MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED 09/18/2017, 10:08 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), CLERK this Memorandum Decision shall not be Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals regarded as precedent or cited before any and Tax Court
court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Alan K. Wilson Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Muncie, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine Cooper Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jaron D. Johnson, September 18, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A02-1701-CR-169 v. Appeal from the Delaware Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Linda Ralu Wolf, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 18C03-1602-F2-2
Barnes, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] Jaron D. Johnson appeals his conviction and sentence for Level 2 felony
burglary with a deadly weapon. We affirm.
Issues [2] The issues before us are:
I. whether the trial court erred in admitting Johnson’s post-arrest statements to police; and
II. whether Johnson’s seventeen-year sentence is inappropriate.
Facts [3] On February 9, 2016, Heidi Cook was in a friend’s home in Muncie and on a
telephone call with Peggy Meadows when she heard a “big old boom” near the
front door. Tr. pp. 207-08. Cook asked Meadows, who was her father’s
girlfriend, to call the police. Cook was pregnant and had two young children in
the house with her.
[4] Johnson and an unidentified accomplice had kicked open the front door of the
house. Johnson wore a bandana over his face, and his accomplice wore a
mask. The accomplice took Cook’s cell phone and pointed an AR-15 semi-
automatic rifle at the children and her. Suddenly, Johnson suffered an apparent
seizure and collapsed. The accomplice demanded that Cook retrieve a safe
from a bedroom and kept his rifle trained on the children. Cook complied.
Once he had the safe, the accomplice removed a handgun from the unconscious
Johnson’s pocket and fled the scene.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 2 of 8 [5] Cook ran outside with the children and encountered her father and Meadows,
who had rushed to the scene. Meadows telephoned the police. Cook and her
father went into the house to retrieve her coat and shoes. Her father
approached Johnson’s body and checked his condition. Johnson’s eyes were
open.
[6] Muncie Police Department officers arrived at the scene, ordered Johnson from
the house, and took his statement. Before the interview, Johnson signed an
acknowledgment and waiver of his Miranda rights. Johnson denied having an
accomplice.
[7] On February 15, 2016, the State charged Johnson with Level 2 felony burglary
with a deadly weapon. At the outset of trial, he moved to suppress his
statement to police, asserting it violated his right against self-incrimination. At
Johnson’s jury trial, which commenced on November 28, 2016, the trial court
redacted a portion of his statement, including the following responses: “I don’t
want to incriminate myself”; and “that sounds a little incriminating.” Id. at 45.
The trial court declined to redact Johnson’s response, “I don’t want to answer
that.” Id. at 45-46. The State moved to admit Johnson’s redacted statement,
and the trial court admitted it into evidence over his objection.
[8] The jury found Johnson guilty as charged. In imposing sentence, the trial court
cited the following as aggravating circumstances: (1) Johnson committed the
offense while released on bond; (2) his history of juvenile delinquency; and (3)
his pattern of prior juvenile adjudications involving handguns–carrying a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 3 of 8 handgun without a license and dangerous possession of a firearm. The trial
court found the following mitigating circumstances: (1) Johnson was only
eighteen years of age; (2) the instant offense was his first felony; (3) his
substantial family support regarding his rehabilitation; (4) he had spiraled into
drug and alcohol abuse after his mother’s death when he was sixteen years of
age; and (5) his favorable employment record as an inmate. The trial court
sentenced Johnson to a term of seventeen years, ordering fourteen years
executed and three years suspended to probation. Johnson now appeals.
Analysis I. Admission of Post-Arrest Statements
[9] Johnson argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of
his post-arrest silence. Specifically, he argues that the trial court improperly
allowed the jury to hear post-arrest statements in which he expressly declined to
answer questions for fear of self-incrimination. The admission or exclusion of
evidence is a matter left to the sound discretion of the trial court. Terry v. State,
857 N.E.2d 396, 409 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied.
[10] Johnson’s claim is based on Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240 (1976).
In Doyle, the United States Supreme Court held that “under the Fourteenth
Amendment a prosecutor may not use the silence of a defendant who has been
arrested” and given Miranda warnings “to impeach the defendant.” Trice v.
State, 766 N.E.2d 1180, 1182 (Ind. 2002) (citing Doyle, 426 U.S. at 619, 96 S.Ct.
at 2245). “Miranda warnings inform a person of his right to remain silent and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 4 of 8 assure him, at least implicitly, that his silence will not be used against him.” Id.
at 1183 (quoting Anderson v. Charles, 447 U.S. 404, 407-08, 100 S. Ct. 2180, 2182
(1980)). Doyle is not limited solely to the use for impeachment purposes of a
defendant’s silence. Teague v. State, 891 N.E.2d 1121, 1125 (Ind. 2008) (citing
Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284, 291-92, 106 S. Ct. 634, 639 (1986)), cert.
denied. “Rather, it also applies to the use of a defendant’s silence as affirmative
proof in the State’s case in chief.” Id.
[11] Even if the State used Johnson’s post-arrest silence in violation of Doyle, such
error was harmless. In the harmless error context, our supreme court has held
that, in analyzing whether a Doyle violation is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt, we examine five factors: (1) the use to which the prosecution puts the
post-arrest silence; (2) who elected to pursue the line of questioning; (3) the
quantum of other evidence indicative of guilt; (4) the intensity and frequency of
the reference; and (5) the availability to the trial court of an opportunity to grant
a motion for mistrial or give a curative instruction. Sobolewski v. State, 889
N.E.2d 849, 857 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.
[12] Here, the trial court permitted Johnson’s statement to be introduced only after it
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MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED 09/18/2017, 10:08 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), CLERK this Memorandum Decision shall not be Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals regarded as precedent or cited before any and Tax Court
court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Alan K. Wilson Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Muncie, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine Cooper Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jaron D. Johnson, September 18, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A02-1701-CR-169 v. Appeal from the Delaware Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Linda Ralu Wolf, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 18C03-1602-F2-2
Barnes, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] Jaron D. Johnson appeals his conviction and sentence for Level 2 felony
burglary with a deadly weapon. We affirm.
Issues [2] The issues before us are:
I. whether the trial court erred in admitting Johnson’s post-arrest statements to police; and
II. whether Johnson’s seventeen-year sentence is inappropriate.
Facts [3] On February 9, 2016, Heidi Cook was in a friend’s home in Muncie and on a
telephone call with Peggy Meadows when she heard a “big old boom” near the
front door. Tr. pp. 207-08. Cook asked Meadows, who was her father’s
girlfriend, to call the police. Cook was pregnant and had two young children in
the house with her.
[4] Johnson and an unidentified accomplice had kicked open the front door of the
house. Johnson wore a bandana over his face, and his accomplice wore a
mask. The accomplice took Cook’s cell phone and pointed an AR-15 semi-
automatic rifle at the children and her. Suddenly, Johnson suffered an apparent
seizure and collapsed. The accomplice demanded that Cook retrieve a safe
from a bedroom and kept his rifle trained on the children. Cook complied.
Once he had the safe, the accomplice removed a handgun from the unconscious
Johnson’s pocket and fled the scene.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 2 of 8 [5] Cook ran outside with the children and encountered her father and Meadows,
who had rushed to the scene. Meadows telephoned the police. Cook and her
father went into the house to retrieve her coat and shoes. Her father
approached Johnson’s body and checked his condition. Johnson’s eyes were
open.
[6] Muncie Police Department officers arrived at the scene, ordered Johnson from
the house, and took his statement. Before the interview, Johnson signed an
acknowledgment and waiver of his Miranda rights. Johnson denied having an
accomplice.
[7] On February 15, 2016, the State charged Johnson with Level 2 felony burglary
with a deadly weapon. At the outset of trial, he moved to suppress his
statement to police, asserting it violated his right against self-incrimination. At
Johnson’s jury trial, which commenced on November 28, 2016, the trial court
redacted a portion of his statement, including the following responses: “I don’t
want to incriminate myself”; and “that sounds a little incriminating.” Id. at 45.
The trial court declined to redact Johnson’s response, “I don’t want to answer
that.” Id. at 45-46. The State moved to admit Johnson’s redacted statement,
and the trial court admitted it into evidence over his objection.
[8] The jury found Johnson guilty as charged. In imposing sentence, the trial court
cited the following as aggravating circumstances: (1) Johnson committed the
offense while released on bond; (2) his history of juvenile delinquency; and (3)
his pattern of prior juvenile adjudications involving handguns–carrying a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 3 of 8 handgun without a license and dangerous possession of a firearm. The trial
court found the following mitigating circumstances: (1) Johnson was only
eighteen years of age; (2) the instant offense was his first felony; (3) his
substantial family support regarding his rehabilitation; (4) he had spiraled into
drug and alcohol abuse after his mother’s death when he was sixteen years of
age; and (5) his favorable employment record as an inmate. The trial court
sentenced Johnson to a term of seventeen years, ordering fourteen years
executed and three years suspended to probation. Johnson now appeals.
Analysis I. Admission of Post-Arrest Statements
[9] Johnson argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of
his post-arrest silence. Specifically, he argues that the trial court improperly
allowed the jury to hear post-arrest statements in which he expressly declined to
answer questions for fear of self-incrimination. The admission or exclusion of
evidence is a matter left to the sound discretion of the trial court. Terry v. State,
857 N.E.2d 396, 409 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied.
[10] Johnson’s claim is based on Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240 (1976).
In Doyle, the United States Supreme Court held that “under the Fourteenth
Amendment a prosecutor may not use the silence of a defendant who has been
arrested” and given Miranda warnings “to impeach the defendant.” Trice v.
State, 766 N.E.2d 1180, 1182 (Ind. 2002) (citing Doyle, 426 U.S. at 619, 96 S.Ct.
at 2245). “Miranda warnings inform a person of his right to remain silent and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 4 of 8 assure him, at least implicitly, that his silence will not be used against him.” Id.
at 1183 (quoting Anderson v. Charles, 447 U.S. 404, 407-08, 100 S. Ct. 2180, 2182
(1980)). Doyle is not limited solely to the use for impeachment purposes of a
defendant’s silence. Teague v. State, 891 N.E.2d 1121, 1125 (Ind. 2008) (citing
Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284, 291-92, 106 S. Ct. 634, 639 (1986)), cert.
denied. “Rather, it also applies to the use of a defendant’s silence as affirmative
proof in the State’s case in chief.” Id.
[11] Even if the State used Johnson’s post-arrest silence in violation of Doyle, such
error was harmless. In the harmless error context, our supreme court has held
that, in analyzing whether a Doyle violation is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt, we examine five factors: (1) the use to which the prosecution puts the
post-arrest silence; (2) who elected to pursue the line of questioning; (3) the
quantum of other evidence indicative of guilt; (4) the intensity and frequency of
the reference; and (5) the availability to the trial court of an opportunity to grant
a motion for mistrial or give a curative instruction. Sobolewski v. State, 889
N.E.2d 849, 857 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.
[12] Here, the trial court permitted Johnson’s statement to be introduced only after it
was redacted to omit references to his refusal to answer police questions for fear
of self-incrimination. See Tr. p. 45 (“I don’t want to incriminate myself”; and
“that sounds a little incriminating.”). Therefore, the only references that the
jury heard to Johnson’s post-arrest silence were statements in which he
expressed his general unwillingness to answer posed questions, (i.e., “I don’t
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 5 of 8 want to answer that.”). These unredacted, brief, and general references to
Johnson’s post-arrest silence pale in comparison to the ample evidence of his
guilt.
[13] During the jury trial, the State presented evidence that Johnson and his
accomplice forcibly entered another person’s dwelling intending to committing
a crime inside; Johnson was armed and was wearing a bandana to obscure his
face; and his masked and armed accomplice pointed a semi-automatic rifle at a
pregnant woman and two young children and demanded the residents’ safe.
But for Johnson’s apparent seizure and resulting unconsciousness, he too would
have absconded with the safe, instead of being left behind at the scene,
apprehended, and prosecuted.
[14] Given the overwhelming evidence of Johnson’s guilt, we conclude that it is
clear beyond a reasonable doubt that error, if any, in the use of his post-arrest
silence did not contribute to his conviction and was, therefore, harmless. See
Sobolewski, 889 N.E.2d at 857.
II. Sentence
[15] Johnson argues that his seventeen-year sentence is inappropriate under Indiana
Appellate Rule 7(B) in light of his character and the nature of the offense.
Although Rule 7(B) does not require us to be extremely deferential to a trial
court’s sentencing decision, we still must give due consideration to the decision.
Rutherford v. State, 866 N.E.2d 867, 873 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We also
acknowledge the unique perspective that a trial court brings to its sentencing
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 6 of 8 decisions. Id. A defendant bears the burden of persuading the appellate court
that his or her sentence is inappropriate. Id.
[16] The principal role of Rule 7(B) review “should be to attempt to leaven the
outliers, and identify some guiding principles for trial courts and those charged
with improvement of the sentencing statutes, but not to achieve a perceived
‘correct’ result in each case.” Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1225 (Ind.
2008). We “should focus on the forest—the aggregate sentence—rather than
the trees—consecutive or concurrent, number of counts, or length of the
sentence on any individual count.” Id. Whether a sentence is inappropriate
ultimately turns on the culpability of the defendant, the severity of the crime,
the damage done to others, and a myriad of other factors that come to light in a
given case. Id. at 1224. When reviewing the appropriateness of a sentence
under Rule 7(B), we may consider all aspects of the penal consequences
imposed by the trial court in sentencing the defendant, including whether a
portion of the sentence was suspended. Davidson v. State, 926 N.E.2d 1023,
1025 (Ind. 2010).
[17] Regarding the nature of the offense, Johnson—armed with a deadly weapon
and wearing a bandana to hide his face—and another man kicked in the front
door of another person’s residence. Inside, Johnson’s accomplice pointed a
rifle at Cook, who was pregnant, and two minor children. Johnson’s
involvement in the crime was halted by a fortuitous seizure and his resulting
unconsciousness. His accomplice fled with the residents’ safe and Johnson’s
handgun, leaving Johnson behind.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 7 of 8 [18] As for Johnson’s character, he has a record of prior juvenile adjudications, each
involving a deadly weapon. He committed the instant offense while he was
released on bond. Inexplicably, he downplays the crippling effect of his
involuntary seizure and emphasizes his resulting restraint – arguing that “his
offense could have been much worse”; that “[he] himself did not brandish a
weapon, and did not point it at anyone”; that none of the occupants of the
house was injured during the burglary; and that he did not resist law
enforcement on being apprehended. Appellant’s Br. at 18. In light of
Johnson’s questionable character and the troubling circumstances of the
burglary, his seventeen-year sentence—with three years ordered suspended to
probation—is not inappropriate.
Conclusion [19] We conclude that error, if any, from the trial court’s admission of Johnson’s
post-arrest statements amounted to harmless error. Johnson’s seventeen-year
sentence is not inappropriate. We affirm.
[20] Affirmed.
May, J., and Bradford, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A02-1701-CR-169 | September 18, 2017 Page 8 of 8