COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Friedman and White PUBLISHED
Argued at Christiansburg, Virginia
JAQUANTIS DAESHON YELLOCK OPINION BY v. Record No. 1936-22-3 JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN JANUARY 30, 2024 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF MARTINSVILLE G. Carter Greer, Judge
Brett P. Blobaum, Senior Appellate Attorney (Virginia Indigent Defense Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Sheri H. Kelly, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Tanner M. Russo, Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a bench trial, Jaquantis Daeshon Yellock was convicted of domestic assault and
battery in violation of Code § 18.2-57.2. Yellock challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on two
grounds. First, he contends that the evidence failed to prove that the victim was “a family or
household member,” as required to sustain a conviction for domestic assault and battery pursuant to
Code § 18.2-57.2. Second, he asserts that the evidence failed to establish that he touched the victim
with the requisite intent to sustain a conviction for simple assault and battery pursuant to Code
§ 18.2-57. We agree with the former contention but not the latter; therefore, we reverse Yellock’s
conviction for domestic assault and battery and remand for further proceedings.
Judge Humphreys participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to the
effective date of his retirement on December 31, 2023. BACKGROUND
On appeal, we recite the facts “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the
prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). Doing so requires us to “discard the
evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the
credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.”
Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)).
It is undisputed that Destiny Thomas and her boyfriend, Yellock, were in a heated argument
as they sat in her car at a gas station. Specifically, Thomas testified that she and Yellock “got into
an altercation.” Thomas told Yellock to “get out of [her] car.” When Yellock ignored her request,
Thomas “beep[ed] [her] horn” to draw attention and to get Yellock away from her. Instead of
exiting the vehicle, Yellock “put his hand” on Thomas’s head. Thomas “jerked [her] head back”
and told Yellock to remove his hand. According to Thomas, Yellock complied and removed his
hand, at which point Yellock grabbed Thomas’s wallet without permission. He then left the car,
dropped the wallet on the pavement, and ran into a nearby grocery store, taking one of Thomas’s
credit cards with him.
The altercation was sufficiently notable that a concerned bystander called police to report a
“domestic” incident. When Officer Harmon arrived at the gas station, “people were pointing at”
Yellock, who was running across the parking lot toward a grocery store. Harmon spoke with a
“frantic” and “upset” Thomas, and then followed Yellock into the store. Yellock ran from the
officer and ignored his command to stop. Eventually, Harmon confronted Yellock in the back of
the store and directed him to “come outside and . . . talk.” When Yellock refused, Harmon detained
him. Harmon found Thomas’s credit card in Yellock’s possession, arrested him, and returned the
-2- credit card to Thomas. When Harmon “interacted” with Thomas again, he noticed a “red mark” on
the “back of her neck.”
At trial, Thomas denied that she had any marks on her “related to” Yellock placing his hand
on her head. Thomas stated that they were “in a relationship . . . [that] involve[d] touching each
other,” including “touch[ing] each other’s hair.” Thomas also testified that they touched each
other’s hair without expressly obtaining advance permission and that there was nothing “unusual”
about Yellock touching her hair “on that day.” Nevertheless, she told him to stop because she did
not want him to touch her at that time. Thomas testified that Yellock stopped touching her and did
not touch her again. Instead, he grabbed her wallet without permission, exited Thomas’s vehicle
with it, removed a credit card prior to dropping the wallet in the parking lot, and fled into a nearby
grocery store.
At the conclusion of the evidence, Yellock moved to strike. First, he asserted that the
evidence failed to prove domestic assault and battery because it did not establish that he and
Thomas were “cohabitants or . . . family member[s],” as required by Code § 18.2-57.2. Yellock
stressed that dating alone did not prove cohabitation. Second, he maintained that the evidence did
not prove “harmful or unwanted touching” and, therefore, it was insufficient to sustain a conviction
for assault and battery. Yellock argued that he had implicit permission to touch Thomas’s hair by
virtue of their relationship and that, once she withdrew that permission, he stopped touching her.
He noted the absence of any evidence establishing that the red mark on Thomas’s neck resulted
from his touching her. Yellock argued that the mark could have resulted from Thomas “jerking her
head back or . . . by something else altogether.”
The trial court found that Yellock committed an “offensive touching.” It noted that the
couple was “still arguing” when Yellock touched Thomas. In the context of their on-going quarrel,
the court found Yellock touched Thomas in a “rude” and “offensive” manner:
-3- Clearly, this was an offensive or rude touching. . . . They had just been arguing. They were still arguing. That’s when he reached over and touched her head. . . . We can also infer, and the Court does infer, that the defendant had a consciousness of guilt because he fled the scene. Not only did he flee the scene, but he also left with Ms. Thomas’s wallet and one of her bank cards, both of which she ultimately retrieved.
The trial court also made credibility findings; the judge concluded that Thomas attempted to
lessen the gravity of the incident at the trial, stating her testimony “tried to minimize [the incident].”
The court further discredited Yellock’s suggestion that his touching of Thomas was an attempt to
calm her: “[t]his was not an intimate instance of trying to make up.” The court flatly rejected
Yellock’s suggestion that he was attempting to de-escalate the altercation by touching Thomas
during the argument. Without addressing Yellock’s position that the evidence failed to prove a
“domestic” assault and battery, the trial court denied the motion to strike and found Yellock guilty
of violating Code § 18.2-57.2. Yellock appeals.
ANALYSIS
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is
presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support
it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth,
296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself whether it believes that
the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Secret v.
Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va.
190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not
permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions
-4- reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v.
Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).
A. Domestic Assault and Battery
Yellock challenges his conviction for domestic assault and battery in violation of Code
§ 18.2-57.2. That statute states in pertinent part that “[a]ny person who commits an assault and
battery against a family or household member is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.” Code
§ 18.2-57.2. Code § 18.2-57.2(D) incorporates the definition of “family or household member”
as defined in Code § 16.1-228. As relevant to this case, Code § 16.1-228 defines “[f]amily or
household member” as “any individual who cohabits or who, within the previous 12 months,
cohabited with the person” who was attacked. Yellock maintains that the evidence failed to prove
that he and Thomas were family members or cohabited.1 We agree.
In Rickman v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 550, 555 (2000), a case of first impression, this
Court determined “[w]hat constitutes cohabiting under Code § 18.2-57.2.” The Rickman Court
observed that “‘[c]ohabitation’ takes on different meanings in different contexts.” Id. at 556
(quoting State v. Yaden, 692 N.E.2d 1097, 1100 (Ohio Ct. App. 1997)). Further, the Court
determined that Virginia, like other states, “has concluded that assault on a family or household
member is more serious than assault on a stranger.” Id. The Court noted that “[o]ur prior
consideration of the meaning of the term ‘cohabitation’ has been limited mainly to the civil arena in
the context of divorce and spousal support.” Id. at 555. Rickman found that prior caselaw on the
1 Although Yellock offers a more detailed “cohabitation” argument on appeal than he did below, we conclude that his arguments are preserved. Accordingly, we reject the Commonwealth’s assertion that they are procedurally defaulted. -5- issue in the civil and divorce context was “instructive” but not “control[ling]” in the context of Code
§ 18.2-57.2.2 Id. at 556.
Rickman made clear that “a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis” applies in determining
whether there is cohabitation under Code § 18.2-57.2, and “[t]he factors to be applied ‘are unique to
each case and how much weight, if any, to give to each of these factors must be decided on a case-
by-case basis by the trier of fact.’” Id. at 557 (quoting State v. Williams, 683 N.E.2d 1126, 1130
(Ohio Ct. App. 1997)). While adopting a “totality-of-the-circumstances” approach, Rickman
articulated three primary factors to consider when assessing whether cohabitation has been
established: (1) sharing of familial or financial responsibilities, (2) consortium, and (3) length and
continuity of the relationship. Id. In the Rickman Court’s words: “[P]ossible factors establishing
shared familial or financial responsibilities might include provisions for shelter, food, clothing,
utilities, and/or commingled assets.” Id. “Factors that might establish consortium include mutual
respect, fidelity, affection, society, cooperation, solace, comfort, aid of each other, friendship, and
conjugal relations.” Id. The duration and continuity of the relationship is also an appropriate
factor for consideration in this analysis. Id. Relying upon Rickman, Yellock contends that, “the
three prongs of cohabitation articulated” in that case were not demonstrated by the evidence here.
Looking at the factors enunciated in Rickman, and weighing them together, leads to the
inescapable conclusion that the Commonwealth failed to establish “cohabitation” between Yellock
2 For instance, in Schweider v. Schweider, 243 Va. 245 (1992), the Supreme Court of Virginia found that, “[w]hile engaging in sexual relations is a factor in determining cohabitation, ‘matrimonial cohabitation’ consists of more than sexual relations. It also imports the continuing condition of living together and carrying out the mutual responsibilities of the marital relationship.” Id. at 248 (quoting Petachenko v. Petachenko, 232 Va. 296, 299 (1986)). Similarly, this Court, in Frey v. Frey, 14 Va. App. 270, 275 (1992), provided that financial support is “a factor which tends to prove the assumption of duties or obligations attendant to marriage,” but “other factors exclusive of support may be sufficient to establish that a relationship is analogous . . . .” Again, however, analyzing cohabitation in a divorce setting raises related but distinct considerations from weighing cohabitation in the criminal context of Code § 18.2-57.2. -6- and Thomas within the meaning of Code § 18.2-57.2. There is no evidence on this record
establishing that Yellock and Thomas shared familial or financial resources. We cannot infer
sharing of familial or financial responsibilities solely because Yellock and Thomas were in a
relationship that involved touching each other on the date of the incident.3 The Commonwealth
suggests that the couple was pooling resources by traveling together at the time of the altercation,
sharing gas expenses, and that the couple was demonstrating mutual aid, assistance and
cooperation by driving together. Our caselaw reveals that more than this is required to establish
familial financial responsibilities. See, e.g., Rickman, 33 Va. App. at 558 (considering
contributions to household expenses, grocery money, involvement in household chores and
services, and counseling girlfriend’s children). Here, there was virtually no evidence that
Yellock and Thomas shared food, shelter, clothing, or utilities. There was also no evidence of
comingled assets. Based on the evidence, this factor does not support a finding of cohabitation.
Additionally, there is little to no evidence of consortium. The strongest fact for the
Commonwealth here is that Yellock and Thomas were in a relationship on the date of the
incident and that the relationship involved touching. Rickman does not suggest that simply being
in a relationship on the date of an incident is enough to establish consortium or cohabitation
generally. In Rickman, the Commonwealth established that the couple slept in the same bed for
several months and “had a sexual relationship.” Id. In addition to the couple’s sexual relations,
the Rickman record revealed mutual aid and assistance, cooperation, a “very close” relationship
and friendship. By contrast, there was no evidence of an intimate relationship between Yellock
and Thomas beyond touching. Furthermore, the undeveloped record simply does not
demonstrate a relationship involving mutual respect, fidelity, and the type of partnership required
3 “[A]n inference cannot be based upon an inference; a verdict resting upon such foundation is merely the fruit of conjecture, and cannot be sustained.” Stover v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 249 Va. 192, 200 (1995). -7- under Rickman. While the Commonwealth suggests that the couple’s ride-sharing and touching
evince affection, society, and cooperation, the evidence here relating to the consortium factor does
not support a finding of cohabitation.
Finally, the Commonwealth provided very limited evidence on how long Yellock and
Thomas had been in a relationship. There was no testimony that they had been a couple for a
lengthy or continuous period of time; the evidence was that they were in a relationship on the
date of the incident. Thus, the length and continuity factor, similarly, does not support a finding
of cohabitation.
In Rickman, this Court found that cohabitation was established where the defendant gave
the victim grocery money, desired to contribute to household expenses, had a sexual relationship
with the victim, and lived with the victim for three months prior to the incident and sporadically
for a longer time. See id. at 558-59. The present case is easily distinguishable from Rickman.
Here, the evidence falls well short of establishing cohabitation. None of the “essential elements”
listed in Rickman—individually or under the required totality of the circumstances analysis—
support a finding of cohabitation. Because the Commonwealth failed to prove that Yellock and
Thomas cohabited, it did not establish that Thomas was “a family or household member” as
required to sustain a conviction for domestic assault and battery pursuant to Code § 18.2-57.2.
Accordingly, we reverse Yellock’s conviction for domestic assault and battery.
B. Lesser-Included Offense Analysis
While Yellock’s conviction for domestic assault and battery cannot be sustained, we still
must consider whether simple assault and battery is a lesser-included offense of domestic assault
and battery. “[A]n accused cannot be convicted of a crime that has not been charged, unless the
crime is a lesser-included offense of the crime charged.” Commonwealth v. Dalton, 259 Va. 249,
253 (2000). “An offense is not a lesser-included offense of a charged offense unless all its
-8- elements are included in the offense charged. Stated differently, an offense is not a lesser-
included offense if it contains an element that the charged offense does not contain.” Id.4
Under Virginia law: “Any person who commits a simple assault or assault and battery is
guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.” Code § 18.2-57. “Any person who commits an assault and
battery against a family or household member is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.” Code
§ 18.2-57.2. Simple assault and battery includes the same elements that domestic assault and
battery require, with the exception that the latter offense also requires a finding that the assault
and battery was against “a family or household member.” Id. Put another way, simple assault
and battery requires no additional or different element than is required for a conviction for
domestic assault and battery. Because simple assault and battery does not contain an element
that the charged offense does not contain, simple assault and battery is a lesser-included offense
of domestic assault and battery. See Forness v. Commonwealth, __ Va. __, __ (Jan. 19, 2023)
(providing “[a] crime is a lesser included offense of another crime when all of the elements of
the lesser crime are subsumed by the greater crime”).
C. Simple Assault and Battery Analysis
Yellock contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove simple assault and battery
because the Commonwealth failed to establish that he touched Thomas with the requisite intent
to sustain such a conviction. Yellock argues that he touched Thomas in the past with her consent
and that, in this instance, he stopped touching her once she jerked away and told him to stop.
Yellock further asserts that the facts suggest that his touching of Thomas was innocent and
4 “[I]f it is possible to commit each of the offenses without also committing the other, then the two offenses are different.” Dezfuli v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 1, 8 (2011); see Morris v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 181, 189 (2005) (finding that brandishing is not a lesser- included offense of robbery). When analyzing whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not, “we examine the offenses in the abstract, rather than with reference to the facts of the particular case under review.” Bowden v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 673, 676 (2008) (quoting Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932)). -9- affectionate. While Yellock was free to make these arguments to the trial court, the factfinder
flatly rejected the inferences he now seeks to draw on appeal.
“Assault and battery are common law crimes.” Montague v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 532,
541 (2009). “[B]ecause the elements of assault are not statutorily defined, [courts] must apply the
common law definition.” Clark v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 636, 641 (2010). “To sustain a
conviction for battery, the Commonwealth must prove a ‘wil[l]ful or unlawful touching’ of
another.” Parish v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 324, 330 (2010) (alteration in original) (quoting
Wood v. Commonwealth, 149 Va. 401, 404 (1927)). “Whether a touching is a battery, depends on
the intent of the actor, not the force applied.” Id. (quoting Adams v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App.
463, 469 (2000)). “Whether the required intent exists is ‘a question of fact for the trier of fact.’”
Cornell v. Commonwealth, 76 Va. App. 17, 29 (2022).
A willful act is one that is “[v]oluntary and intentional, but not necessarily malicious.”
Willful, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). “The law is clear that ‘[t]he slightest touching of
another . . . if done in a rude, insolent, or angry manner, constitutes a battery for which the law
affords redress.’” Kelley v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 628 (2019) (alterations in original)
(quoting Adams, 33 Va. App. at 463). “In such circumstances, ‘[t]he unlawful intent may be
imputed.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Parish, 56 Va. App. at 331). “Similarly, a touching
. . . falls outside the realm of normal human interaction when it is done ‘with the intent to place [the
victim] in fear or apprehension of bodily harm.’” Parish, 56 Va. App. at 331 (second alteration in
original) (quoting Clark, 279 Va. at 642). “Words and prior conduct are highly relevant in shedding
light on intent and the context within which certain actions transpired. A perpetrator’s intent may
be inferred from the nature of the overt act and the surrounding circumstances.” Clark, 279 Va. at
642.
- 10 - Here, there was sufficient evidence to convict Yellock of simple assault and battery. The
trial court was not plainly wrong or without evidentiary support to find that Yellock willfully
touched Thomas in a “rude, insolent, or angry manner.” See Kelley, 69 Va. App. at 628. It is
undisputed that, when the touching occurred, Yellock and Thomas were in a heated altercation that
was significant enough that a bystander called 911. During the altercation, Thomas honked her car
horn in an attempt to get Yellock away from her, which did not work. Yellock put his hand on
Thomas during this quarrel, at which point she “jerked [her] head back.” Yellock followed the
unwanted touching by grabbing Thomas’s wallet without her permission, fleeing the scene, and
dropping the wallet on the pavement while keeping one of Thomas’s credit cards. Upon arriving at
the scene, Officer Harman described Thomas as “frantic” and “upset.” The surrounding
circumstances support the factfinder’s conclusions.5
Based on this evidence, we cannot say that there was insufficient evidence, as a matter of
law, for the trial court to find that Yellock willfully touched Thomas in a rude, angry, or offensive
manner. Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we find that the record supports a conviction for
assault and battery.
Here, Yellock was not charged with or convicted of the lesser-included offense of simple
assault and battery below—and the focus on the lesser-included offense has occurred in the
5 The trial judge, as factfinder, was required to weigh the credibility of the witnesses. Moreover, a fact finder is not required to believe all aspects of a witness’s testimony; it may accept some parts as believable and reject other parts as implausible. See Rickman, 33 Va. App. at 554; see also Kelley, 69 Va. App. at 626 (providing fact finder has sole responsibility to determine witness credibility as well as the weight to be given their testimony). Here, the trial court specifically found that Thomas “tried to minimize [the incident]” based on her suggestion that there was nothing “unusual” about it. The trial court’s credibility determination on this point was supported by the evidence; the fact that Officer Harmon found Thomas to be “frantic” and “upset” at the scene and that a bystander called 911 supports the conclusion that this was not a run-of-the- mill dispute. Similarly, the trial court found that this was not an instance of an innocent or affectionate touching as Yellock asserted. His actions in grabbing Thomas’s wallet and fleeing with her credit card support the factfinder’s conclusion that the “touching” was not made in a conciliatory manner. - 11 - appellate court. Nor has Yellock consented to be re-sentenced for assault and battery on remand.
Under these circumstances, we are constrained to remand the matter for a new trial on the lesser-
included offense of simple assault and battery if the Commonwealth be so advised. See Britt v.
Commonwealth, 276 Va. 569, 576 (2008) (remanding for a new trial, where there was sufficient
evidence on the lesser-included offense, but “both parties ha[d] not consented to that relief”); see
also Frango v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 34, 46 (2016). 6 Under Britt, where the defendant’s
conviction for the charged offense is overturned on appeal, but the appellate court finds there is
sufficient evidence to prove a lesser-included offense, the prescribed remedy is a remand for a new
trial on the lesser-included offense unless both parties consent to a remand for re-sentencing on the
lesser offense. 276 Va. at 576-77.7 Again, no such consent was given here.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse Yellock’s conviction for domestic assault and
battery and remand for further proceedings. The Commonwealth failed to establish that Thomas
6 In a post-Britt decision, this Court, stated:
We recognize that subsequent to Britt, our Supreme Court reversed a conviction and remanded the case for a new sentencing hearing on a lesser-included offense because “this disposition is consistent with Code § 19.2-185 . . . .” While Waller did not address whether the parties consented to the re-sentencing, neither did it overrule the holding in Britt. Thus, we believe that the consent of the parties continues to be a prerequisite to our remanding a case for re-sentencing on a lesser- included offense.
Hunter v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 50, 66 n.7 (2010) (quoting Waller v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 731, 738 (2009)); see also Frango, 66 Va. App. at 46 (after overturning a conviction for petit larceny of timber, “the logical result would be for us to remand to the trial court for sentencing on petit larceny. . . . Appellant has not consented to such a result, and therefore . . . Britt precludes such a resolution.”). 7 Britt makes clear that if the parties do consent in these circumstances, a remand limited to re-sentencing on the lesser-included offense is appropriate. See Preston v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 52, 59 n.5 (2011) (remanding for new sentencing hearing on lesser-included offense because defendant requested such relief). - 12 - was “a family or household member” as required under Code § 18.2-57.2. Nonetheless, the
evidence was sufficient to support a conviction on the lesser-included offense of simple assault
and battery. Therefore, we remand the matter to the trial court for a new trial on the lesser-
included offense of simple assault and battery if the Commonwealth be so advised.
Reversed and remanded.
- 13 -