Jasik v. Conrad

727 F.2d 1379, 10 Collier Bankr. Cas. 2d 361, 1984 U.S. App. LEXIS 24177
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
DecidedMarch 26, 1984
DocketNo. 83-1896
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 727 F.2d 1379 (Jasik v. Conrad) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Jasik v. Conrad, 727 F.2d 1379, 10 Collier Bankr. Cas. 2d 361, 1984 U.S. App. LEXIS 24177 (5th Cir. 1984).

Opinion

CLARK, Chief Judge:

The farmer-debtors in this voluntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding appeal orders of the bankruptcy court authorizing the sale at public auction of their cattle and personal property pursuant to a reorganization plan. This court granted a temporary stay of the sale. At the conclusion of oral arguments, we vacated the stay order. This opinion sets forth our reasons for this action.

I. Facts and Procedural Background

Leo and Emma Jasik, together with their family Texas corporation, L.J. Bar Ranches, Inc., (herein denominated collectively as “the Jasiks”) are engaged in farming and ranching. They maintain approximately 1,100 head of registered cattle, which they describe as one of the largest and best known herds of Beefmaster cattle in the world, with an appraised value, as of July 1983, of nearly three million dollars. The Jasiks also maintain horses and produce peanuts, hay, and fodder. As a necessary adjunct to these activities, the Jasiks have acquired a large amount of farming equipment and numerous vehicles.

On December 20 and 21, 1982, the Jasiks filed voluntary petitions for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. The Jasiks continued to operate their businesses and manage their properties as debtors-in-possession until the appointment of a Chapter 11 trustee on July 12, 1983. After the petitions were filed, the Jasiks’ farming and ranching operations remained unprofitable, in part because of the special costs associated with maintaining a herd of registered cattle of this breed.

On October 11, 1983, after the Jasiks failed to develop any plan of reorganization, the trustee filed adversary proceedings under 11 U.S.C. § 363(b), seeking to sell real and personal property of the Jasiks. On October 27, 1983, shortly before commencement of the hearing and trial on the adver[1381]*1381sary proceedings that same day, the trustee and official committee of creditors filed a joint plan of reorganization, dated October 26, 1983. This plan provided that property of the Jasiks could be sold as necessary to provide sufficient funds to satisfy the claims of the various classes of creditors.

On December 1, 1983, after filing of disclosure statements, notice, and hearing, the bankruptcy court entered an order approving the joint plan of reorganization, as amended. On December 5, 1983, the bankruptcy court found that the sales were necessary to implement the reorganization plan because additional delay in the sale of the livestock would hinder the funding of the reorganization plan as declines in the livestock’s value and ongoing maintenance expenses would diminish the estate. The court ordered an auction sale of the Jasiks’ livestock and personal property.

After notice and a hearing, the bankruptcy court denied the Jasiks’ motion for a stay. After the district court also denied the Jasiks’ motion for a stay, this court on December 14, 1983, entered a temporary stay. Following briefs and oral arguments, this court vacated the temporary stay order and advised the parties that this written opinion would follow.

II. Liquidation of Farmer-Debtor under Chapter 11

The Jasiks contend that the Bankruptcy Code implicitly exempts farmers from Chapter 11 liquidation proceedings. The Jasiks concede that the Bankruptcy Code does not expressly say that a farmer cannot be the subject of a liquidation plan under Chapter 11. They observe, however, that 11 U.S.C. § 303(a)1 expressly provides that a farmer cannot be placed in involuntary bankruptcy. The Jasiks also note that 11 U.S.C. § 1112(c) provides that in the case of a debtor who is a farmer, the court cannot convert a Chapter 11 case to a Chapter 7 case, unless the farmer-debtor so requests. The Jasiks perceive in these express farmer exemptions and in associated legislative history special congressional solicitude toward the farmer. The Jasiks contend that it was a “mere legislative oversight” that this special solicitude did not manifest itself in a special farmer’s exemption from Chapter 11 liquidation proceedings, and that the exemption is implied where it is not express. We disagree.

Congress did give farmers special defensive protections under the Bankruptcy Act. However, nowhere in the statutory language or in legislative history is there evidence of any congressional intent to confer on a farmer the offensive capability to initiate a Chapter 11 proceeding which both stays collection by his creditors and allows him, by refusing to file, to block the submission of a plan of liquidation. To the contrary, Congress has expressed the intent that debtors in voluntary bankruptcy should not be able, by merely withholding affirmative action, to suspend creditors’ rights indefinitely. Before the amendments became effective- in October of 1979, Chapter XI of the Bankruptcy Act did in fact give the debtor the unlimited exclusive right to file a plan of reorganization. Congress perceived a problem with this arrangement.

[cjhapter XI gives the debtor the exclusive right to propose a plan. Creditors are excluded. The exclusive right gives the debtor undue bargaining leverage, because by delay he can force a settlement out of otherwise unwilling creditors, and they have little recourse except to move for conversion of the case to Chapter X. That is contrary to their interests as it is to the debtor’s, and thus is rarely done. The debtor is in full control, often to the unfair disadvantage of creditors.

H.R.Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 231, 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 5963, 6191.

[1382]*1382In response to the problem, Congress drafted 11 U.S.C. § 1121,2 which limits the debtor’s exclusive rights to file a plan to clearly defined periods. Under § 1121, for “120 days after the date of the order for relief” the debtor has the exclusive right to file a plan subject to the court’s discretion to reduce or increase the period. The debtor must secure acceptance within 180 days from the date of the order for relief. Under 11 U.S.C. § 301, “[t]he commencement of a voluntary case under a chapter of this title constitutes an order for relief under such chapter.” Once the statutory period elapses, or upon the appointment of a . trustee, see 11 U.S.C. § 1121(c)(1), the debtor’s exclusive right to file a plan ceases. At that time, “any party in interest” may file a plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1121(c). This provision curbs the unfair disadvantage to creditors of giving the debtor perpetual exclusive rights to initiate a plan. Farmer-debtors get neither more nor less. Congress explained:

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Bluebook (online)
727 F.2d 1379, 10 Collier Bankr. Cas. 2d 361, 1984 U.S. App. LEXIS 24177, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/jasik-v-conrad-ca5-1984.