UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DEREK N. JARVIS, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil No. 17-1813 (EGS) ) COMMISSIONER, ) SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, ) ) Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Derek N. Jarvis brings this action under the Freedom of Information Act
(“FOIA”), see 5 U.S.C. § 552, against the Commissioner of Social Security (“SSA”). This
matter is before the court on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 10]. For the reasons
discussed below, the court grants the motion.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff submitted two FOIA requests to the SSA. The first he sent to SSA’s office in
Gwynn Oak, Maryland, seeking “all document(s) relating to, and pertaining to Derek N. Jarvis . .
. as a result of [SSA’s] rejecting [his] disability claims for (9) years, while mostly Caucasian
Claimants receive disability from SSA for much lesser medical conditions[.]” Compl., Ex.
(Letter to SSA from plaintiff dated December 23, 2016).
SSA notified plaintiff that his request properly should be directed to SSA’s field office in
Seabrook, Maryland because it “has the jurisdiction of his disability applications and application
related records.” Mem. of P. & A. in Support of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”), Ex. 4
1 (“Chyn Decl.”) ¶ 7; see id., Ex. 1 (Letter to plaintiff from Mary Ann Zimmerman, Acting
Privacy Officer, SSA, dated February 28, 2017).
“Even though [plaintiff] failed to address [his] request[] for information to the Seabrook,
Maryland SSA address,” SSA “prepared a copy of [its] electronic file on a CD for [plaintiff] and
sent it to him via UPS on January 18, 2018[.]” Id., Ex. 2 (“Cassetta Decl.”) ¶ 4.
In his second FOIA request, plaintiff sought:
information[] that establishes the percentage of blacks who are awarded and rejected disability benefits, and the percentage of whites who are awarded and rejected disability benefits, and in addition to that . . . any information regarding illegal immigrants awarded benefits Id., Ex. (Letter to SSA from plaintiff dated December 29, 2016). SSA informed plaintiff that it
does “not keep records of disability awards and denials based on race or immigration status.”
Def.’s Mem., Ex. 3 (Letter to plaintiff from Monica Chyn, Acting Freedom of Information
Officer, SSA, dated May 12, 2017); see Cassetta Decl. ¶ 4. SSA advised plaintiff of his right to
challenge this determination by filing an administrative appeal in writing to the Executive
Director for the Office of Privacy and Disclosure. Def.’s Mem., Ex. 3. SSA found “no
indication that [plaintiff] filed an appeal of [its] responses to his December 23 and/or 29, 2016
FOIA request(s).” Chyn Decl. ¶ 9.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment Standard
A FOIA case typically and appropriately is decided on a motion for summary judgment.
See, e.g., Gold Anti-Trust Action Comm., Inc. v. Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 762
F. Supp. 2d 123, 130 (D.D.C. 2011) (citations omitted). Summary judgment is granted when
2 there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). In determining
whether a genuine issue of fact exists, the court must view all facts in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587
(1986). Under FOIA, all underlying facts and inferences are analyzed in the light most favorable
to the FOIA requester; as such, only after an agency proves that it has fully discharged its FOIA
obligations is summary judgment appropriate. Moore v. Aspin, 916 F. Supp. 32, 35 (D.D.C.
1996) (citing Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 1983)).
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment under FOIA, the court conducts a de novo
review of the record. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). The court may award summary judgment
solely on the basis of information provided by the agency in an affidavit or declaration. See
Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). An agency’s affidavit or
declaration must be “relatively detailed and non-conclusory.” SafeCard Services v. SEC, 926
F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (citation omitted). It is accorded a presumption of good faith,
which cannot be rebutted by “purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability
of other documents.” Id. (citing Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir.
1981) (per curiam)).
B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
“An agency’s disclosure obligations are not triggered . . . until it has received a proper
FOIA request in compliance with its published regulations.” Antonelli v. Fed. Bureau of
Prisons, 591 F. Supp. 2d 15, 26 (D.D.C. 2008) (citations omitted). It “cannot respond to a FOIA
request it never received, and a plaintiff cannot maintain an action premised on a FOIA request
he never submitted.” Burke v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, __ F. Supp. 3d __, __, 2018 WL 1015340,
3 at *2 (D.D.C. Feb. 22, 2018). A requester’s failure to comply both with the FOIA and with the
agency’s requirements “amounts to a failure to exhaust administrative remedies, which warrants
dismissal.” Mitchell v. Samuels, 160 F. Supp. 3d 8, 11 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing Dale v. IRS, 238 F.
Supp. 2d 99, 102 (D.D.C. 2002)). “A FOIA plaintiff’s failure to exhaust administrative remedies
before filing a civil action is properly treated as a failure to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted” under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Saldana v. Fed.
Bureau of Prisons, 715 F. Supp. 2d 10, 18 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Hidalgo v. FBI, 344 F.3d 1256,
1260 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). However, because the parties have submitted and the court has
considered matters other than the pleadings, the court treats SSA’s motion as one for summary
judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d), 56.
C. December 23, 2016 FOIA Request 1
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DEREK N. JARVIS, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil No. 17-1813 (EGS) ) COMMISSIONER, ) SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, ) ) Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Derek N. Jarvis brings this action under the Freedom of Information Act
(“FOIA”), see 5 U.S.C. § 552, against the Commissioner of Social Security (“SSA”). This
matter is before the court on Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 10]. For the reasons
discussed below, the court grants the motion.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff submitted two FOIA requests to the SSA. The first he sent to SSA’s office in
Gwynn Oak, Maryland, seeking “all document(s) relating to, and pertaining to Derek N. Jarvis . .
. as a result of [SSA’s] rejecting [his] disability claims for (9) years, while mostly Caucasian
Claimants receive disability from SSA for much lesser medical conditions[.]” Compl., Ex.
(Letter to SSA from plaintiff dated December 23, 2016).
SSA notified plaintiff that his request properly should be directed to SSA’s field office in
Seabrook, Maryland because it “has the jurisdiction of his disability applications and application
related records.” Mem. of P. & A. in Support of Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”), Ex. 4
1 (“Chyn Decl.”) ¶ 7; see id., Ex. 1 (Letter to plaintiff from Mary Ann Zimmerman, Acting
Privacy Officer, SSA, dated February 28, 2017).
“Even though [plaintiff] failed to address [his] request[] for information to the Seabrook,
Maryland SSA address,” SSA “prepared a copy of [its] electronic file on a CD for [plaintiff] and
sent it to him via UPS on January 18, 2018[.]” Id., Ex. 2 (“Cassetta Decl.”) ¶ 4.
In his second FOIA request, plaintiff sought:
information[] that establishes the percentage of blacks who are awarded and rejected disability benefits, and the percentage of whites who are awarded and rejected disability benefits, and in addition to that . . . any information regarding illegal immigrants awarded benefits Id., Ex. (Letter to SSA from plaintiff dated December 29, 2016). SSA informed plaintiff that it
does “not keep records of disability awards and denials based on race or immigration status.”
Def.’s Mem., Ex. 3 (Letter to plaintiff from Monica Chyn, Acting Freedom of Information
Officer, SSA, dated May 12, 2017); see Cassetta Decl. ¶ 4. SSA advised plaintiff of his right to
challenge this determination by filing an administrative appeal in writing to the Executive
Director for the Office of Privacy and Disclosure. Def.’s Mem., Ex. 3. SSA found “no
indication that [plaintiff] filed an appeal of [its] responses to his December 23 and/or 29, 2016
FOIA request(s).” Chyn Decl. ¶ 9.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment Standard
A FOIA case typically and appropriately is decided on a motion for summary judgment.
See, e.g., Gold Anti-Trust Action Comm., Inc. v. Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 762
F. Supp. 2d 123, 130 (D.D.C. 2011) (citations omitted). Summary judgment is granted when
2 there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). In determining
whether a genuine issue of fact exists, the court must view all facts in the light most favorable to
the non-moving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587
(1986). Under FOIA, all underlying facts and inferences are analyzed in the light most favorable
to the FOIA requester; as such, only after an agency proves that it has fully discharged its FOIA
obligations is summary judgment appropriate. Moore v. Aspin, 916 F. Supp. 32, 35 (D.D.C.
1996) (citing Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 1983)).
In reviewing a motion for summary judgment under FOIA, the court conducts a de novo
review of the record. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). The court may award summary judgment
solely on the basis of information provided by the agency in an affidavit or declaration. See
Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). An agency’s affidavit or
declaration must be “relatively detailed and non-conclusory.” SafeCard Services v. SEC, 926
F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (citation omitted). It is accorded a presumption of good faith,
which cannot be rebutted by “purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability
of other documents.” Id. (citing Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir.
1981) (per curiam)).
B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
“An agency’s disclosure obligations are not triggered . . . until it has received a proper
FOIA request in compliance with its published regulations.” Antonelli v. Fed. Bureau of
Prisons, 591 F. Supp. 2d 15, 26 (D.D.C. 2008) (citations omitted). It “cannot respond to a FOIA
request it never received, and a plaintiff cannot maintain an action premised on a FOIA request
he never submitted.” Burke v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, __ F. Supp. 3d __, __, 2018 WL 1015340,
3 at *2 (D.D.C. Feb. 22, 2018). A requester’s failure to comply both with the FOIA and with the
agency’s requirements “amounts to a failure to exhaust administrative remedies, which warrants
dismissal.” Mitchell v. Samuels, 160 F. Supp. 3d 8, 11 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing Dale v. IRS, 238 F.
Supp. 2d 99, 102 (D.D.C. 2002)). “A FOIA plaintiff’s failure to exhaust administrative remedies
before filing a civil action is properly treated as a failure to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted” under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Saldana v. Fed.
Bureau of Prisons, 715 F. Supp. 2d 10, 18 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Hidalgo v. FBI, 344 F.3d 1256,
1260 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). However, because the parties have submitted and the court has
considered matters other than the pleadings, the court treats SSA’s motion as one for summary
judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d), 56.
C. December 23, 2016 FOIA Request 1
SSA argues that the court “lacks subject matter over [p]laintiff’s claim related to his
December [23], 2016 request because he has not followed the proper procedures for obtaining”
the information he requested. Def.’s Mem. at 5. Specifically, SSA contends that plaintiff’s
failure to send his request to its Seabrook, Maryland office and his failure to pursue an
administrative appeal of SSA’s response amount to a failure to exhaust administrative remedies.
Id.
SSA regulations provide that a requester may send his FOIA request to the Deputy
Executive Director for the Office of Public Disclosure, Office of the General Counsel. See 20
1 According to SSA, it treats an individual’s request for information about himself as a request under the Privacy Act, not FOIA. See Def.’s Mem. at 5 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 402.15(b)). Therefore, SSA argues, plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under FOIA. Id. The court denies SSA’s motion to dismiss on this basis. Neither of SSA’s supporting declarations mentions the Privacy Act, see Chyn Decl. ¶¶ 6-7, or explains whether or how SSA’s response would have differed if it had treated the requests under the Privacy Act as opposed to FOIA. 4 C.F.R. § 402.135. He may appeal SSA’s initial determination by submitting a written request for
review to the Commissioner of Social Security. See 20 C.F.R. § 402.200. If the Commissioner
affirms in whole or in part the denial of a FOIA request, the requester may seek judicial review
in federal district court. See 20 C.F.R. § 402.205.
SSA “recommend[ed] that [plaintiff] direct [his] inquiry to [his] local Social Security
office” in Seabrook, Maryland. Def.’s Mem., Ex. 1 at 1. It neither cited a regulation nor
explained in a declaration that a requester is required to direct a FOIA request to that location, or
to any other local SSA office. Nor did SSA’s response provide instructions for filing an
administrative appeal, as FOIA requires. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i)(III)(aa); see also
Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 65 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Furthermore, plaintiff’s
failure to direct his request to the Seabrook, Maryland office did not dissuade SSA from
providing a substantive response to the December 23, 2016 FOIA request: it sent plaintiff a copy
of its electronic file in January 2018. Because SSA does not establish plaintiff’s failure to
exhaust administrative remedies, the Court denies SSA’s motion on this basis.
Nevertheless, the Court resolves this FOIA claim in SSA’s favor. It appears that the
records SSA released to plaintiff in response to his December 23, 2016 FOIA request were
medical records only. “Plaintiff . . . never requested his medical records,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 7, and
instead reiterates his desire for statistical information, see id. at 2-3. The court need not dwell
over SSA’s release of medical information of no interest to plaintiff, and therefore dismisses the
claim pertaining to the December 23, 2016 FOIA request.
D. December 29, 2016 FOIA Request
With respect to plaintiff’s December 29, 2016 FOIA request, SSA argues that plaintiff
failed to exhaust his administrative remedies by pursuing an administrative appeal prior to filing
5 this lawsuit. Def.’s Mem. at 6. Plaintiff responds that he constructively exhausted his
administrative remedies due to SSA’s failure to respond timely to his FOIA request. Pl.’s Opp’n
at 6. Plaintiff is mistaken.
Ordinarily, an agency is obligated to respond to a request within 20 working days. See 5
U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i). If the agency fails to make a timely determination, the requester
constructively exhausts his administrative remedies and may seek judicial review without first
having to pursue an administrative appeal. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C); see Pollack v. Dep’t of
Justice, 49 F.3d 115, 118-19 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 843 (1995); Waldner v. U.S. Dep’t
of Justice, 981 F. Supp. 2d 14, 16-17 (D.D.C. 2013), aff’d, No. 13-5350, 2014 WL 3014045
(D.C. Cir. June 4, 2014) (per curiam). If, however, the agency makes its determination after 20
working days have passed, but before the requester files his lawsuit, the requester’s right to
immediate judicial review lapses. In this circumstance, the requester must administratively
appeal the denial of his FOIA request and wait the requisite 20 working days for the agency to
adjudicate the appeal, see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(ii), before filing a lawsuit, see Oglesby, 920
F.2d at 61.
SSA responded to plaintiff’s FOIA request on May 12, 2017, more than 20 working days
after its receipt of the December 29, 2017 request. Plaintiff filed his lawsuit on August 28, 2017,
yet in the interim, he did not file an administrative appeal of SSA’s determination. SSA has
demonstrated that plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, and, therefore, the court
grants its motion for summary judgment.
In the alternative, SSA argues that plaintiff fails to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted under FOIA because SSA “does not keep records of disability awards and denials based
on race or immigration status. Def.’s Mem. at 6. The Court’s jurisdiction under the FOIA “is
6 dependent upon a showing that an agency has (1) ‘improperly’; (2) ‘withheld’; (3) ‘agency
records.’” Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S. 136, 150 (1980)
(quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). Agency records are materials an agency creates or obtains,
and controls, at the time it receives a FOIA request. See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts,
492 U.S. 136, 144-45 (1989). SSA demonstrates that it does not maintain records broken down
by race or immigration status, see Chyn Decl. ¶ 8; Cassetta Decl. ¶ 4, and its purported failure to
disclose them is not an improper withholding of agency records, see James v. U.S. Secret Serv.,
811 F. Supp. 2d 351, 357-58 (D.D.C. 2011) (“An agency does not control a record which has
been destroyed . . . and it is under no obligation to obtain a duplicate of or to re-create a record in
order to fulfill a FOIA request.”), aff’d, No. 11-5299, 2012 WL 1935828 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (per
curiam), cert. denied, 568 U.S. 1147 (2013); Carson v. U.S. Office of Special Counsel, 534 F.
Supp. 2d 99, 103 (D.D.C. 2008) (“[P]laintiff’s request that this Court order the defendant to
create records or to render opinions that plaintiff thinks defendant is required to create or render
is not cognizable under the FOIA.”).
III. CONCLUSION
SSA demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact is disputed with regard to its
compliance with FOIA, and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Therefore, the
court grants its motion for summary judgment. An Order is issued separately.
Signed: EMMET G. SULLIVAN United States District Judge April 23, 2018