review of the video reveals that the State was correct…despite Crockett-Berry’s PCR claim [that he was referring to another woman], his initial ‘white b[****]’ comment was made directly in connection with a discussion of the Wolfe break-in and shooting. After reviewing the tape, the Court finds that Sgt. Hadary neither ‘lied on’ the Petitioner nor misstated the interview.” Appellant’s Br. 56. Determining who Crockett’s comment was referring to is a factual issue that the PCR court addressed. This court does not reweigh evidence and will not do so here. Vitek v. State, 750 N.E.2d 346, 352 (Ind. 2001).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 12 of 23 admission ….” Tr. p. 778. Although we are unconvinced that the statement is
highly prejudicial, we nonetheless agree with the trail court’s reasoning and
conclude that is was not an abuse of discretion to admit the testimony.
B. Prosecutorial Misconduct [18] In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct properly raised in the trial court, we determine (1) whether misconduct occurred, and if so, (2) whether the misconduct, under all of the circumstances, placed the defendant in a position of grave peril to which he or she would not have been subjected otherwise. A prosecutor has the duty to present a persuasive final argument and thus placing a defendant in grave peril, by itself, is not misconduct. Whether a prosecutor’s argument constitutes misconduct is measured by reference to case law and the Rules of Professional Conduct. The gravity of peril is measured by the probable persuasive effect of the misconduct on the jury’s decision rather than the degree of impropriety of the conduct. Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 667 (Ind. 2014) (citations and quotations omitted).
1. Captain Hadary’s Testimony
[19] Crockett claims that the prosecutor committed prosecutorial misconduct by
eliciting testimony from Captain Hadary that Crockett knew the victim’s race.
Crockett argues that the prosecutor’s true goal in eliciting this testimony was to
inject the issue of race into the proceedings in order to “gain a conviction on the
basis of racial prejudice.” Appellant’s Br. p. 22. As we have already
determined, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the
statement. It would be illogical for us to hold that introducing evidence which
is both highly prejudicial and highly probative amounts to misconduct. This
would run counter to the balancing scheme established by Rule 403.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 13 of 23 [20] Furthermore, the alleged prejudicial statement did not place Crockett in a
position of grave peril and/or have had any persuasive effect on the jury.
Crockett argues that the prosecutor elicited the statement “for purposes of
obtaining an advantage by pointing out to the jury that this was a crime
committed by a black man against a white woman.” Appellant’s Br. p. 20.
However, the jurors had already been shown crime scene and autopsy photos
which showed that the victim was white. As such, the statement introduced no
new information about race which could have put Crockett in grave peril or had
any significant persuasive effect on the jury.
2. Suborning Perjury
[21] A conviction must be set aside where there is a reasonable likelihood that
testimony known to be false could have affected the judgment of the jury.
Gordy v. State, 270 Ind. 379, 381, 385 N.E.2d 1145, 1146 (1979). “Further,
Indiana has recognized a prosecutorial duty of voluntary disclosure of actual
‘deals’ made with state’s witnesses, such as promises, grants of immunity, and
rewards offered in return for testimony.” Id.
[22] The State’s letter offering Moffitt immunity reads as follows:
We have no interest in, and will not contemplate the filing of any formal charges against you on any drug related matters, murder in any degree or false informing charges, which may be part of this homicide investigation. Assuming that you cooperate freely in the homicide investigation, are completely truthful about your knowledge of the events, are willing to testify at any subsequent trial, and, of course, are not the person who
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 14 of 23 shot Mary Lou Wolfe, we will forego prosecuting your participation in this event. State’s Ex. 43 (emphasis in orginal). In his initial post-immunity statement,
Moffitt implicated Crockett in the crime but neglected to mention Phillips or
Avance. Investigator Decker testified that it is common for witnesses to
initially omit relevant information and that it often takes multiple interviews to
obtain all of the available information. In a subsequent interview, Moffitt
revealed Phillips’s and Avance’s involvement in the crime. On cross-
examination, Moffitt stated that he initially neglected to mention Phillips and
Avance because he “didn’t want to implicate anyone else who had nothing to
do with, you know, the murder.” Tr. p. 559.
[23] Crockett claims that the State’s “unconditional promise not to prosecute Moffitt
for perjury,” appellant’s br. p. 27, together with the State’s failure to revoke
Moffitt’s immunity after realizing that he had omitted information in his initial
statement “created an unconditional promise to Moffitt that he could lie to
investigators and on the witness stand without fear of prosecution for false
informing charges.” Appellant’s Br. p. 26. Crockett’s argument is without
merit. As evidenced by the immunity letter, the State made no promise not to
prosecute Moffitt for perjury and conditioned the immunity on the
understanding that Moffitt be completely truthful. Furthermore, the State was
under no obligation to revoke the immunity based on an omission which was
ultimately remedied before trial. Finally, Crockett failed to provide any sound
evidence that Moffitt’s testimony was false. The prosecutor cannot be guilty of
suborning perjury when there is no evidence that the testimony was perjured.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 15 of 23 II. PCR Issues A. Brady Violations In Brady v. Maryland, the United States Supreme Court held that “the
suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon
request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to
punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” 373
U.S. 83, 87 (1963). “To establish a Brady violation, a defendant must show ‘(1)
that the prosecution suppressed evidence; (2) that the evidence was favorable to
the defense; and (3) that the evidence was material to an issue at trial.’”
Stephenson v. State, 864 N.E.2d 1022, 1056-57 (Ind. 2007) (quoting Conner v.
State, 711 N.E.2d 1238, 1245-46 (Ind. 1999)). Under Brady, evidence is material
if “‘the defendant ... establish[es] a reasonable probability that the result of the
proceeding would be different if the State had disclosed [the] evidence.’” Id.
(quoting Azania v. State, 730 N.E.2d 646, 655 (Ind. 2000)).
1. Moffitt Testimony
[24] Our supreme court has acknowledged the importance of fully disclosing to the jury any beneficial agreement between an accomplice and the State, even when those agreements are not reduced to writing. [McCorker v. State, 797 N.E.2d 257, 266 (Ind. 2003)]. *** [O]ur supreme court has also held that the duty to disclose arises when there is a confirmed promise of leniency in exchange for testimony and that preliminary discussions are not matters which are subject to mandatory disclosure. Sigler v. State, 700 N.E.2d 809, 812 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans. denied (1999); [Wright v. State, 690 N.E.2d 1098, 1113 (Ind. 1997)]. An express agreement requiring disclosure does not exist if a witness testifies favorably in the hope of leniency, and the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 16 of 23 State neither confirms nor denies leniency to the witness. Sigler, 700 N.E.2d at 812; Wright, 690 N.E.2d at 1113. Seketa v. State, 817 N.E.2d 690, 693-694 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
[25] Several months after Crockett’s conviction, the State filed a motion to modify
Moffitt’s sentence. Crockett alleges that the prosecutor had an agreement to
modify Moffitt’s sentence in exchange for his testimony and that the agreement
was not disclosed to Crockett. Crockett argues that failure to disclose such an
agreement amounts to prosecutorial misconduct and a Brady violation. At the
PCR hearing, the deputy prosecuting attorney testified that there had been no
such agreement to modify Moffitt’s sentence in exchange for his testimony.
Despite evidence offered at the PCR hearing which suggested that Moffitt’s
sentence modification was somewhat atypical, the PCR court determined that
there was no agreement between the State and Moffitt pertaining to a sentence
reduction. As such, Crockett’s arguments on appeal suggesting that an
agreement did exist are nothing more than invitations to reweigh the evidence
which we will not do. Vitek, 750 N.E.2d at 352.
[26] We note that Moffitt may have expected a sentence reduction following his
testimony. However, without an explicit agreement, the unilateral expectation
of sentence relief does not warrant reversal on Brady grounds. Lambert v. State,
743 N.E.2d 719, 749 (Ind. 2001). Because Crockett failed to establish the
existence of an agreement, there are no grounds to find prosecutorial
misconduct or a Brady violation as there is no favorable evidence that could
have been withheld from Crockett.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 17 of 23 2. Van Winkel Murder
[27] Crockett claims that the State committed a Brady violation by failing to turn
over information which tied Moffitt to an unrelated South Bend burglary which
resulted in the murder of Lori Van Winkel. On February 25, 2002, during the
investigation into the Van Winkel murder, Captain Hadary interviewed Kinte
Johnson who indicated that Moffitt and another individual had targeted Van
Winkel because they believed she was associated with a drug dealer. The
burglary of Van Winkel, who seemingly was not involved in drug dealing, went
awry and resulted in her being shot. According to Johnson, Moffitt later made
reference to “two wrong addresses in one month,” and also told him details
about Wolfe’s murder. PCR Petitioner’s Ex. 16. Crockett claims the State was
obligated to send him the police reports and video tapes of the interview and
that this information was beneficial because it tied Moffitt to a similar crime
and would further discredit his testimony.
[28] Crockett’s argument fails for several reasons. Firstly, the State provided
Crockett with a narrative of the interview with Johnson on September 9, 2004,
more than a year before trial. This report focuses on the information Johnson
gave regarding Wolfe’s murder and references that Moffitt was involved in
another burglary at an incorrect address that resulted in a murder. This report
gave Crockett notice that Johnson had information on Moffitt relating to
Crockett’s case. “[T]he State will not be found to have suppressed material
information if that information was available to a defendant through the
exercise of reasonable diligence.” Conner v. State, 711 N.E.2d 1238, 1246 (Ind.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 18 of 23 1999) (citing United States v. Morris, 80 F.3d 1151, 1170 (7th Cir. 1996)). The
report also noted that there was a videotape of the interview with Johnson
which Crockett could have requested from the State.
[29] Crockett’s argument also fails because he has not shown that Johnson’s
interview was favorable to his defense. Although the interview may have
generally discredited Moffitt’s testimony by tying him to a similar crime,
Johnson also stated that Moffitt told him it was Crockett who shot and killed
Wolfe, thus corroborating Moffitt’s testimony. Finally, we note that one of
Crockett’s witnesses, Steven Spears, was convicted of killing Van Winkel prior
to his testimony in this case. Therefore, had there been any significantly helpful
information in relation to the Van Winkel murder, it could have been gathered
from Spears. Accordingly, we find that Crockett has failed to establish that the
State suppressed evidence or that the allegedly suppressed evidence was
favorable to his defense.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel [30] This Court reviews claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the two components set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires a showing that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and that the errors were so serious that they resulted in a denial of the right to counsel guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. To establish prejudice, a defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 19 of 23 have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Wentz v. State, 766 N.E.2d 351, 360 (Ind. 2002) (citations omitted).
[31] Crockett claims that his trial counsel, Charles Lahey, was ineffective for failing
to file a motion in limine to prevent the State from eliciting testimony from
Captain Hadary regarding Crockett’s statement, “I didn’t kill that white b****.”
Tr. p. 771. Crockett also claims that Lahey was ineffective for failing to find
news coverage which revealed Wolfe’s race in order to rebut the implication
made by Captain Hadary’s testimony. The following exchange occurred during
Lahey’s cross-examination of Captain Hadary:
Q: Nice job of planting the race issue in this case, Sergeant Hadary? State: I would object to that, Your Honor. All blood is red. Court: That’s not a question, and I’m going to – Please, Mr. Lahey, limit yourself to questions, not statements. Q: You watched all three channels the day after this murder? A: No, I can’t say that I did. Q: You watched all three channels the next day after that? A: No. Q: And yet you confidently say that it was not on TV, the race of the woman? A: Yes. Q: And yet you got no idea. You didn’t watch all of the channels. You didn’t watch all of the news coverage, and yet you say, it wasn’t covered by TV. It’s pretty irresponsible to make that kind of statement; isn’t it? A: In all of the homicides that I’ve been involved with back there, I can’t ever say that -- [] that I have ever saw her picture ever.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 20 of 23 Q: Well, you may not have seen her picture. Does that mean it’s never been shown? A: It’s possible. Q: You’ve never seen a news commentator mention on TV that she was a white woman. Does that mean it never happened? A: It’s possible. *** Q: Did you read the obituary column? A: I can’t say that I did. Q: It’s pretty customary for a person’s picture to be in an obituary column; is it not? A: Sometimes, yes. Q: And you’re telling me that you never released a photograph of Mrs. Wolfe, so there’s no way that anybody would know that she was white, right? A: Right. Q: And yet, if her photograph appeared in the obituary column, there would be a picture of her in all of her whiteness sitting there in the back of the South Bend Tribune. A: If it was in there, yes. Q: Okay. And you didn’t bother to check. You just made this statement that nobody knew that she was a white woman on your own, right? You said her picture never appeared in the South Bend Tribune, right? A: Right. I can’t say that I remember. That’s four years ago, and a lot of cases that – I could say, I never recalled seeing her picture, and every newspaper article on this whole case would be in that book, in the homicide book. Q: Not every. Do you have transcripts of every television mention of it? A: No, not transcripts…
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 21 of 23 Tr. pp. 786-789. Lahey asked several more questions designed to cast doubt on
the implication that Crockett would only have known Wolfe’s race if he was in
fact her killer.
[32] During the PCR hearing, Lahey testified that he believed he had made an
informal agreement with the prosecutor that the statement would not be
introduced at trial. Lahey claimed that the agreement was violated and that
had he known the State was planning on introducing the statement, he would
have filed a motion in limine. If such a motion was denied, he would have
looked for news coverage which revealed Wolfe’s race.
[33] Although Lahey admitted that he would have done things differently in
retrospect, we do not think his actions fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness for many reasons. The trial court allowed the testimony despite
Lahey’s vehement Rule 403 objection. Therefore, it is unlikely that a motion in
limine would have been successful. Moreover, Crockett produced no definitive
evidence in his PCR petition that there was any news coverage prior to
Crockett’s statement which showed Wolfe’s race, i.e. Lahey could not be
ineffective for failing to find evidence which did not exist. Finally, we think
that Lahey’s thorough cross-examination of Captain Hadary provided a
satisfactory rebuttal of the implication created by Hadary’s testimony. By the
time Lahey’s cross-examination was complete, it was clear that Captain Hadary
could not rule out the possibility that Crockett discovered the victim’s race via
news coverage. “Isolated poor strategy, bad tactics, a mistake, carelessness or
inexperience do not necessarily amount to ineffective counsel unless, taken as a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 22 of 23 whole, the defense was inadequate.” Davis v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1097, 1100
(Ind. 1996) (quoting Terry v. State, 465 N.E.2d 1085, 1089 (Ind. 1984)). Taken
as a whole, Lahey’s representation was more than sufficient and his failure to
file a motion in limine was, at worst, an isolated mistake.
[34] Furthermore, as we outlined in Section I-B-1, we do not think that Captain
Hadary’s testimony regarding Crockett’s statement had any persuasive effect on
the jury. Similarly, we do not think that there is a reasonable probability that,
but for Lahey’s alleged errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.
[35] The judgments of the trial and PCR courts are affirmed.
Najam, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 71A03-1407-PC-242 |March 19, 2015 Page 23 of 23