Tarbell, J.:
This is an action on the case for slanderous words spoken. The declaration contains four counts. The first count charges that the defendant falsely and maliciously stated that plaintiff was guilty of seducing and cohabiting with one Margaret Little, being in the family of defendant, and of causing her to become pregnant and with child. — -the defendant at the time knowing the plaintiff to be innocent. This count further charges that defendant maliciously procured and induced one Thos. D. Little, uncle of Margaret Little, to bring a suit at law, as her next friend, against plaintiff for a breach of mar[719]*719riage contract between plaintiff and said Margaret; that defendant consulted and employed lawyers to bring the suit; that Thos. D. Little was insolvent and irresponsible to the knowledge of defendant; and that plaintiff was put to large expense in the employment of counsel to defend the said suit, etc. The second count avers that defendant stated that plaintiff was caught in bed with Mai’garet. The third count alleges that defendant stated that plaintiff was guilty of fooling the girl and getting her in the family way. The fourth count avers that defendant stated that plaintiff was detected in the act of criminal intercourse with said Margaret. The defendant pleaded the general issue, and, also, the truth in justification.
The testimony is somewhat voluminous, and the instructions of the court numerous. The record presents no objections to the testimony, or witnesses, except a technical objection to the deposition of Thos. D. Little. The wife of defendant was examined as a witness, without objection, as far as appears by the record. The jury returned a verdict for the defendant, and the jdaintiff asked for a new trial upon the ground that the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence, and contrary to, and in violation of the instructions of the court, which motion being overruled, the plaintiff brought writ of error, and assigns here for cause of reversal of the judgment against him, the following errors :
1st. The court erred in giving the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th instructions for defendant.
2d. The court erred in overruling plaintiff’s motion for a new trial.
3d. The court erred in permitting the wife of defendant to testify as a witness in the cause for the defendant, her husband, against the objections of plaintiff.
As the record fails to show any objection to the testimony of the wife of defendant on the trial, we are unable to entertain that point here ; so that the only questions for our consideration are embraced in the instructions for defendant, [720]*720objected to by the plaintiff, and such further questions as are raised by the motion for a new trial.
The second instruction for defendant, and objected to by the plaintiff, is as follows :
“In actions of slander, it is the sense and application of the words spoken as understood by the hearers, which causes the damage and constitutes the very gist of the action, and if the jury believe from the evidence that the words used by Fleming were not understood by the hearers in a malicious or slanderous sense, then they must find for Fleming.”
The facts and circumstances attending the utterance of the words charged to be slanderous; the understanding of the hearers where the words are ambiguous, or where the slander is contained in a question, a fable, an enigma, or the like; and the question of malice, as derived from the words and circumstances, are all the subject of inquiry on the trial, and for the determination of the jury. In the case under consideration, the words used are in the plain and ordinary language, in common use. They are not ambiguous, nor doubtful. The slander was not uttered by means of a foreign language, nor by allegorical, hyperbolical, or other figurative sense. No interpretation is required to communicate the sense of .the words used. In this case, therefore, they are to be taken in their plain and obvious sense. Under such circumstances, and upon all the facts, the jury are the judges of the meaning and intent of the words, and of the malice of defendant. The foregoing instruction constitutes an independent tribunal to determine for the jury what should have been submitted to their own judgment, after all the facts and circumstances had been presented by the testimony. The understanding of the hearers is sometimes a proper subject of inquiry, but their opinion as to. the meaning and intent of the defendant, the language being unequivocal, is improper.
The question of intent is one peculiarly within the province of the jury, and the latter clause of the above instruc[721]*721tion was in no small degree calculated to mislead them; partly, because the terms used are ambiguous to non-professional gentlemen; to some extent because the malice or slanderous sense is an inference of law and not of fact; but mainly because the malicious or slanderous sense ” of the words used, cannot be referred to, and determined by the understanding of the hearers, where, as in this case, the slander is communicated in plain and direct language; nor is the question of malice determinable, upon the opinion or understanding of the hearers, under any circumstances. 4 Scam., 30; 12 Johns. R, 249; 3 ib., 239; 3 Hawks., 474; 2 Wend., 526; 4 ib., 320; 12 Ired., 377; 1 Sneed, 458; 23 Ill., 500; 2 Gilm , 726; 9 Mo., 769.
The third instruction for defendant is as follows: “ If the jury believe from the evidence in this case that Fleming did not utter the words complained of, from malice, express or implied, towards the plaintiff, but only from a moral and legal sense of duty to one under his care and protection, and for no other reason, and without any design to injure the plaintiff’s reputation, or to deprive him of any part of his estate unlawfully, they should find for the defendant. Malice is a necessary ingredient in every action of slander. But in actions of this kind, malice must be understood in its legal signification, as well as in its common acceptation. Malice, in its common acceptation, mé'ans ill-will against a person. Malice, in its legal sense, means a wrongful act done intentionally, without just cause or excuse.”
This instruction is confused, and otherwise erroneous. Express, or actual malice need not be shown, except in cases of privileged communications. In such cases, the malice being repelled, the plaintiff must prove actual malice. In all other cases, the malice is implied, and need not be proven. Except to a jury of lawyers, this instruction could afford no guide to a correct conclusion, but rather the reverse.
Whether the defendant was acting from “ a moral and legal sense of duty to one under his care and protection,” [722]*722involved questions both of law and fact. What was the moral and legal duty of defendant? Did he act from such motives ? These were questions for the jury.
The testimony shows that this girl was living at defendant’s, without wages; that she worked in .the kitchen and milked the cows ; that in the absence of defendant and his wife from home, they usually sent Miss Little to her uncle or to their friends to stay during their absence, but that to their knowledge, she was in the habit of returning to defendant’s house before the return of the latter, and of frequently visiting the negro quarters, for which they often reproved her. It appears also, that defendant referred the prosecution of Jarnigan to Thos. D.
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Tarbell, J.:
This is an action on the case for slanderous words spoken. The declaration contains four counts. The first count charges that the defendant falsely and maliciously stated that plaintiff was guilty of seducing and cohabiting with one Margaret Little, being in the family of defendant, and of causing her to become pregnant and with child. — -the defendant at the time knowing the plaintiff to be innocent. This count further charges that defendant maliciously procured and induced one Thos. D. Little, uncle of Margaret Little, to bring a suit at law, as her next friend, against plaintiff for a breach of mar[719]*719riage contract between plaintiff and said Margaret; that defendant consulted and employed lawyers to bring the suit; that Thos. D. Little was insolvent and irresponsible to the knowledge of defendant; and that plaintiff was put to large expense in the employment of counsel to defend the said suit, etc. The second count avers that defendant stated that plaintiff was caught in bed with Mai’garet. The third count alleges that defendant stated that plaintiff was guilty of fooling the girl and getting her in the family way. The fourth count avers that defendant stated that plaintiff was detected in the act of criminal intercourse with said Margaret. The defendant pleaded the general issue, and, also, the truth in justification.
The testimony is somewhat voluminous, and the instructions of the court numerous. The record presents no objections to the testimony, or witnesses, except a technical objection to the deposition of Thos. D. Little. The wife of defendant was examined as a witness, without objection, as far as appears by the record. The jury returned a verdict for the defendant, and the jdaintiff asked for a new trial upon the ground that the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence, and contrary to, and in violation of the instructions of the court, which motion being overruled, the plaintiff brought writ of error, and assigns here for cause of reversal of the judgment against him, the following errors :
1st. The court erred in giving the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th instructions for defendant.
2d. The court erred in overruling plaintiff’s motion for a new trial.
3d. The court erred in permitting the wife of defendant to testify as a witness in the cause for the defendant, her husband, against the objections of plaintiff.
As the record fails to show any objection to the testimony of the wife of defendant on the trial, we are unable to entertain that point here ; so that the only questions for our consideration are embraced in the instructions for defendant, [720]*720objected to by the plaintiff, and such further questions as are raised by the motion for a new trial.
The second instruction for defendant, and objected to by the plaintiff, is as follows :
“In actions of slander, it is the sense and application of the words spoken as understood by the hearers, which causes the damage and constitutes the very gist of the action, and if the jury believe from the evidence that the words used by Fleming were not understood by the hearers in a malicious or slanderous sense, then they must find for Fleming.”
The facts and circumstances attending the utterance of the words charged to be slanderous; the understanding of the hearers where the words are ambiguous, or where the slander is contained in a question, a fable, an enigma, or the like; and the question of malice, as derived from the words and circumstances, are all the subject of inquiry on the trial, and for the determination of the jury. In the case under consideration, the words used are in the plain and ordinary language, in common use. They are not ambiguous, nor doubtful. The slander was not uttered by means of a foreign language, nor by allegorical, hyperbolical, or other figurative sense. No interpretation is required to communicate the sense of .the words used. In this case, therefore, they are to be taken in their plain and obvious sense. Under such circumstances, and upon all the facts, the jury are the judges of the meaning and intent of the words, and of the malice of defendant. The foregoing instruction constitutes an independent tribunal to determine for the jury what should have been submitted to their own judgment, after all the facts and circumstances had been presented by the testimony. The understanding of the hearers is sometimes a proper subject of inquiry, but their opinion as to. the meaning and intent of the defendant, the language being unequivocal, is improper.
The question of intent is one peculiarly within the province of the jury, and the latter clause of the above instruc[721]*721tion was in no small degree calculated to mislead them; partly, because the terms used are ambiguous to non-professional gentlemen; to some extent because the malice or slanderous sense is an inference of law and not of fact; but mainly because the malicious or slanderous sense ” of the words used, cannot be referred to, and determined by the understanding of the hearers, where, as in this case, the slander is communicated in plain and direct language; nor is the question of malice determinable, upon the opinion or understanding of the hearers, under any circumstances. 4 Scam., 30; 12 Johns. R, 249; 3 ib., 239; 3 Hawks., 474; 2 Wend., 526; 4 ib., 320; 12 Ired., 377; 1 Sneed, 458; 23 Ill., 500; 2 Gilm , 726; 9 Mo., 769.
The third instruction for defendant is as follows: “ If the jury believe from the evidence in this case that Fleming did not utter the words complained of, from malice, express or implied, towards the plaintiff, but only from a moral and legal sense of duty to one under his care and protection, and for no other reason, and without any design to injure the plaintiff’s reputation, or to deprive him of any part of his estate unlawfully, they should find for the defendant. Malice is a necessary ingredient in every action of slander. But in actions of this kind, malice must be understood in its legal signification, as well as in its common acceptation. Malice, in its common acceptation, mé'ans ill-will against a person. Malice, in its legal sense, means a wrongful act done intentionally, without just cause or excuse.”
This instruction is confused, and otherwise erroneous. Express, or actual malice need not be shown, except in cases of privileged communications. In such cases, the malice being repelled, the plaintiff must prove actual malice. In all other cases, the malice is implied, and need not be proven. Except to a jury of lawyers, this instruction could afford no guide to a correct conclusion, but rather the reverse.
Whether the defendant was acting from “ a moral and legal sense of duty to one under his care and protection,” [722]*722involved questions both of law and fact. What was the moral and legal duty of defendant? Did he act from such motives ? These were questions for the jury.
The testimony shows that this girl was living at defendant’s, without wages; that she worked in .the kitchen and milked the cows ; that in the absence of defendant and his wife from home, they usually sent Miss Little to her uncle or to their friends to stay during their absence, but that to their knowledge, she was in the habit of returning to defendant’s house before the return of the latter, and of frequently visiting the negro quarters, for which they often reproved her. It appears also, that defendant referred the prosecution of Jarnigan to Thos. D. Little, and desired to send the girl from his house to the house and care of her uncle, about which they differed so earnestly, as to submit the settlement of the question to arbitration. Oould defendant have felt under a sense of legal or moral duty towards one under these circumstances ? And did he act from a sense of moral or legal obligation towards the girl? We are not prepared to say that the instruction assumes the affirmative of these questions, but it would have been more satisfactory if the judge on the trial had analyzed this instruction, and presented to the jury the several questions therein, with suitable explanations of the legal terms used. 3 How. U. S., 266; 19 Barb., 111; 3 Denio, 110; 3 Sandf., 341; 23 Ill., 498; 5 Cush., 104; 1 Denio., 488; 4 Comst., 162; 12 Pick., 163; 10 Vt., 353.
The fourth instruction for defendant is as follows: “ It is lawful for the defendant upon the trial of an action of slander, where he pleads justification to give in evidence in bis defense the truth of the matter, written, spoken, or published, and if the defendant prove the charges to be true, this constitutes a sufficient excuse for the utterance of the words.”
This instruction is a correct legal propositioh, but if the record before us sets forth the testimony correctly, there was no pretense of proving the truth of the slanderous words. Indeed, the plea of justification was filed subsequent to the [723]*723birth of a negro child. The defendant as alleged, had reported the plaintiff as guilty of getting the girl with child; that they were caught on the bed together, and in the act of criminal intercourse. There was no proof of the truth of either of these charges. Proof that they were standing on the floor, is not evidence that they were caught on the bed together. Proof of actual intercourse, if the girl is to be believed, is not proof that they were caught in the act. Justification on the ground of truth, utterly and wholly failed. The instruction, therefore, has no application to the case. The plaintiff cannot be found guilty of the conduct imputed to him upon suspicion ; nor will proof of other improper acts, outside the record, justify the defendant. The evidence under the special plea, should have been rejected or withheld from the consideration of the jury. 12 S. & M., 328; 38 Miss., 227; 4 Ired., 461; 10 Humph., 461; 1 Smith, 287; 8 Blackf., 495; 25 Me., 315; 3 Barb., 599.
The 5th instruction for defendant is as follows: “ If the injury complained of, is in itself the institution of a judicial proceeding for some alleged offense before a tribunal having jurisdiction, it is not the ground of an action of slander at all, but only of an action of malicious prosecution, or malicious suing out a warrant in which bad motives and want of probable cause must be shown.”
No objection appears to have been made to the declaration, because of its statement of the suit of Little against Jarnigan, nor was objection made to the evidence with reference to it, though there was an objection upon technical grounds to the depositions of Thos. D. Little, wherein evidence in regard to that suit was detailed, but not to the evidence itself. As a distinctive cause of action, the statement of the action of Little v. Jarnigan in the declaration in this case might be objectionable on the ground of a misjoinder of actions, but for some purposes we think it proper. This instruction was not only inapplicable, but in its connections, calculated to have a fatal influence on the minds of the jury. A malicious prosecution may be the most effective mode of [724]*724propagating a slander, and in many oases an action lies for the injury to the character. In an action for malicious prosecution, damages may be recovered for the injury to reputation, and this will be a bar to an action of slander for the same cause. So, undoubtedly, a recovery in an action of slander for injury to character through a malicious prosecution would be a bar to a claim for damages on the same ground in a direct action for malicious prosecution. As we understand the first count of the declaration, it is for slanderous words spoken, the suit of Little v. Jarnigan being set out as the result or consequence of those slanderous words, and as a means of greater and more injurious publicity, or to show malice or enhance the damages. 9 N. H., 9; 4 N. Y., 579.
The 6th instruction for defendant is as follows: “ The defendant asks the court to charge the jury, that when a party introduces a witness on the stand he thereby endorses his credibility, and that the party who introduces the witness 'cannot impeach the credibility of the witness so introduced by him.”
This instruction is so objectionable that were there no other grounds of error, this alone would be fatal. It would be objectionable in any case, but in this instruction the plaintiff is made to endorse the credibibity of a! witness proven to be almost, if not quite, a vagrant and a wanton. It is sufficient that a party cannot impeach a witness introduced by himself, without being declared to the jury, under the authority of the court, to have endorsed his credibility. The rule is clearly stated in the books, and should be strictly adhered to by nisi prius judges. The enlargement, as in the case before us, would be unjust and pernicious. In this case, in connection with the series of instructions for defendant, it must have had an important if not a controlling influence upon the verdict.
Upon the refusal of the court to grant a new trial, without commenting upon the weight of evidence, we observe that, the defense is preseated by the general issue, and a special plea [725]*725of the truth in justification. Under the general issue the defendant may give in evidence any mitigating circumstances to reduce the damages. Art. 96, p. 493, Rev. Code. But he cannot prove the truth of the charges nor give evidence tending to prove their truth. The general denial puts in issue the utterance of any words; of the words charged in particular; of their import, and of the intent of their publication. As already observed, the publicity of slanderous words, unless privileged, or under circumstances repelling the presumption, is prima facie or presumptively malicious. In other words, malice is implied when the slanderous words are uttered under circumstances which the law holds to be without justification, palliation, or excuse.
If the mitigating circumstances appear upon the plaintiff’s own showing, then he must prove malice in fact or express malice. If they do not thus appear, the defendant may prove under the plea of not guilty, any facts which repel the implication of malice, not proving or tending to prove the truth of the charges. In addition to the facts and circumstances attending the utterance of the words, he may prove, among other things, that he was acting from a sense of moral and legal duty; that he had repeated only what he had been told by another; and that the communication or publication was privileged. In regard to the sense or weight of moral and legal duty which impelled the defendant in this case, we have nothing to add to what we have already said on that subject. In the repetition of a slander the repeater must, at the time, give not only the precise words of the author, but the name of a responsible person against whom the plaintiff may have his certain cause of action. Even then the responsibility of defendant depends upon the quo animo with which he repeats the slander. 10 Johns. R., 447; 4 Wend., 659; 8 ib., 602; 3 Yates, 508; 3 Dana, 422; 5 Bing., 382; 2 S. & M., 559; Atkinson v. Patton, 1 Cr. C. C., 46; Hogan v. Brown, 1 Cr. C. C., 75.
Privileged communications constitute an exception to the general rules relating to libel and slander, and for the reason [726]*726that they are presumed not to be malicious. The rule is well settled that if the words were spoken or the publication made upon a just occasion, the communication is privileged, and express malice must be shown in order to maintain an action. 1 Hil., 317; 23 Ill., 498; 15 Ala., 662; 3 Johns., 475; 14 ib., 234; 11 N. Y.; 12 N. Y. When the defense, in such a case, rests on the ground of privileged communications, it must be shown that the words were spoken at such a time and under such circumstances as would negative the supposition of malice in using them, 23 111., 498, which can hardly be claimed according to the record of several of defendant’s alleged conversations.
A privileged communication and the repetition of a slander must be upon a suitable and justifiable occasion; from good motives, and without malice. In the record before us, there is wanting in all the conversations of defendant, anything like the expression of a desire for an amicable appeal to Jarnigan as the supposed author of Miss Little’s ruin, to do her voluntary justice. As to the frequent talks with Thos. D. Little, to induce him to prosecute Jarnigan, the jury are the judges of the motives and intentions of defendant. In his talk with Mr. Leatherwood, he said he was “ bothered about the matter, and was in trouble,” and had “ come to Mr. L. as a friend,” and to “ get his advice.” Mr. L. very sensibly, and as a friend ought to have done, asked defendant why he did not tell J amigan. Defendant said it would do no good, but also said he would get some men to go with him, and would go. We are left in doubt, whether defendant thus proposed a friendly or a hostile visit to plaintiff, by getting “ some men ” to go with him. Mr. L., however, still further exhibited his good sense by preferring to go alone to inform plaintiff of the reports about him. Although defendant repeated these slanders to several, nothing appears of a practical character, looking to a friendly adjustment of any claims Miss Little might have upon Jarnigan. Defendant also repeated these stories to Mr. M. F. Lowry, as a friend, whose advice he sought, but whether the advice was given, [727]*727or acted upon, is not disclosed. It appears that he conversed with, and prepared the minds of counsel to take up the case of Little v. Jarnigan; but whether he was thus acting from a sense of legal or moral duty, is a question for the jury. The repetition of these charges to Judge Davis and others, is apparently without purpose, other than to repeat the stories. No “ occasion,” justifiable, or otherwise, appears in the record from the conversations with Mr. Lowry, or with Judge Davis and others. 7 Ired., 448; 15 Ill., 311; 5 Blackf., 88; 10 B. & C., 263; 26 Ala., 300.
A plea of justification is based upon the theory that the defendant uttered the words charged in the declaration. This plea must be specific to every part and particular of the declaration, as the proof must be full and complete, or the plea must fail. Character is far more sacred than property, and should be protected by courts and juries with watchful care. Persons who injure the character of others, ought to be no less answerable to justice than those who injure property. The principles and philosophy of the law as to the latter, constitute the basis of the rules as to the former, and a correct understanding of the one will aid in a due administration of the other. As a general rule, the same degree of carelessness and negligence, which will render a man responsible for injury to property, will render him no less liable for injuries to character. Without intending to depart from our rule, not to comment upon the weight of the evidence in this case, we are compelled to express, in conclusion, our inability to discover in the record the reasons of the verdict in the face of the fact that the plea of justification was filed subsequent to the birth of the negro child.
Under proper instructions, the questions in this action are peculiarly for the jury, who, we are confident, on another trial, when fully and correctly instructed, will do exact justice between these parties.
Vide, 11 Johns. R., 38; 5 ib., 221; 12 Johns. R., 240; 3 ib., 180-239; 11 N. Y.; 12 N. Y.; 2 Wend., 448; 1 Min., 156; 4 Md., 454; 26 Ala., 300; 15 Vt., 245; 7 Cow., 725; 12 [728]*728Wend., 546; 2 Leigh, 471; 16 N. Y., 54-442; 2 Green, 311; Owen, 51; 3 Ind., 518; 4 Iowa, 453; 13 Ala., 127; 5 Ind., 426; 29 Me.; 5 Leigh, 695; 10 Vt., 343.
Upon the points herein discussed, we refer, also, generally to Starkie on Ev.; Hilliard on Torts; Gr. Ev.; Ph. Ev., with Cow. & H’s notes, wherein the law of slander is stated with clearness and precision.
The judgment is reversed and the case remanded.