MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Oct 16 2015, 8:51 am this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Barbara J. Simmons Gregory F. Zoeller Oldenburg, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Lyubov Gore Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jason Medley, October 16, 2015 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A02-1503-CR-178 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Steven J. Rubick, Appellee-Plaintiff. Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 49G19-1412-CM-56529
Brown, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 1 of 9 [1] Jason Medley appeals his convictions for operating a vehicle while intoxicated
endangering a person as a class A misdemeanor and operating a vehicle with an
alcohol concentration equivalent (“ACE”) of .15 or more as a class A
misdemeanor. Medley raises two issues which we revise and restate as:
I. Whether his convictions violate double jeopardy principles; and
II. Whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain his convictions.
We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On the evening of December 26, 2014, David Duchnowski was driving a
Channel 13 news van on 16th Street and Shadeland Avenue in Marion County,
Indiana, when he turned into the lane behind Medley, who was driving a
pickup truck. While the two vehicles were stopped at a red light, Medley began
backing his truck toward the van, stopped, but subsequently drifted further
backward into the van. The crash caused some minor damage to the vehicles.
Before Duchnowski could exit the van to observe the damage, Medley quickly
exited his truck and approached him in an angry manner. Duchnowski
observed that Medley appeared to be intoxicated and called 911.
[3] Officer Richard Lavish with the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department
arrived at the scene, and Duchnowski explained to him what had happened and
stated that he felt “that [Medley] needed to be off the streets [be]cause he
appeared very intoxicated.” Transcript at 13. Officer Lavish went to speak
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 2 of 9 with Medley, and when Medley opened the driver’s side door of his truck
Officer Lavish immediately observed the smell of alcohol emanating from
inside. Officer Lavish observed that Medley’s speech was very slurred and that
he exhibited poor manual dexterity in gathering his documents for the crash
report. Officer Lavish requested that a DUI car come to the scene.
[4] Lieutenant Mark McCardia subsequently arrived with the DUI car and asked
Medley to step out of his truck, and Medley had to pull himself out, swaying
and staggering. Lieutenant McCardia administered the horizontal gaze
nystagmus test and Medley failed the test, exhibiting six out of six cues of
intoxication. Medley told the officers that he had had approximately two beers
and two more alcoholic drinks. Lieutenant McCardia thought that Medley was
too intoxicated to take any further field sobriety tests without possibly injuring
himself and offered to administer a certified chemical test, which Medley
repeatedly refused. Medley was then arrested, placed in handcuffs, and became
irate and disorderly. Lieutenant McCardia subsequently obtained a search
warrant to test Medley’s blood for the presence of ethyl alcohol, and the test
revealed that his blood contained an alcohol concentration of .30 grams per 100
milliliters.
[5] On December 30, 2014, Medley was charged with Count I, operating a vehicle
while intoxicated endangering a person as a class A misdemeanor, and Count
II, operating a vehicle with an ACE of .15 or more as a class A misdemeanor.
On March 2, 2015, the court held a bench trial in which evidence consistent
with the foregoing was presented. The court found Medley guilty as charged
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 3 of 9 and sentenced him to 365 days, including thirty days executed followed by 335
days suspended to probation, concurrent on each count.
Discussion
I.
[6] The first issue is whether Medley’s convictions violate double jeopardy
principles. The Indiana Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall be put in
jeopardy twice for the same offense.” IND. CONST. art. 1, § 14. The Indiana
Supreme Court has held that “two or more offenses are the ‘same offense’ in
violation of Article I, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution, if, with respect to
either the statutory elements of the challenged crimes or the actual evidence
used to convict, the essential elements of one challenged offense also establish
the essential elements of another challenged offense.” Richardson v. State, 717
N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999).
[7] Under the actual evidence test, the evidence presented at trial is examined to
determine whether each challenged offense was established by separate and
distinct facts. Lee v. State, 892 N .E.2d 1231, 1234 (Ind. 2008). To show that
two challenged offenses constitute the “same offense” in a claim of double
jeopardy, a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the
evidentiary facts used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements of
one offense may also have been used to establish the essential elements of a
second challenged offense. Id. The Indiana Supreme Court has determined the
possibility to be remote and speculative and therefore not reasonable when
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 4 of 9 finding no sufficiently substantial likelihood that the fact-finder used the same
evidentiary facts to establish the essential elements of two offenses. Hopkins v.
State, 759 N.E.2d 633, 640 (Ind. 2001) (citing Long v. State, 743 N.E.2d 253, 261
(Ind. 2001), reh’g denied; Redman v. State, 743 N.E.2d 263, 268 (Ind. 2001)); see
also Griffin v. State, 717 N.E.2d 73, 89 (Ind. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1247,
120 S. Ct. 2697 (2000).
[8] In addition, Indiana courts “have long adhered to a series of rules of statutory
construction and common law that are often described as double jeopardy, but
are not governed by the constitutional test set forth in Richardson.” Guyton v.
State, 771 N.E.2d 1141, 1143 (Ind. 2002) (quoting Pierce v. State, 761 N.E.2d
826, 830 (Ind. 2002) (citing Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 55 (Sullivan, J.,
concurring))). “Even where no constitutional violation has occurred, multiple
convictions may nevertheless violate the ‘rules of statutory construction and
common law that are often described as double jeopardy, but are not governed
by the constitutional test set forth in Richardson.’” Vandergriff v. State, 812
N.E.2d 1084, 1088 (Ind. Ct. App.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Oct 16 2015, 8:51 am this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Barbara J. Simmons Gregory F. Zoeller Oldenburg, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Lyubov Gore Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jason Medley, October 16, 2015 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A02-1503-CR-178 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Steven J. Rubick, Appellee-Plaintiff. Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 49G19-1412-CM-56529
Brown, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 1 of 9 [1] Jason Medley appeals his convictions for operating a vehicle while intoxicated
endangering a person as a class A misdemeanor and operating a vehicle with an
alcohol concentration equivalent (“ACE”) of .15 or more as a class A
misdemeanor. Medley raises two issues which we revise and restate as:
I. Whether his convictions violate double jeopardy principles; and
II. Whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain his convictions.
We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On the evening of December 26, 2014, David Duchnowski was driving a
Channel 13 news van on 16th Street and Shadeland Avenue in Marion County,
Indiana, when he turned into the lane behind Medley, who was driving a
pickup truck. While the two vehicles were stopped at a red light, Medley began
backing his truck toward the van, stopped, but subsequently drifted further
backward into the van. The crash caused some minor damage to the vehicles.
Before Duchnowski could exit the van to observe the damage, Medley quickly
exited his truck and approached him in an angry manner. Duchnowski
observed that Medley appeared to be intoxicated and called 911.
[3] Officer Richard Lavish with the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department
arrived at the scene, and Duchnowski explained to him what had happened and
stated that he felt “that [Medley] needed to be off the streets [be]cause he
appeared very intoxicated.” Transcript at 13. Officer Lavish went to speak
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 2 of 9 with Medley, and when Medley opened the driver’s side door of his truck
Officer Lavish immediately observed the smell of alcohol emanating from
inside. Officer Lavish observed that Medley’s speech was very slurred and that
he exhibited poor manual dexterity in gathering his documents for the crash
report. Officer Lavish requested that a DUI car come to the scene.
[4] Lieutenant Mark McCardia subsequently arrived with the DUI car and asked
Medley to step out of his truck, and Medley had to pull himself out, swaying
and staggering. Lieutenant McCardia administered the horizontal gaze
nystagmus test and Medley failed the test, exhibiting six out of six cues of
intoxication. Medley told the officers that he had had approximately two beers
and two more alcoholic drinks. Lieutenant McCardia thought that Medley was
too intoxicated to take any further field sobriety tests without possibly injuring
himself and offered to administer a certified chemical test, which Medley
repeatedly refused. Medley was then arrested, placed in handcuffs, and became
irate and disorderly. Lieutenant McCardia subsequently obtained a search
warrant to test Medley’s blood for the presence of ethyl alcohol, and the test
revealed that his blood contained an alcohol concentration of .30 grams per 100
milliliters.
[5] On December 30, 2014, Medley was charged with Count I, operating a vehicle
while intoxicated endangering a person as a class A misdemeanor, and Count
II, operating a vehicle with an ACE of .15 or more as a class A misdemeanor.
On March 2, 2015, the court held a bench trial in which evidence consistent
with the foregoing was presented. The court found Medley guilty as charged
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 3 of 9 and sentenced him to 365 days, including thirty days executed followed by 335
days suspended to probation, concurrent on each count.
Discussion
I.
[6] The first issue is whether Medley’s convictions violate double jeopardy
principles. The Indiana Constitution provides that “[n]o person shall be put in
jeopardy twice for the same offense.” IND. CONST. art. 1, § 14. The Indiana
Supreme Court has held that “two or more offenses are the ‘same offense’ in
violation of Article I, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution, if, with respect to
either the statutory elements of the challenged crimes or the actual evidence
used to convict, the essential elements of one challenged offense also establish
the essential elements of another challenged offense.” Richardson v. State, 717
N.E.2d 32, 49 (Ind. 1999).
[7] Under the actual evidence test, the evidence presented at trial is examined to
determine whether each challenged offense was established by separate and
distinct facts. Lee v. State, 892 N .E.2d 1231, 1234 (Ind. 2008). To show that
two challenged offenses constitute the “same offense” in a claim of double
jeopardy, a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the
evidentiary facts used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements of
one offense may also have been used to establish the essential elements of a
second challenged offense. Id. The Indiana Supreme Court has determined the
possibility to be remote and speculative and therefore not reasonable when
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 4 of 9 finding no sufficiently substantial likelihood that the fact-finder used the same
evidentiary facts to establish the essential elements of two offenses. Hopkins v.
State, 759 N.E.2d 633, 640 (Ind. 2001) (citing Long v. State, 743 N.E.2d 253, 261
(Ind. 2001), reh’g denied; Redman v. State, 743 N.E.2d 263, 268 (Ind. 2001)); see
also Griffin v. State, 717 N.E.2d 73, 89 (Ind. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S. 1247,
120 S. Ct. 2697 (2000).
[8] In addition, Indiana courts “have long adhered to a series of rules of statutory
construction and common law that are often described as double jeopardy, but
are not governed by the constitutional test set forth in Richardson.” Guyton v.
State, 771 N.E.2d 1141, 1143 (Ind. 2002) (quoting Pierce v. State, 761 N.E.2d
826, 830 (Ind. 2002) (citing Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 55 (Sullivan, J.,
concurring))). “Even where no constitutional violation has occurred, multiple
convictions may nevertheless violate the ‘rules of statutory construction and
common law that are often described as double jeopardy, but are not governed
by the constitutional test set forth in Richardson.’” Vandergriff v. State, 812
N.E.2d 1084, 1088 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (quoting Pierce, 761 N.E.2d at 830),
trans. denied. As enumerated in Justice Sullivan’s concurrence in Richardson and
endorsed by the Indiana Supreme Court in Guyton, five additional categories of
double jeopardy exist: (1) conviction and punishment for a crime which is a
lesser-included offense of another crime for which the defendant has been
convicted and punished; (2) conviction and punishment for a crime which
consists of the very same act as another crime for which the defendant has been
convicted and punished; (3) conviction and punishment for a crime which
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 5 of 9 consists of the very same act as an element of another crime for which the
defendant has been convicted and punished; (4) conviction and punishment for
an enhancement of a crime where the enhancement is imposed for the very
same behavior or harm as another crime for which the defendant has been
convicted and punished; and (5) conviction and punishment for the crime of
conspiracy where the overt act that constitutes an element of the conspiracy
charge is the very same act as another crime for which the defendant has been
convicted and punished. See Guyton, 771 N.E.2d at 1143; Richardson, 717
N.E.2d at 55-56 (Sullivan, J., concurring).
[9] Medley argues that his convictions were both based upon “[t]he same behavior
– operating a vehicle while intoxicated . . . .” Appellant’s Brief at 11. The State
concedes that Medley’s convictions under Counts I and II violate double
jeopardy principles and requests that this court vacate one of the convictions.
The State notes that this court may vacate either of Medley’s convictions
because both were charged as class A misdemeanors, and Medley received
identical, concurrent sentences on each conviction.
[10] Based upon the State’s concession and our review of the record, we conclude
that Medley’s convictions violate double jeopardy principles. A violation of
double jeopardy principles requires that we vacate the conviction with the less
severe penal consequences. Moala v. State, 969 N.E.2d 1061, 1065 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2012). As noted by the State both convictions were class A
misdemeanors, and Medley received identical sentences on each count. We
elect to vacate the conviction under Count I for operating a vehicle while
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 6 of 9 intoxicated endangering a person as a class A misdemeanor and to leave
Medley’s conviction under Count II standing, and we remand to the trial court
with instructions to enter an amended abstract of judgment and an amended
sentencing order.
II.
[11] The next issue is whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain Medley’s
convictions. Because we elect to vacate Medley’s conviction under Count I, the
only remaining conviction is for Count II, operating a vehicle with an ACE of
.15 or more. Medley does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence
regarding Count II, instead arguing only that the State failed to prove the
endangerment element under Count I. Thus, we find that Medley waived his
challenge that the State failed to prove the elements of operating a vehicle with
an ACE of .15 or more under Count II. See Cooper v. State, 854 N.E.2d 831, 834
n.1 (Ind. 2006) (holding that the defendant’s contention was waived because it
was “supported neither by cogent argument nor citation to authority”); Shane v.
State, 716 N.E.2d 391, 398 n.3 (Ind. 1999) (holding that the defendant waived
argument on appeal by failing to develop a cogent argument); Smith v. State, 822
N.E.2d 193, 202-203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“Generally, a party waives any issue
raised on appeal where the party fails to develop a cogent argument or provide
adequate citation to authority and portions of the record.”), trans. denied.
[12] Nevertheless, we observe that the offense of operating a vehicle with an ACE of
.15 or more is governed by Ind. Code § 9-30-5-1(b), which provides in part that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 7 of 9 “[a] person who operates a vehicle with an alcohol concentration equivalent to
at least fifteen-hundredths (0.15) gram of alcohol per: (1) one hundred (100)
milliliters of the person’s blood . . . commits a Class A misdemeanor.” Thus, to
convict Medley under Count II, the State was required to prove that he
operated a vehicle with an alcohol concentration equivalent to at least fifteen-
hundredths grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of his blood.
[13] Our review of the record reveals that Medley was operating his vehicle when
the rear of his vehicle impacted the news van. Officers arrested Medley and
had a blood alcohol test performed, the results of which revealed that he had an
ACE of .3 grams per 100 milliliters, which is double the alcohol concentration
necessary to convict under the statute. We conclude that the State presented
evidence of a probative nature from which the fact-finder could find beyond a
reasonable doubt that Medley committed the offense of operating a vehicle with
an ACE of .15 or more. See Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007)
(noting that when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, we must consider only the probative evidence and reasonable
inferences supporting the conviction and that we affirm the conviction unless
“no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt” (quoting Jenkins v. State, 726 N.E.2d 268, 270 (Ind. 2000))).
Conclusion
[14] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Medley’s conviction of operating a vehicle
with an ACE of .15 or more and remand with instructions that the court vacate
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 8 of 9 his conviction for operating a vehicle while intoxicated endangering a person
based upon double jeopardy principles.
[15] Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Riley, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1503-CR-178 | October 16, 2015 Page 9 of 9