Opinion issued March 3, 2016
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-15-00675-CR ——————————— JAVIER MORENO, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 174th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1038733
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Javier Moreno, was found guilty by the trial court of the offense
of indecency with a child. The trial court sentenced him to four years in prison.
Appellant raises two issues on appeal. He asserts that the evidence was not sufficient to support the judgment of conviction, and he contends that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel during the guilt-innocence phase of trial.
We affirm.
Background
J.M. was born in April 1989. She is Appellant’s oldest child. On August 5,
2004, fifteen-year-old J.M. had an argument with her mother, Maria. During the
argument, J.M. told Maria that Appellant had “touched” her.
Maria contacted the police. She also took J.M. to the Children’s Assessment
Center (CAC). There, J.M. met with a caseworker and gave a videotaped
interview. During the interview, J.M. described to the caseworker how, when she
was nine and ten years old, Appellant would return home drunk, come into her
bedroom while she was asleep, and touch the outside of her vagina and her breasts
with his hand. She stated that, in addition to her bedroom, Appellant had sexually
abused her in her parent’s bedroom and in the living room. J.M. told the
interviewer that Appellant had also made her touch his penis when she was ten
years old.
The CAC interviewer asked J.M. how many times Appellant had touched
her inappropriately. J.M. responded that she did not know but reiterated that it
happened when her father came home drunk. J.M. also indicated that it happened
when her mother was at work.
2 J.M. stated that, when she was 11 years old, she “had the guts” to tell
Appellant to stop. She told him, if he did not stop, she would tell her mother. J.M.
indicated that Appellant stopped sexually abusing her after that.
J.M. also indicated that she did not tell anyone about the abuse when she
was younger. She stated that she had only recently told her mother. Before telling
her mother, J.M. said that she had told her aunt, Karla, about the abuse.
During the interview, J.M. appeared upset and hesitant to discuss the sexual
abuse by her father. She cried at times throughout the interview and spoke softly.
A number of months later, Appellant voluntarily went to the CAC.
Appellant did not have an appointment and arrived at the CAC completely of his
own volition. Once there, he spoke to Sergeant Smejkal, who was employed by
the Harris County Sheriff’s Department and assigned to the Child Abuse Division
of the CAC. Sergeant Smejkal asked Appellant if he would give a statement, and
Appellant agreed.
Appellant told Sergeant Smejkal in Spanish what had occurred between him
and J.M. Sergeant Smejkal, who speaks conversational Spanish, typed in English
what Appellant had told him in Spanish. To ensure that Appellant understood
what was stated in the typed statement, Sergeant Smejkal had Appellant read the
typed statement and, line by line, tell Sergeant Smejkal in Spanish what the
statement said.
3 Appellant’s statement provided, in part, as follows:
When my daughter was 12 years of age I touched her on vagina. I was outside drinking beer. I was drunk. I then went inside to my bedroom. I layed down. After this [J.M.] came and layed down in the bed. I touched her on the skin of her vagina. I did this for about 10 or 15 minutes. While I was doing this I was rubbing her vagina. After I finished doing this [J.M.] left and went to her room. After I saw [J.M.] leave the room I stayed in my bed drunk. My wife was in the living room sleeping when this happened. The next day [J.M.] did not talk to me.
I believe [J.M.] told her Aunt Carla about what took place. This I believe is how this came out. This was the only time I ever touched [J.M.]. I thought [J.M.] was my wife when she came to my bed.
On November 18, 2005, Appellant was indicted for the felony offense of
indecency with a child. The indictment alleged that, “on or about May 1, 2000,
[Appellant] unlawfully, intentionally and knowingly engage[d] in sexual contact
with [J.M.], a child under the age of seventeen years and not [Appellant’s]
spouse . . . by touching [J.M.’s genitals] with the intent to arouse and gratify [his]
sexual desire.” Appellant pleaded guilty to the offense and was placed on deferred
adjudication community supervision for eight years in February 2007.
On July 6, 2012, Appellant filed an application for writ of habeas corpus.
He asserted that, because of his guilty plea, he would be deported because he was
not a United States citizen. He claimed that his guilty plea had been involuntary
because his attorney, at the time of the plea, had not advised him that his guilty
4 plea would result in his deportation. The record reflects that Appellant’s habeas
relief was granted and the 2007 judgment was “set aside.”
Appellant’s case was re-tried in July 2015. Appellant waived his right to a
jury, and the case was tried to the bench.
J.M. and her mother, Maria, were subpoenaed by the State to testify.
Neither were cooperative witnesses. At the time of trial, J.M. was 26-years-old.
She was married and the mother of three step-children. J.M. testified that she
remembered arguing with Maria on August 5, 2004, but she stated that she did not
remember what had been said during the argument. J.M. stated that she did not
remember telling her mother that Appellant had touched her vagina. She also did
not remember telling her aunt that Appellant had touched her vagina.
J.M. testified that she did remember that the police had come to her house
the day of the argument, but she did not remember speaking to them. She also
recalled going to the CAC, but she claimed that she did not remember what she
had said during the interview.
J.M. remembered meeting with prosecutors a few months before trial. She
recalled that, at the meeting, she had acknowledged that she had made allegations
of abuse against her father in the past. However, she also testified that she had told
the prosecutors at the meeting that the allegations had not been true. J.M.
acknowledged that she had refused the State’s request for her to watch the video-
5 taped CAC interview before trial. At trial, J.M. agreed that she did not want to be
in court and that she wished the case would “go away.”
J.M. testified that she has been previously treated in a psychiatric hospital
“because I tried hurting myself.” J.M. stated, “I know I drank gasoline, I cut
myself, I overdosed on pills.”
J.M.’s aunt, Karla, also testified at trial. Karla testified that, in 2004, she and
J.M. had a close relationship. Karla recalled visiting the home of J.M.’s family in
July 2004. During that visit, Karla found J.M. in her bedroom, lying on the bed.
She could tell that something was wrong with J.M.
During trial, Karla was not permitted to testify regarding what J.M. had told
her during her July 2004 visit. However, Karla did testify that J.M. had cried, and
that she had hugged J.M. during that visit. Karla testified that she was upset by
what J.M. had told her that day. Karla also told J.M. that she needed to tell her
mother, Maria, what she had told Karla. The next month is when J.M. told Maria
that Appellant had sexually abused her.
When Maria testified at trial, she, like J.M., stated that she could not
remember much of what had occurred in 2004 with regard to the sexual abuse
allegations against Appellant. Maria did recall J.M. telling her, during the August
5, 2004 argument, that Appellant had “touched her.” However, Maria indicated
that since then, J.M. has recanted her accusations against Appellant. Maria
6 stressed that she and her daughter have repeatedly told the prosecutors that J.M.’s
allegations of sexual abuse were not true, and she testified that J.M. provided a
notarized statement to prosecutors stating that the allegations were untrue. Maria
also testified that she felt “tormented” by the prosecutors because they told her she
would be put in jail if she refused to testify.
Maria testified that, after J.M. made the allegations against Appellant in
2004, she took J.M. to see a psychologist. However, J.M. did not like the
psychologist. As a result, Maria did not take J.M. to see the psychologist again.
The video of J.M.’s 2004 CAC interview, in which she described
Appellant’s sexual abuse of her, was also offered into evidence by the State. The
defense objected to the video on the basis that it was not audible. The record
shows that J.M., her attorney, and the court reporter indicated, to varying degrees,
that they had difficulty understanding what was being said in the video. Overall,
the consensus was that the CAC interviewer was easier to understand than J.M. in
the video. The court interpreter, who was translating the proceedings into Spanish
for Appellant, stated that she was translating what she could understand in the
video.
After the defense’s objection, the trial court stated that it was listening to the
video, thereby indicating that it could hear the audio:
[The defense]: Judge, I cannot hear. It’s not audible, Judge. I mean, I renew my objection.
7 The Court: I’m listening to it, sir. What else?
[The defense]: That’s it.
The Court: Overruled.
Dr. Danielle Madera, a staff psychologist at the Children’s Assessment
Center, also testified. Dr. Madera was offered as an expert witness “in the field of
child sexual abuse and sex offenses.” Dr. Madera also viewed the video of J.M.’s
CAC interview. With regard to the video, Dr. Madera stated that she could hear
“all of what the interviewer was saying and 20 percent of what [J.M.] was saying.”
In the video, the interviewer had repeated back to J.M. what J.M. had said in
response to the interviewer’s questions. Dr. Madera testified that this is a normal
interview technique.
Dr. Madera observed that, in the video, J.M. “appeared very tearful,
ashamed as evidenced by her looking down, crying at several different points, and
talking about being fearful of what the outcome was going to be of her making this
disclosure.” Dr. Madera testified that J.M.’s behavior in the video was consistent
with that of a sexual-abuse victim.
According to Dr. Madera, it is not normal for a sexual-abuse victim to claim
that she does not remember making an outcry of sexual abuse. However, Dr.
Madera indicated that, if the victim has not had therapy, she may not have
processed what happened. Dr. Madera stated that, when a victim claims not to
8 remember, it is often because the victim “can’t tolerate remembering because they
haven’t been able to process the abuse, not specifically that they don’t remember
the whole incident.” She also testified that children, especially teenagers, who
have been sexually abused often self-harm, including cutting themselves and
experiencing suicidal ideations.
Dr. Madera further testified that approximately 20 percent of children who
report sexual abuse later recant and claim that the sexual abuse never happened.
Dr. Madera indicated that there are many reasons that children recant. She stated
that a child may recant because she fears a parent being sent to prison or because
she feels pressured by her family to recant.
Dr. Madera also stated that only two to four percent of child abuse cases are
“made up.” Dr. Madera stated that children do not usually lie about sexual abuse
by their father because it is “embarrassing, it’s very shameful. It’s not something
that children make up.” Dr. Madera testified that, when children do lie about
abuse, it is usually a younger child, involved in a contentious custody battle. She
stated that, in her experience, she has never seen a teenager lie about sexual abuse.
Appellant’s written statement, made at the CAC with Sergeant Smejkal’s
assistance, was also admitted into evidence. Relevant to the statement, the defense
elicited testimony from several witnesses, which indicated that Appellant did not
speak English very well; Appellant’s first language is Spanish.
9 Sergeant Smejkal testified that he spoke Spanish, and he was able to
converse with Appellant. Sergeant Smejkal stated that he typed Appellant’s
statement in English but had Appellant read the statement to him, line-by-line, in
Spanish to ensure that Appellant understood what the statement said. Sergeant
Smejkal testified that the written statement was “a true representation” of what
Appellant had told him at the CAC.
After hearing the evidence, the trial court found Appellant guilty of the
offense of indecency with a child. The trial court sentenced Appellant to four
years in prison. This appeal followed in which Appellant raises two issues.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, Appellant asserts that the evidence was not sufficient to
support the judgment of conviction.
A. Standard of Review
We review the sufficiency of the evidence establishing the elements of a
criminal offense for which the State has the burden of proof under the single
sufficiency standard set out in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct.
2781, 2789 (1979). See Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 673 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Pursuant to
the Jackson standard, evidence is insufficient to support a conviction if,
considering all the record evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, no
10 rational fact finder could have found that each essential element of the charged
offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99
S. Ct. at 2789; In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1071 (1970);
Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Williams v. State,
235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We can hold evidence to be
insufficient under the Jackson standard in two circumstances: (1) the record
contains no evidence, or merely a “modicum” of evidence, probative of an element
of the offense, or (2) the evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt. See
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 314, 318 & n.11, 320, 99 S. Ct. at 2786, 2789 & n.11; see
also Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 518; Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750.
The sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard gives full play to the responsibility
of the fact finder to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and
to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. See Jackson, 443
U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007). An appellate court presumes that the fact finder resolved any conflicts
in the evidence in favor of the verdict and defers to that resolution, provided that
the resolution is rational. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2793.
In our review of the record, direct and circumstantial evidence are treated
equally; circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing
the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to
11 establish guilt. Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. Finally, “[e]ach fact need not point
directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative
force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.”
Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
B. Elements of the Offense
A person commits the offense of indecency with a child if the person, with a
child younger than seventeen years of age and not the person’s spouse, engages in
sexual contact with the child or causes the child to engage in sexual contact. TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(1) (Vernon 2011). “Sexual contact” means the
following acts, “if committed with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire
of any person: . . . any touching by a person, including touching through clothing,
of the anus, breast, or any part of the genitals of a child.” Id. § 21.11(c)(1). The
specific intent required may be inferred from a defendant’s conduct and remarks,
and all of the surrounding circumstances. Bazanes v. State, 310 S.W.3d 32, 40
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref'd).
B. Analysis
The CAC video, containing the interview of J.M., was sufficient evidence to
prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, each element of the offense of indecency with a
child. Although portions of the video are inaudible, J.M.’s description of the
sexual abuse by Appellant in the video is audible. J.M. can be heard to say that,
12 when she was nine and ten years old, her father, Appellant, would come home
drunk, come into her bedroom, and touch the outside of her vagina and her breasts
with his hand. J.M. did not know how many times this occurred but stated that it
occurred when her mother was working and Appellant came home drunk. She said
that Appellant also sexually abused her in her parent’s bedroom and in the living
room. J.M. stated that the abuse stopped when she was 11 years old because she
threatened to tell her mother.
In his brief, Appellant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support
his conviction because J.M. was not a credible witness. Appellant points out that
J.M. testified at trial that she did not remember telling her mother in 2004 that
Appellant had touched her vagina. He also cites J.M.’s testimony in which she
recalled indicating to prosecutors, several months before trial, that she remembered
telling her mother about the allegations but that the allegations were not true.
As the State points out, J.M. never expressly testified that Appellant did not
sexually abuse her. Instead, J.M. testified that, at the time of trial, she did not
remember telling her mother, her aunt, the police, or the interviewer at CAC about
the abuse. The closest J.M. came to recanting her allegations of sexual abuse was
when she agreed that she remembered telling prosecutors several months before
trial that what she had told her mother about the abuse was not true.
13 Even considering J.M.’s testimony to constitute a recantation of her early
claims of sexual abuse, the trial court, as the trier of fact, was the judge of the
credibility of the witnesses and could have chosen to believe all, some, or none of
J.M.’s testimony. See Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)
(“The factfinder exclusively determines the weight and credibility of the
evidence.”). In assessing J.M.’s credibility, the trial court could have considered
J.M.’s conduct during trial. J.M. admitted that she did not want to be at trial and
wanted the case to “go away.” J.M. repeatedly claimed to have no memory of any
of the conversations she had in 2004 with her mother, aunt, police, or the CAC
interviewer regarding her allegations of abuse.
The trial court also could have considered J.M.’s demeanor during the
videotaped interview. J.M. appeared distressed, tearful, and soft-spoken. Dr.
Madera, an expert in the field of sexual abuse, testified that J.M.’s demeanor
during the interview was consistent with that of a sexual-abuse victim. Dr. Madera
further testified that child sexual-abuse victims also self-harm, and the evidence
showed that J.M. has engaged in self-harming behaviors.
In addition, Dr. Madera testified that approximately 20 percent of sexual-
abuse victims later recant their claim of sexual abuse. In line with Dr. Madera’s
testimony, the trial court may have believed that J.M. recanted her claim of abuse
because she felt pressured by her family or felt guilty about her father’s
14 incarceration. Dr. Madera also testified that, while two to four percent of sexual-
abuse claims are false, she has never seen a teenager make a false claim of sexual
abuse.
When a witness recants prior testimony, the factfinder determines whether to
believe the original statement or the recantation and is fully entitled to disbelieve a
witness’s recantation. See Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991); see also Bargas v. State, 252 S.W.3d 876, 888 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (holding that outcry testimony retains probative value
even if contradictory evidence admitted); Saldana v. State, 287 S.W.3d 43, 60
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, pet. ref’d) (“Furthermore, when a witness
recants prior testimony, it is up to the fact finder to determine whether to believe
the original statement or the recantation.”). Based on the record, the trial court was
entitled to believe J.M.’s statement, made in the CAC video, revealing that
Appellant sexually abused her from the ages of nine to eleven, and the trial court
was also entitled to disbelieve J.M.’s trial testimony to the extent that it indicated
Appellant never abused her. In finding Appellant guilty, the trial court implicitly
resolved the conflicting evidence and made a credibility determination to believe
J.M.’s statement in the CAC video and not believe her recantation. We afford
almost complete deference to this determination. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99
S. Ct. at 2789; Thornton v. State, 425 S.W.3d 289, 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
15 Moreover, Appellant’s written statement supported the guilty finding. In the
statement, Appellant admitted to touching J.M.’s vagina. Appellant claimed,
however, that he had been drunk and had mistaken J.M. for his wife when he
touched her vagina. As the State points out, the trial court, as the finder of fact,
was free to believe the inculpatory portion of Appellant’s statement and to
disbelieve the exculpatory portion. See Trenor v. State, 333 S.W.3d 799, 809 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (noting jury free to believe or disbelieve
all or part of appellant’s statements). In other words, the trial court was free to
believe that Appellant had touched J.M.’s vagina while at the same time
disbelieving that Appellant had mistaken J.M. for his wife.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude a
rational fact finder could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, each element
necessary to support the finding that Appellant committed the offense of indecency
with a child. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to support the
judgment of conviction.
We overrule Appellant’s first issue.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his second issue, Appellant asserts that he received ineffective assistance
of counsel during the guilt-innocence phase of trial.
16 A. Applicable Legal Principles
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must
show the following: (1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and (2) a reasonable probability exists that, but for counsel’s errors,
the result would have been different. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
687–88, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068 (1984); Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137,
142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct.
at 2068. In reviewing counsel’s performance, we look to the totality of the
representation to determine the effectiveness of counsel, indulging a strong
presumption that counsel’s performance falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance or trial strategy. See Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475,
482–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Appellant has the burden to establish both prongs by a preponderance of the
evidence. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). “An
appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s need
to consider the other prong.” Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009).
17 B. Analysis
Appellant asserts that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient because
he failed to raise the defense of mistake of fact during the guilt-innocence phase of
trial. The affirmative defense of mistake of fact provides, “It is a defense to
prosecution that the actor through mistake formed a reasonable belief about a
matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated the kind of culpability required for
commission of the offense.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.02(a) (Vernon 2011).
Appellant claims that he was entitled to the defense of mistake of fact based
on his written statement. He asserts that the portion of his statement in which he
claimed that he had touched J.M.’s vagina only because he was drunk and had
mistakenly believed J.M. to be his wife implicates the defense of mistake of fact.
Appellant asserts that his trial counsel should have used that portion of his written
statement to argue mistake of fact.
Here, trial was to the bench. There was no jury charge. Nonetheless,
contrary to Appellant’s assertion, the record reveals that trial counsel did rely on
the portion of Appellant’s statement cited by him on appeal to argue the defense of
mistake of fact to the trial court.
At the close of the State’s evidence, trial counsel moved for a directed
verdict, asserting that the State had failed to prove the elements of the offense. In
requesting a directed verdict, Appellant’s trial counsel averred: “The [written]
18 statement that they offered says that my client was drunk and he thought it was his
wife he was hugging, and he had no intention of sexual satisfaction with his
daughter. It was, if anything, mistaken identity.” In other words, trial counsel
asserted that the written statement demonstrated that Appellant did not have the
intent to commit the offense of indecency with a child because Appellant
mistakenly believed J.M. to be his wife at the time he touched J.M.’s vagina.
Later, during closing argument, counsel again referenced this argument. We agree
with the State that, although he did not use the precise words “mistake of fact,”
trial counsel did argue the defense of mistake of fact to the trial court, utilizing the
portion of the written statement cited by Appellant as supporting that defense.1
Moreover, Appellant appears to assert that any “mistake of fact” he made
regarding identity was due to his intoxication. We note, however, that voluntary
intoxication is no defense to prosecution. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 8.04(a)
(Vernon 2011); see also Taulung v. State, 979 S .W.2d 854, 856 n.1 (Tex. App.—
Waco 1998, no pet.) (holding that defense of mistake of fact not available in
sexual-assault case in which defendant admitted to having intercourse without
complainant’s consent but stated that he had done so under the mistaken belief that
the complainant was “[his] own woman” because he was intoxicated).
1 We make no determination whether Appellant’s statement provided a proper basis for the defense of mistake of fact in this case. Rather, we evaluate only whether Appellant has met his burden to show whether he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial based on the argument he raises on appeal.
19 For these reasons, we conclude Appellant has not demonstrated that his trial
counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; thus, he
has not satisfied the first Strickland prong. We hold that Appellant has failed to
show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he received ineffective assistance
of counsel at trial. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88, 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2064,
2068.
We overrule Appellant’s second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Laura Carter Higley Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Keyes and Higley.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).