MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Oct 06 2015, 8:37 am this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Stephen T. Owens Gregory F. Zoeller Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana James T. Acklin Ian McLean Chief Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jason D. Smith, October 6, 2015 Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 48A05-1503-PC-118 v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Thomas Newman, Appellee-Respondent Jr., Judge Trial Court Cause No. 48C03-1401-PC-7
Baker, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 1 of 9 [1] Jason Smith appeals the judgment of the post-conviction court denying his
petition for post-conviction relief. Finding no error, we affirm.
Facts [2] On September 12, 2012, Smith knocked on the door of Dustin Landrum’s
apartment and asked if he could use Landrum’s phone. Landrum told Smith
that he did not have a phone and asked Smith to leave. Smith then spit on
Landrum, brandished a knife, and threatened to attack him. Landrum called
the police.
[3] Officers found Smith a short while later sitting on the porch of a house down
the street from Landrum’s apartment. Smith walked towards the officers with
his hands in his pockets, ignoring their requests that he keep his hands visible.
When the officers decided to handcuff Smith, he struggled and attempted to
pull his arms away. Once Smith was successfully handcuffed, the officers
searched his pockets and found a knife as well as a hypodermic needle.
[4] Smith again resisted when the officers tried to place him in their vehicle and
continued behaving in an unruly manner once the vehicle was moving—kicking
the door and damaging its hinges in an attempt to jump out. The officers had
to pull over so that Smith could be transferred to a more secure vehicle. Once
Smith was transferred, one of the officers noticed that his cell phone was
missing. This cell phone was later found in Smith’s possession when he arrived
at Madison County Jail.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 2 of 9 [5] On January 14, 2013, Smith pleaded guilty to class D felony intimidation, class
D felony unlawful possession of a syringe, class D felony theft, and class A
misdemeanor resisting law enforcement. The agreement left sentencing to the
discretion of the trial court. It also provided that Smith waived the right to
appeal the sentence imposed by the trial court so long as the trial court
sentenced Smith within the terms of the plea agreement.
[6] The trial court held a sentencing hearing on January 28, 2013. The State
argued that the trial court should impose three-year terms for each class D
felony conviction. The State asked that these terms be run consecutively as it
believed Smith’s offenses were sufficiently separate and unrelated. Smith’s
attorney responded:
Judge, these sentences can most be appropriately be ran [sic] concurrent[ly]. They were part of one criminal episode to which my client has readily admitted that he was involved. And that is a mitigating factor in your sentence and consideration.
Ex. A p. 20-21. Following the hearing, the trial court sentenced Smith to three-
year consecutive terms for his intimidation, unlawful possession of a syringe,
and theft convictions, and to a concurrent one-year term for resisting law
enforcement. This resulted in a total term of nine years.
[7] Smith did not directly appeal this sentence. Instead, in May 2013, Smith filed a
motion to correct erroneous sentence with the trial court, arguing that his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 3 of 9 offenses constituted a single episode of criminal conduct. At the time that
Smith committed his offenses, Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c)1 provided:
[E]xcept for crimes of violence, the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment . . . to which the defendant is sentenced for felony convictions arising out of an episode of criminal conduct shall not exceed the advisory sentence for a felony which is one (1) class of felony higher than the most serious of the felonies for which the person has been convicted.
Accordingly, Smith argued that his term of imprisonment should not have
exceeded four years—the advisory term for a class C felony. I.C. § 35-50-2-6.
The trial court denied Smith’s motion on September 22, 2013.
[8] On January 23, 2014, Smith filed a petition for post-conviction relief. Smith
argued that his trial counsel had provided him with ineffective assistance by
failing to argue that his offenses arose out of a single episode of criminal
conduct. The post-conviction court denied Smith’s petition, reasoning that
Smith had waived his claim by failing to raise it on direct appeal, that Smith’s
attorney had, in fact, argued that his offenses constituted a single episode of
criminal conduct, and that, waiver notwithstanding, his offenses were separate
and not subject to the single episode cap. Smith now appeals.
1 Recent amendments to this section took effect on July 1, 2014. We cite the version of this section that was in effect at the time Smith committed his offenses.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 4 of 9 Discussion and Decision [9] When appealing from the denial of a petition for post-conviction relief, the
petitioner “must establish that the evidence, as a whole, unmistakably and
unerringly points to a conclusion contrary to the post-conviction court’s
decision.” Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 738 N.E.2d 253, 258 (Ind. 2000). We accept the
post-conviction court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous but we
do not defer to its conclusions of law. Bigler v. State, 732 N.E.2d 191, 194 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2000).
[10] Smith argued before the post-conviction court that all of his offenses arose out
of a single episode of criminal conduct. On appeal, he has changed his
position, and now argues that only his intimidation and unlawful possession of
a syringe convictions arose out of a single episode of criminal conduct.
Accordingly, Smith believes that the six-year portion of his term relating to
these convictions should be reduced to four years, as would be required under
Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c).
[11] In support of his argument, Smith relies on decisions of this Court holding that
when “a defendant possesses contraband on his person as he simultaneously
commits other criminal offenses, the offenses should be deemed part of a single
episode of criminal conduct.” Johnican v. State, 804 N.E.2d 211, 218 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004); see also Cole v. State, 850 N.E.2d 417 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006); Ratliff v.
State, 741 N.E.2d 424, 436 (Ind. Ct. App.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Oct 06 2015, 8:37 am this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Stephen T. Owens Gregory F. Zoeller Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana James T. Acklin Ian McLean Chief Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jason D. Smith, October 6, 2015 Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 48A05-1503-PC-118 v. Appeal from the Madison Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Thomas Newman, Appellee-Respondent Jr., Judge Trial Court Cause No. 48C03-1401-PC-7
Baker, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 1 of 9 [1] Jason Smith appeals the judgment of the post-conviction court denying his
petition for post-conviction relief. Finding no error, we affirm.
Facts [2] On September 12, 2012, Smith knocked on the door of Dustin Landrum’s
apartment and asked if he could use Landrum’s phone. Landrum told Smith
that he did not have a phone and asked Smith to leave. Smith then spit on
Landrum, brandished a knife, and threatened to attack him. Landrum called
the police.
[3] Officers found Smith a short while later sitting on the porch of a house down
the street from Landrum’s apartment. Smith walked towards the officers with
his hands in his pockets, ignoring their requests that he keep his hands visible.
When the officers decided to handcuff Smith, he struggled and attempted to
pull his arms away. Once Smith was successfully handcuffed, the officers
searched his pockets and found a knife as well as a hypodermic needle.
[4] Smith again resisted when the officers tried to place him in their vehicle and
continued behaving in an unruly manner once the vehicle was moving—kicking
the door and damaging its hinges in an attempt to jump out. The officers had
to pull over so that Smith could be transferred to a more secure vehicle. Once
Smith was transferred, one of the officers noticed that his cell phone was
missing. This cell phone was later found in Smith’s possession when he arrived
at Madison County Jail.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 2 of 9 [5] On January 14, 2013, Smith pleaded guilty to class D felony intimidation, class
D felony unlawful possession of a syringe, class D felony theft, and class A
misdemeanor resisting law enforcement. The agreement left sentencing to the
discretion of the trial court. It also provided that Smith waived the right to
appeal the sentence imposed by the trial court so long as the trial court
sentenced Smith within the terms of the plea agreement.
[6] The trial court held a sentencing hearing on January 28, 2013. The State
argued that the trial court should impose three-year terms for each class D
felony conviction. The State asked that these terms be run consecutively as it
believed Smith’s offenses were sufficiently separate and unrelated. Smith’s
attorney responded:
Judge, these sentences can most be appropriately be ran [sic] concurrent[ly]. They were part of one criminal episode to which my client has readily admitted that he was involved. And that is a mitigating factor in your sentence and consideration.
Ex. A p. 20-21. Following the hearing, the trial court sentenced Smith to three-
year consecutive terms for his intimidation, unlawful possession of a syringe,
and theft convictions, and to a concurrent one-year term for resisting law
enforcement. This resulted in a total term of nine years.
[7] Smith did not directly appeal this sentence. Instead, in May 2013, Smith filed a
motion to correct erroneous sentence with the trial court, arguing that his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 3 of 9 offenses constituted a single episode of criminal conduct. At the time that
Smith committed his offenses, Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c)1 provided:
[E]xcept for crimes of violence, the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment . . . to which the defendant is sentenced for felony convictions arising out of an episode of criminal conduct shall not exceed the advisory sentence for a felony which is one (1) class of felony higher than the most serious of the felonies for which the person has been convicted.
Accordingly, Smith argued that his term of imprisonment should not have
exceeded four years—the advisory term for a class C felony. I.C. § 35-50-2-6.
The trial court denied Smith’s motion on September 22, 2013.
[8] On January 23, 2014, Smith filed a petition for post-conviction relief. Smith
argued that his trial counsel had provided him with ineffective assistance by
failing to argue that his offenses arose out of a single episode of criminal
conduct. The post-conviction court denied Smith’s petition, reasoning that
Smith had waived his claim by failing to raise it on direct appeal, that Smith’s
attorney had, in fact, argued that his offenses constituted a single episode of
criminal conduct, and that, waiver notwithstanding, his offenses were separate
and not subject to the single episode cap. Smith now appeals.
1 Recent amendments to this section took effect on July 1, 2014. We cite the version of this section that was in effect at the time Smith committed his offenses.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 4 of 9 Discussion and Decision [9] When appealing from the denial of a petition for post-conviction relief, the
petitioner “must establish that the evidence, as a whole, unmistakably and
unerringly points to a conclusion contrary to the post-conviction court’s
decision.” Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 738 N.E.2d 253, 258 (Ind. 2000). We accept the
post-conviction court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous but we
do not defer to its conclusions of law. Bigler v. State, 732 N.E.2d 191, 194 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2000).
[10] Smith argued before the post-conviction court that all of his offenses arose out
of a single episode of criminal conduct. On appeal, he has changed his
position, and now argues that only his intimidation and unlawful possession of
a syringe convictions arose out of a single episode of criminal conduct.
Accordingly, Smith believes that the six-year portion of his term relating to
these convictions should be reduced to four years, as would be required under
Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c).
[11] In support of his argument, Smith relies on decisions of this Court holding that
when “a defendant possesses contraband on his person as he simultaneously
commits other criminal offenses, the offenses should be deemed part of a single
episode of criminal conduct.” Johnican v. State, 804 N.E.2d 211, 218 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004); see also Cole v. State, 850 N.E.2d 417 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006); Ratliff v.
State, 741 N.E.2d 424, 436 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (Mathias J., dissenting). Other
decisions of this Court appear to be at odds with this holding. See Deshazier v.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 5 of 9 State, 877 N.E.2d 200, 212 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (consecutive sentences for
resisting arrest, carrying an unlicensed handgun, and possession of marijuana
upheld where evidence indicated that defendant “must have come into
possession of the handgun and marijuana at some point before he encountered
the officers.”); Ratliff, 741 N.E.2d at 432.
[12] Assuming that these holdings need clarification, we are not presented with an
opportunity to do so in this case. Smith has certainly waived this issue by
failing to bring a direct appeal and his attempt to reframe it as an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim fails because his counsel clearly raised this issue
before the trial court.
[13] Our Supreme Court has made clear that post-conviction proceedings do not
substitute for direct appeals and “[i]ssues that were available, but not presented,
on direct appeal are forfeited on post-conviction review.” Ben-Yisrael, 738
N.E.2d at 258. Smith does not maintain that this issue was unknown or
unavailable when he was sentenced. He instead argues that he “could not have
raised the claim on direct appeal” as his “written plea agreement provided that
he waived the right to appeal his sentence.” Appellant’s Br. p. 14.
[14] Smith directs our attention to Crider v. State, in which our Supreme Court
observed that “our jurisdprudence stands for the proposition that in Indiana, a
defendant can waive his right to appeal an illegal sentence” so long as such
sentence is “explicitly provided for in the plea agreement.” 984 N.E.2d 618,
623-24 (Ind. 2013). However, the Court made clear that this was only the case
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 6 of 9 where such sentences were explicitly provided for in the plea agreement and
that “the ‘default rule’ for plea agreements is that sentences will be determined
and imposed legally, where there is no agreement otherwise.” Id. at 625.
[15] Smith incorrectly asserts that Crider announced a new rule of law and that, as it
was decided several months after he was sentenced, there was no authority
under which he could appeal his sentence at the time. However, Crider
announced no new rule but merely explained the law as it stood. Id. at 622-25.
Applied to Smith’s case, Crider makes clear that Smith could certainly have
appealed a sentence he believed to be illegal, as his plea agreement did not
explicitly provide for an illegal sentence but instead left sentencing open to the
trial court. Ex. B p. 25.
[16] Smith next attempts to avoid waiver by framing his claim as one of ineffective
assistance of counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
Smith must show that his trial counsel committed specific errors that fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness and that Smith was prejudiced by these
errors. Hardy v. State, 786 N.E.2d 783, 786 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (citing
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)).
[17] Here, we need not begin this analysis because the record makes clear that
Smith’s trial counsel did not commit the errors Smith alleges. At the sentencing
hearing, Smith’s trial counsel argued that Smith’s offenses constituted a single
episode of criminal conduct, stating:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 7 of 9 Judge, these sentences can most be appropriately be ran [sic] concurrent[ly]. They were part of one criminal episode to which my client has readily admitted that he was involved. And that is a mitigating factor in your sentence and consideration.
Ex. A p. 20-21.
[18] Smith maintains that this statement portrays a misunderstanding of the law
because it implies that the law requires sentences for offenses committed during
a single episode of criminal conduct to be run concurrently. Smith is correct to
point out that this is not the case, and that instead, Indiana Code section 35-50-
1-2, if applied, would have capped his total sentence at the advisory term for a
class C felony, which is one class higher than the most serious class of felony
that Smith committed.
[19] We note that, even had such an implication existed, it would not have been to
Smith’s detriment. Had his terms been run concurrently, he would have
received a three-year sentence, which would have been preferable to the four-
year sentence he would have received had the episode cap applied. However,
we find no such implication in the above-quoted language and understand
Smith’s trial counsel to have argued alternatively that Smith’s sentences should
be run concurrently and that his offenses arose out of one episode of criminal
conduct. We find that trial counsel’s decision to make both arguments was
entirely appropriate and in Smith’s interest.
[20] We need not decide whether Smith’s offenses arose out of a single episode of
criminal conduct. Smith’s failure to raise the issue on direct appeal means that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 8 of 9 it is not now properly before us. The issue was clearly known and available to
Smith immediately following his sentencing and was, in fact, put before the trial
court for its consideration. Accordingly, we find that Smith has waived the
issue and that his counsel did not render ineffective assistance.
[21] The judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.
Robb, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 48A05-1503-PC-118 | October 6, 2015 Page 9 of 9