In the
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16-2381 JASON M. LUND, Petitioner-Appellant, v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent-Appellee. ____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 16-CV-119 — J.P. Stadtmueller, Judge. ____________________
ARGUED OCTOBER 25, 2017— DECIDED JANUARY 17, 2019 ____________________
Before KANNE and SYKES, Circuit Judges, and DARROW, Dis- trict Judge. ∗ DARROW, District Judge. Petitioner Jason Lund appeals the denial of his motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The district court con- cluded that Lund’s motion was untimely under each of the
∗ Of the Central District of Illinois, sitting by designation. 2 No. 16-2381
potential statutes of limitations and that Lund could not in- voke the actual innocence exception to the statute of limita- tions because his claim of actual innocence was based on a case that interpreted the substantive law of his conviction: Burrage v. United States, 571 U.S. 204 (2014). Lund challenges only this conclusion, arguing that a claim of actual innocence can be based on a change in the law. To resolve this case, how- ever, we need not rule on this issue. Even assuming actual in- nocence can be premised on a change in the law, Lund cannot take advantage of the exception because he rests both his ac- tual innocence claim and his claim for relief on Burrage. We affirm. I. Background In 2008, Jason Lund and thirty others were charged via federal indictment with conspiracy to distribute heroin in vi- olation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The indictment alleged that the conspiracy resulted in overdose deaths of five individuals, including Andrew Goetzke and David Knuth, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). Lund pleaded guilty to the single- count indictment, but denied responsibility for the deaths of Goetzke and Knuth, arguing that he had withdrawn from the conspiracy prior to their deaths. The district court judge re- jected that argument and sentenced him in accordance with the twenty-year mandatory minimum—sometimes referred to as the “death results” enhancement or penalty—under § 841(b)(1)(A). Lund appealed and his sentence was affirmed. United States v. Walker, 721 F.3d 828, 841 (7th Cir. 2013), judg- ment vacated on other grounds, Lawler v. United States, 572 U.S. 1111 (2014) (mem.). He did not file a petition for a writ of cer- tiorari, so his sentence became final on October 1, 2013. No. 16-2381 3
On February 1, 2016, Lund filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 based on two changes in the law occurring after his convic- tion. See Burrage, 571 U.S. at 211; Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 102 (2013). In Burrage, 571 U.S. at 211, the Supreme Court held that finding a defendant guilty of the “death re- sults” penalty “requires proof ‘that the harm would not have occurred in the absence of—that is, but for—the defendant’s conduct.’” (quoting Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 346–47 (2013)). This but-for causation rule applies retroactively. Krieger v. United States, 842 F.3d 490, 499–500 (7th Cir. 2016). In essence, Lund argued that under Burrage, he is actually innocent of the “death results” enhancement be- cause the heroin he provided to Goetzke and Knuth was not the but-for cause of their deaths. Dist. Ct. Order 7, Br. Appel- lant App. 1–15. Alleyne, which concerns who must determine a fact that increases the mandatory minimum, is not retroac- tive, Crayton v. United States, 799 F.3d 623, 624 (7th Cir. 2015), so the district court denied any relief based on Alleyne, Dist. Ct. Order 9. 1 The government moved to dismiss the motion as un- timely. The district court found that there was no statutory basis to find his petition timely—it was filed more than a year after his conviction became final, 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1); more than a year after the Supreme Court decided Burrage, id. § 2255(f)(3); and more than a year after the evidence he pre- sented could have been discovered, id. § 2255(f)(4). Dist. Ct. Order 4–7. The district court held that Lund was not entitled
1 Lund concedes on appeal that Alleyne is not retroactive, so it is “of limited use now.” Br. Appellant 25. 4 No. 16-2381
to equitable tolling. Id. at 12–13. 2 It also held that he was una- ble to use the actual innocence gateway exception to the stat- ute of limitations, which would allow the court to hear his otherwise barred claims, because this Court had not deter- mined “that an intervening change in law supports a claim of actual innocence.” Id. at 10. The court did not reach the merits of Lund’s claims, but it granted him a certificate of appeala- bility. This appeal followed. II. Discussion We review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo. Coleman v. Lemke, 739 F.3d 342, 349 (7th Cir. 2014). Lund raises one legal issue: whether an intervening change in law can serve as the basis for an actual innocence claim. “[A]ctual innocence, if proved, serves as a gateway through which a petitioner may pass whether the impedi- ment is a procedural bar ... or ... expiration of the statute of limitations.” McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 386 (2013); see Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 317 (1995) (holding that a peti- tioner who procedurally defaults his claims can overcome the procedural bar if he successfully raises a claim of actual inno- cence—that is, if he “raise[s] sufficient doubt about [his] guilt to undermine confidence in the result”). The actual innocence gateway exception is “grounded in the ‘equitable discretion’ of habeas courts to see that federal constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of innocent persons.” Herrera v. Col- lins, 506 U.S. 390, 404 (1993) (quoting McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 502 (1991)). To establish actual innocence, “a peti- tioner must show that it is more likely than not that no
2 Lund does not challenge the district court’s ruling on equitable toll- ing, so we do not address it. No. 16-2381 5
reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327. The actual innocence exception certainly applies where the petitioner has new evidence, like DNA evidence. See House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 537 (2006). But this Court has never explicitly held that it can be used in situations where a subse- quent change to the scope of a law renders the conduct the petitioner was convicted for no longer criminal. See Gladney v. Pollard, 799 F.3d 889, 897 (7th Cir. 2015).
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In the
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16-2381 JASON M. LUND, Petitioner-Appellant, v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent-Appellee. ____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 16-CV-119 — J.P. Stadtmueller, Judge. ____________________
ARGUED OCTOBER 25, 2017— DECIDED JANUARY 17, 2019 ____________________
Before KANNE and SYKES, Circuit Judges, and DARROW, Dis- trict Judge. ∗ DARROW, District Judge. Petitioner Jason Lund appeals the denial of his motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The district court con- cluded that Lund’s motion was untimely under each of the
∗ Of the Central District of Illinois, sitting by designation. 2 No. 16-2381
potential statutes of limitations and that Lund could not in- voke the actual innocence exception to the statute of limita- tions because his claim of actual innocence was based on a case that interpreted the substantive law of his conviction: Burrage v. United States, 571 U.S. 204 (2014). Lund challenges only this conclusion, arguing that a claim of actual innocence can be based on a change in the law. To resolve this case, how- ever, we need not rule on this issue. Even assuming actual in- nocence can be premised on a change in the law, Lund cannot take advantage of the exception because he rests both his ac- tual innocence claim and his claim for relief on Burrage. We affirm. I. Background In 2008, Jason Lund and thirty others were charged via federal indictment with conspiracy to distribute heroin in vi- olation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). The indictment alleged that the conspiracy resulted in overdose deaths of five individuals, including Andrew Goetzke and David Knuth, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). Lund pleaded guilty to the single- count indictment, but denied responsibility for the deaths of Goetzke and Knuth, arguing that he had withdrawn from the conspiracy prior to their deaths. The district court judge re- jected that argument and sentenced him in accordance with the twenty-year mandatory minimum—sometimes referred to as the “death results” enhancement or penalty—under § 841(b)(1)(A). Lund appealed and his sentence was affirmed. United States v. Walker, 721 F.3d 828, 841 (7th Cir. 2013), judg- ment vacated on other grounds, Lawler v. United States, 572 U.S. 1111 (2014) (mem.). He did not file a petition for a writ of cer- tiorari, so his sentence became final on October 1, 2013. No. 16-2381 3
On February 1, 2016, Lund filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 based on two changes in the law occurring after his convic- tion. See Burrage, 571 U.S. at 211; Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 102 (2013). In Burrage, 571 U.S. at 211, the Supreme Court held that finding a defendant guilty of the “death re- sults” penalty “requires proof ‘that the harm would not have occurred in the absence of—that is, but for—the defendant’s conduct.’” (quoting Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 346–47 (2013)). This but-for causation rule applies retroactively. Krieger v. United States, 842 F.3d 490, 499–500 (7th Cir. 2016). In essence, Lund argued that under Burrage, he is actually innocent of the “death results” enhancement be- cause the heroin he provided to Goetzke and Knuth was not the but-for cause of their deaths. Dist. Ct. Order 7, Br. Appel- lant App. 1–15. Alleyne, which concerns who must determine a fact that increases the mandatory minimum, is not retroac- tive, Crayton v. United States, 799 F.3d 623, 624 (7th Cir. 2015), so the district court denied any relief based on Alleyne, Dist. Ct. Order 9. 1 The government moved to dismiss the motion as un- timely. The district court found that there was no statutory basis to find his petition timely—it was filed more than a year after his conviction became final, 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(1); more than a year after the Supreme Court decided Burrage, id. § 2255(f)(3); and more than a year after the evidence he pre- sented could have been discovered, id. § 2255(f)(4). Dist. Ct. Order 4–7. The district court held that Lund was not entitled
1 Lund concedes on appeal that Alleyne is not retroactive, so it is “of limited use now.” Br. Appellant 25. 4 No. 16-2381
to equitable tolling. Id. at 12–13. 2 It also held that he was una- ble to use the actual innocence gateway exception to the stat- ute of limitations, which would allow the court to hear his otherwise barred claims, because this Court had not deter- mined “that an intervening change in law supports a claim of actual innocence.” Id. at 10. The court did not reach the merits of Lund’s claims, but it granted him a certificate of appeala- bility. This appeal followed. II. Discussion We review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo. Coleman v. Lemke, 739 F.3d 342, 349 (7th Cir. 2014). Lund raises one legal issue: whether an intervening change in law can serve as the basis for an actual innocence claim. “[A]ctual innocence, if proved, serves as a gateway through which a petitioner may pass whether the impedi- ment is a procedural bar ... or ... expiration of the statute of limitations.” McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 386 (2013); see Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 317 (1995) (holding that a peti- tioner who procedurally defaults his claims can overcome the procedural bar if he successfully raises a claim of actual inno- cence—that is, if he “raise[s] sufficient doubt about [his] guilt to undermine confidence in the result”). The actual innocence gateway exception is “grounded in the ‘equitable discretion’ of habeas courts to see that federal constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of innocent persons.” Herrera v. Col- lins, 506 U.S. 390, 404 (1993) (quoting McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 502 (1991)). To establish actual innocence, “a peti- tioner must show that it is more likely than not that no
2 Lund does not challenge the district court’s ruling on equitable toll- ing, so we do not address it. No. 16-2381 5
reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327. The actual innocence exception certainly applies where the petitioner has new evidence, like DNA evidence. See House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 537 (2006). But this Court has never explicitly held that it can be used in situations where a subse- quent change to the scope of a law renders the conduct the petitioner was convicted for no longer criminal. See Gladney v. Pollard, 799 F.3d 889, 897 (7th Cir. 2015). We need not take a position on this issue, because even assuming that actual innocence could be predicated on a case substantively interpreting the law under which a petitioner was convicted, it would not extend to this case. Lund is attempting to use Burrage as his claim for actual innocence and his claim for relief on the merits. This is a prob- lem for two reasons. First, it is “doubtful” that a petitioner’s actual innocence claim and claim for relief on the merits can be the same. See Perrone v. United States, 889 F.3d 898, 903 (7th Cir. 2018). And second, even if it can, in this situation it would completely undermine the statute of limitations for bringing initial § 2255 motions within one year from the date a new right is recognized by the Supreme Court. The actual innocence exception is merely a gateway through which a court can consider a petitioner’s otherwise barred claims on their merits. See Herrera, 506 U.S. at 404–05. Framing the exception as a gateway presupposes that a peti- tioner will have underlying claims separate from the claim that he is actually innocent. “The Supreme Court has not rec- ognized a petitioner’s right to habeas relief based on a stand- alone claim of actual innocence.” Gladney, 799 F.3d at 895. 6 No. 16-2381
Moreover, “[t]he point of the exception is to ensure that ‘fed- eral constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of innocent persons.’” Perrone, 889 F.3d at 903 (quoting Herrera, 506 U.S. at 404). This suggests that the underlying claim must be a constitutional claim, rather than a statutory claim like Burrage. Lund argues that he does not need to bring a separate con- stitutional claim because Burrage is itself cognizable in § 2255 proceedings. By contrast, he argues, a state prisoner would need to bring an underlying constitutional claim because nei- ther a claim of actual innocence based on new evidence nor a claim based on a state law error would be cognizable in a § 2254 proceeding. We do not find this persuasive. The Supreme Court has never mentioned a difference in the purpose or ap- plication of the actual innocence exception between § 2254 and § 2255 proceedings. Therefore, we concur that it is “doubtful” that Lund’s Burrage claim could be both his argu- ment for actual innocence and his claim for relief. See id. at 902–03 (holding that the parties’ assumption that a claim of actual innocence based on Burrage could do “double duty” was “doubtful”). Lund also argues that he has raised underlying constitu- tional claims. We disagree. Lund claims that his pro se plead- ings should have been construed to include an ineffective as- sistance of counsel claim. In his reply brief below, he argued that his “main cause for not putting forth [a] petition in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Alleyne [wa]s Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.” Reply Br. Pet’r 2, ECF No. 8; 3 see id. at 3 (“With these facts in mind, if the court were to enforce
3 This ECF number refers to the district court’s docket. No. 16-2381 7
procedural default/untimeliness, the result would be a funda- mental miscarriage of justice.”). The district court held that Lund “d[id] not assert an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in his petition.” Dist. Ct. Order 3 n.3. It read Lund’s ar- gument regarding his attorney’s effectiveness to relate only to his position that his claims should have been equitably tolled. Id. Lund asserts that the district court should have construed his reference to ineffective assistance of counsel as a request to amend his § 2255 claim to include a separate ineffective as- sistance of counsel claim, which then should have been granted. The district court did not err. True, pro se pleadings must be liberally construed, see McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113 (1993), but Lund never indicated—neither in the title of his response, nor its substance—that he was seeking to add a claim. Instead, it appears from his pro se filings that he was seeking to use ineffective assistance of counsel as cause to ex- cuse his procedural default and untimeliness. Therefore, the district court need not have construed Lund’s response as a request to amend. 4 More to the point, allowing Burrage to serve as both Lund’s basis for actual innocence and his claim for relief on the merits directly contracts a Congressionally-imposed stat- ute of limitations. McQuiggin, 569 U.S. at 386, involved the time limit in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D), which starts the clock
4 Lund also argues that his motion should have been construed to in- clude a Due Process claim based on Burrage. We will not consider this argument because it was raised for the first time in his reply brief, see United States v. Wescott, 576 F.3d 347, 354 (7th Cir. 2009), and because it was not raised below, see Freeland v. Enodis Corp., 540 F.3d 721, 731 (7th Cir. 2008). 8 No. 16-2381
for the one-year limitation on the date when the facts of the claim could have been discovered. Lund’s Burrage claim, by contrast, is barred by the statute of limitations which prohibits petitioners from bringing habeas claims based on rights rec- ognized by the Supreme Court, and made retroactively appli- cable to cases on collateral review, more than one year after the right was recognized by the Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3). In McQuiggin, 569 U.S. at 397, the Supreme Court ex- plained that, as there is “no clear command [in § 2244(d)(1)] countering the courts’ equitable authority to invoke the mis- carriage of justice exception,” it survived the enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), at least as it relates to the statutes of limitations contained within that section. The Court noted, however, that other provisions of AEDPA did contain language modifying the actual innocence exception. Compare Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327 (“[A] petitioner must show that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have found petitioner guilty be- yond a reasonable doubt.”), with § 2244(b)(1)(B) (providing that a claim presented in a successive habeas petition that was not presented in a prior § 2254 petition will be dismissed un- less the facts establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense). Likewise, here, there is a clear statutory command limiting courts’ equitable discretion to use the actual innocence gate- way to excuse failure to comply with § 2255(f)(3). Congress set a one-year limit for petitioners to bring § 2255 motions based on new rights recognized by the Supreme Court. Al- lowing a claim like Burrage to serve as both the basis for actual No. 16-2381 9
innocence and the basis for relief would render this statute of limitations superfluous, at least as it applies to newly recog- nized statutory rights. Every time there is a retroactive inter- pretation of a criminal law, petitioners convicted under it would have an initial § 2255 claim based on the new interpre- tation indefinitely. We affirm the district court’s decision denying Lund’s § 2255 motion as untimely. Lund’s § 2255 motion was conced- edly untimely and we hold that he cannot use the actual in- nocence gateway to overcome the statute of limitations in this case.