Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION III No. CV-16-149
NATHAN J. JARRETT AND KEY Opinion Delivered May 3, 2017 ENERGY SERVICES, LLC APPELLANTS APPEAL FROM THE PERRY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. CV-2011-52] V. HONORABLE MACKIE M. PIERCE, JUDGE ANDREW J. BRAND APPELLEE AFFIRMED
PHILLIP T. WHITEAKER, Judge
This appeal stems from a personal-injury case. Appellee Andrew Brand sued appellants
Nathan J. Jarrett and his employer, Key Energy Services, LLC, for injuries and damages
resulting from a motor-vehicle accident. A Perry County jury returned a verdict for Brand,
awarding damages of $750,000. On appeal, Jarrett and Key argue that the circuit court erred
in admitting evidence of Brand’s alleged losses in bankruptcy as consequential damages. We
affirm.
The facts of this case are not complicated, and in order to understand the argument
on appeal, we will review them briefly, along with the pretrial and trial procedures. Jarrett,
acting as an employee of Key, ran a red light in Morrilton and struck the side of Brand’s
vehicle, causing injury to Brand and damage to Brand’s truck. Brand filed a complaint against
Jarrett and Key. Jarrett and Key initially denied any fault but eventually admitted liability. Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
The matter proceeded to a jury trial on damages. Prior to trial, the circuit court
entered a scheduling order directing that any motions in limine should be filed fifteen days
prior to trial. Less than fifteen days before the scheduled trial date, Jarrett and Key
(hereinafter collectively “Jarrett”) filed a ten-page “motion in limine.” This motion sought
to exclude numerous items, such as “any reference to any pretrial motions filed by
Defendants and the result of any hearing thereon” and “requesting Defendant’s counsel to
produce any information or documents in her file in front of the jury.” The motion did not
specifically address or mention nor seek to limit evidence of Brand’s alleged losses in
bankruptcy as consequential damages. On September 15, 2015, however, Jarrett filed an
amended answer adding an additional affirmative defense, stating as follows:
Pleading further and in the alternative, . . . Defendant would show that Plaintiff is judicially estopped from asserting and/or recovering more than the maximum value stated in his bankruptcy pleadings in cause 4:12-bk-10522 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, under which Plaintiff was discharged in bankruptcy.
Prior to the trial on September 17, 2015, the court held a pretrial hearing, at which
it was asked to consider the matter of Brand’s bankruptcy and request for damages. Jarrett
made the following statement:
Okay. And then one other thing, Your Honor. [Brand’s counsel] has—has amended his pleadings and—and made some claims for damages related to bankruptcy that Mr. Brand filed after the date of this accident.[1] I don’t believe that there’s—there’s an element of damages for, you know, losing property and—and bankruptcy. Certainly, not in a personal injury matter and—and I’m—I’m not sure
1 It is clear from the pleadings in the record that Brand never made any such amendment. The only mention of bankruptcy in the pleadings is found in Jarrett’s amended answer.
2 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
it would be appropriate to even introduce evidence of the bankruptcy or any of the damages that he alleges were related to that.
Brand replied that “the bankruptcy flowed from the injury that was caused from the
accident, causing Mr. Brand to file bankruptcy. And by virtue thereof, the Trustee took his
equipment. And any equity he lost, we have pled that as being a loss to him. And I think
that’s definitely an economic loss.” The court took the matter under advisement. After the
jury was seated, the court denied Jarrett’s request, concluding that the question of whether
the bankruptcy filing flowed from the automobile accident was a question of proximate cause
for the jury as triers of fact.
The matter proceeded to trial. Brand called two witnesses. Neither witness testified
about his bankruptcy; rather, they spoke only about his injuries and medical treatment. After
those witnesses concluded their testimony, the court called for a lunch break. During that
break, the court and counsel addressed the jury instructions. The parties agreed without
objection that AMI 501, defining “proximate cause,” would need to be given. The court
asked about AMI 2201, the “general damages” instruction. Counsel for Jarrett replied,
“Yeah, I’m good with the instruction in general. I know we’ll make objections later. I have
just an objection on the record to one of the damage elements.” No further objection was
ever made, however, either at that point or when the jury was later instructed. The court and
counsel then discussed verdict forms. The court noted that no one had submitted an
interrogatory or asked for specific elements; there was just a general verdict form. Jarrett’s
counsel replied, “Okay.”
3 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
After the parties had settled on the jury instructions and the jury returned from its
lunch break, the trial resumed with the testimony of Brand’s wife, Vinetta. She testified
concerning Brand’s injuries, his limitations, and his damages. Vinetta testified that the total
amount of the charges for Brand’s medical treatment was $106,415.99.
Vinetta subsequently testified that, as a result of the accident, Brand could no longer
work at his logging job. She said that they had reached a point where they could not pay
their bills, and they agreed to file for bankruptcy and did so in January 2012. She explained
that, as part of the bankruptcy, they lost two rental properties (a mobile home and a wood-
frame home on two parcels of real estate), rental income of $800 a month, and their logging
equipment. After deducting the debt owed on the property, Vinetta stated that she and her
husband lost $99,300 in equity on the property because of the bankruptcy. The Brands’
discharge of bankruptcy was introduced without objection. A chart showing the value of the
bankruptcy losses was also introduced without objection.
On cross-examination, Jarrett questioned Vinetta extensively about the bankruptcy.
Jarrett noted that the Brands had listed the value of the personal-injury claim at $21,625 and
suggested that the Brands had exaggerated the amount of debt owed on the items that they
had lost.2
2 Jarrett attempted to introduce the Brands’ actual bankruptcy petition, but Brand’s counsel, who did not represent the Brands in the bankruptcy proceedings, objected on the grounds that Jarrett had not provided the document during discovery and he had never seen it. The court sustained the objection.
4 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
Vinetta went on to briefly testify further about their medical bills, and Brand himself
testified about the accident and the injuries he had sustained. Brand also testified that he
would not have filed for bankruptcy if it had not been for the accident. Following Brand’s
testimony, he rested; Jarrett did likewise.
The court then instructed the jury, including the instruction on proximate cause,
which the court defined as “a cause which, in a natural and continual sequence, produces
damages and without which the damage would not have occurred.” The parties gave their
closing arguments, and the jury later returned with a unanimous verdict awarding Brand
$750,000 in damages.
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Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION III No. CV-16-149
NATHAN J. JARRETT AND KEY Opinion Delivered May 3, 2017 ENERGY SERVICES, LLC APPELLANTS APPEAL FROM THE PERRY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. CV-2011-52] V. HONORABLE MACKIE M. PIERCE, JUDGE ANDREW J. BRAND APPELLEE AFFIRMED
PHILLIP T. WHITEAKER, Judge
This appeal stems from a personal-injury case. Appellee Andrew Brand sued appellants
Nathan J. Jarrett and his employer, Key Energy Services, LLC, for injuries and damages
resulting from a motor-vehicle accident. A Perry County jury returned a verdict for Brand,
awarding damages of $750,000. On appeal, Jarrett and Key argue that the circuit court erred
in admitting evidence of Brand’s alleged losses in bankruptcy as consequential damages. We
affirm.
The facts of this case are not complicated, and in order to understand the argument
on appeal, we will review them briefly, along with the pretrial and trial procedures. Jarrett,
acting as an employee of Key, ran a red light in Morrilton and struck the side of Brand’s
vehicle, causing injury to Brand and damage to Brand’s truck. Brand filed a complaint against
Jarrett and Key. Jarrett and Key initially denied any fault but eventually admitted liability. Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
The matter proceeded to a jury trial on damages. Prior to trial, the circuit court
entered a scheduling order directing that any motions in limine should be filed fifteen days
prior to trial. Less than fifteen days before the scheduled trial date, Jarrett and Key
(hereinafter collectively “Jarrett”) filed a ten-page “motion in limine.” This motion sought
to exclude numerous items, such as “any reference to any pretrial motions filed by
Defendants and the result of any hearing thereon” and “requesting Defendant’s counsel to
produce any information or documents in her file in front of the jury.” The motion did not
specifically address or mention nor seek to limit evidence of Brand’s alleged losses in
bankruptcy as consequential damages. On September 15, 2015, however, Jarrett filed an
amended answer adding an additional affirmative defense, stating as follows:
Pleading further and in the alternative, . . . Defendant would show that Plaintiff is judicially estopped from asserting and/or recovering more than the maximum value stated in his bankruptcy pleadings in cause 4:12-bk-10522 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, under which Plaintiff was discharged in bankruptcy.
Prior to the trial on September 17, 2015, the court held a pretrial hearing, at which
it was asked to consider the matter of Brand’s bankruptcy and request for damages. Jarrett
made the following statement:
Okay. And then one other thing, Your Honor. [Brand’s counsel] has—has amended his pleadings and—and made some claims for damages related to bankruptcy that Mr. Brand filed after the date of this accident.[1] I don’t believe that there’s—there’s an element of damages for, you know, losing property and—and bankruptcy. Certainly, not in a personal injury matter and—and I’m—I’m not sure
1 It is clear from the pleadings in the record that Brand never made any such amendment. The only mention of bankruptcy in the pleadings is found in Jarrett’s amended answer.
2 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
it would be appropriate to even introduce evidence of the bankruptcy or any of the damages that he alleges were related to that.
Brand replied that “the bankruptcy flowed from the injury that was caused from the
accident, causing Mr. Brand to file bankruptcy. And by virtue thereof, the Trustee took his
equipment. And any equity he lost, we have pled that as being a loss to him. And I think
that’s definitely an economic loss.” The court took the matter under advisement. After the
jury was seated, the court denied Jarrett’s request, concluding that the question of whether
the bankruptcy filing flowed from the automobile accident was a question of proximate cause
for the jury as triers of fact.
The matter proceeded to trial. Brand called two witnesses. Neither witness testified
about his bankruptcy; rather, they spoke only about his injuries and medical treatment. After
those witnesses concluded their testimony, the court called for a lunch break. During that
break, the court and counsel addressed the jury instructions. The parties agreed without
objection that AMI 501, defining “proximate cause,” would need to be given. The court
asked about AMI 2201, the “general damages” instruction. Counsel for Jarrett replied,
“Yeah, I’m good with the instruction in general. I know we’ll make objections later. I have
just an objection on the record to one of the damage elements.” No further objection was
ever made, however, either at that point or when the jury was later instructed. The court and
counsel then discussed verdict forms. The court noted that no one had submitted an
interrogatory or asked for specific elements; there was just a general verdict form. Jarrett’s
counsel replied, “Okay.”
3 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
After the parties had settled on the jury instructions and the jury returned from its
lunch break, the trial resumed with the testimony of Brand’s wife, Vinetta. She testified
concerning Brand’s injuries, his limitations, and his damages. Vinetta testified that the total
amount of the charges for Brand’s medical treatment was $106,415.99.
Vinetta subsequently testified that, as a result of the accident, Brand could no longer
work at his logging job. She said that they had reached a point where they could not pay
their bills, and they agreed to file for bankruptcy and did so in January 2012. She explained
that, as part of the bankruptcy, they lost two rental properties (a mobile home and a wood-
frame home on two parcels of real estate), rental income of $800 a month, and their logging
equipment. After deducting the debt owed on the property, Vinetta stated that she and her
husband lost $99,300 in equity on the property because of the bankruptcy. The Brands’
discharge of bankruptcy was introduced without objection. A chart showing the value of the
bankruptcy losses was also introduced without objection.
On cross-examination, Jarrett questioned Vinetta extensively about the bankruptcy.
Jarrett noted that the Brands had listed the value of the personal-injury claim at $21,625 and
suggested that the Brands had exaggerated the amount of debt owed on the items that they
had lost.2
2 Jarrett attempted to introduce the Brands’ actual bankruptcy petition, but Brand’s counsel, who did not represent the Brands in the bankruptcy proceedings, objected on the grounds that Jarrett had not provided the document during discovery and he had never seen it. The court sustained the objection.
4 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
Vinetta went on to briefly testify further about their medical bills, and Brand himself
testified about the accident and the injuries he had sustained. Brand also testified that he
would not have filed for bankruptcy if it had not been for the accident. Following Brand’s
testimony, he rested; Jarrett did likewise.
The court then instructed the jury, including the instruction on proximate cause,
which the court defined as “a cause which, in a natural and continual sequence, produces
damages and without which the damage would not have occurred.” The parties gave their
closing arguments, and the jury later returned with a unanimous verdict awarding Brand
$750,000 in damages. After the jury was excused, Jarrett’s counsel stated, “Your Honor, just
for the record, I need to make a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict.” The
court replied, “And that motion will be denied.” The judgment was subsequently entered
by the court, and Jarrett filed a timely notice of appeal.
On appeal, Jarrett challenges the circuit court’s denial of his pretrial “motion in
limine” and argues that the circuit court erred in admitting evidence of Brand’s alleged losses
in bankruptcy as consequential damages. Where evidence is admitted upon the circuit court’s
grant or denial of a motion in limine, our standard of review is whether the circuit court
abused its discretion. Jones v. McGraw, 374 Ark. 483, 486, 288 S.W.3d 623, 625 (2008). A
circuit court abuses its discretion if it acts improvidently, thoughtlessly, or without due
consideration. Nelson v. Nelson, 2016 Ark. App. 416, 501 S.W.3d 875; Smithson v. Smithson,
2014 Ark. App. 340, 436 S.W.3d 491.
5 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
We conclude that Jarrett’s arguments on appeal were never presented to the trial
court. At trial, Jarrett made a generic motion in limine that bankruptcy losses were not an
element of damages in a personal-injury case. On appeal, however, Jarrett presents specific
challenges to the circuit court’s denial of his motion in limine. He makes sweeping public-
policy arguments against the introduction of evidence of bankruptcy in personal-injury cases.
For example, he contends that a selective listing of assets and personal estimates of value do
not reflect the complexity of a bankruptcy case. He further argues that allowing evidence of
bankruptcy damages in a personal-injury case “provides an opportunity for an unscrupulous
plaintiff to tell the bankruptcy court one thing and the circuit court something else.” Jarrett
also asserts that “the path from a car accident to bankruptcy is not a ‘natural and continuous
sequence of events.’” He goes on to cite other jurisdictions that he claims support his
contention that claims of equity lost in bankruptcy should be precluded as damages in a
personal-injury case. None of these specific arguments were presented to the trial court.
Admittedly, once a motion in limine is made and ruled on, no further objection is
necessary to preserve the argument for appeal. See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Dodson, 2011 Ark. 19,
at 18, 376 S.W.3d 414, 427. However, an appellant must nonetheless raise an issue with
specificity and make an argument to the circuit court to preserve it for appeal. Greenwood v.
Anderson, 2009 Ark. 360, at 4, 324 S.W.3d 324, 326; Baker v. State, 2013 Ark. App. 281, at
3–4; St. Joseph’s Mercy Health Ctr. v. Edwards, 2011 Ark. App. 560, at 4, 385 S.W.3d 849,
852.
6 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
In Greenwood, supra, the appellant raised an argument that the supreme court should
expand the exception to the doctrine of parental immunity carved out in the case of Fields
v. Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Co., 350 Ark. 75, 87 S.W.3d 224 (2002). The
supreme court declined to do so, noting that, while the appellants had mentioned Fields in
their response to the appellees’ motion for summary judgment, the appellants never asserted
the specific argument that was being raised on appeal.
In Baker, supra, appellant Baker contended on appeal that his due-process and fair-trial
rights were violated by the admission of the testimony of his alleged rape victim. This court
rejected his arguments, noting that while Baker had argued in a pretrial motion in limine “in
boilerplate language” that the admission of the victim’s testimony would deprive him of a
fair trial, he had not raised his specific due-process arguments in his motion, nor did the
circuit court rule on them. Accordingly, this court determined that Baker’s arguments were
not preserved for review.
And in Edwards, supra, the appealing hospital had moved in limine to exclude expert
testimony on one specific aspect of the plaintiff’s injuries. On appeal, however, the hospital
expanded that argument to assert that all of the expert’s testimony was speculative. This court
refused to consider the argument, noting that the motion in limine had been restricted to one
aspect of the doctor’s testimony, and the “other arguments now made by St. Joseph’s are
being raised for the first time on appeal.” Edwards, 2011 Ark. App 560, at 4, 385 S.W.3d at
7 Cite as 2017 Ark. App. 276
Because none of the specific arguments that Jarrett raises on appeal were argued and
ruled upon by the trial court, we will not consider them for the first time now. See Jackson
v. Nationstar Mortgage LLC, 2016 Ark. App. 473; Hodges v. Gravel Hill Cemetery Comm., 2016
Ark. App. 360, 498 S.W.3d 746; Caldwell v. Columbia Mut. Ins. Co., 2015 Ark. App. 719. If
a particular theory was not presented at trial, the theory will not be reached on appeal.
Ouachita Wilderness Inst., Inc. v. Mergen, 329 Ark. 405, 947 S.W.2d 780 (1997). We therefore
Affirmed.
ABRAMSON and GLADWIN, JJ., agree.
Friday, Eldredge & Clark, LLP, by: Christopher Heller and Robert S. Shafer, for appellants.
Branscum Law Offices, by: Herby Branscum, Jr., and Elizabeth Branscum Burgess, for
appellee.