No question is made as to the correctness of the finding that the following conveyances were valid as to Jane S. Janvrin, a creditor of George Janvrin, — viz., the deed dated January 10, 1873, to George J. Curtis, of land in Hampton Falls and Kensington; the deed dated April 10, 1868, to Mrs. Curtis, of land in Hampton Falls; the deed dated January 10, 1874, to Susan and Caroline D. Janvrin, of the west part of the block; and the deed dated January 12, 1874, to George Janvrin, Jr., of 24 acres of pasture.
Also, no question is made as to the correctness of the finding that the following conveyances were fraudulent as to Jane S. Janvrin, — viz., the assignment September 10, 1877, to Mrs. Curtis, of the note for $200, secured by mortgage of land in Brentwood; the deed dated December 3, 1875, to George Janvrin, Jr., and Charles W. Janvrin, of the east part of the block, subject to the life estate of Albert Janvrin; and the deed dated October 26, 1876, to Frank J. Brown, of Part of the Spring lot.
It is found that the conveyance, of January 23, 1877 to Mrs. Curtis of the Spring lot was valid, unless it shall be held to be defeated by the claim of Mrs. Janvrin on the facts stated. The finding that the depriving of his wife of any power to collect her claim entered into the purpose of George Janvrin in making this conveyance, and that this was understood by Mrs. Curtis, brings the conveyance within the prohibition of the statute 13 Eliz., c. 5. Mrs. Curtis, having purchased with knowledge of the fraudulent design of her grantor to defeat, hinder, and delay the plaintiff in interest, by the conveyance, in collecting her claim, is in law charged with a participation in the fraud, although she may have paid full compensation for the land; and the conveyance as to Mrs. Janvrin is void. Robinson v. Holt, 39 N.H. 557, 561; Crowninshield v. Kittridge, 7 Met. 520; Wadsworth v. Williams, 100 Mass. 126; 1 Sto. Eq. Jur., s. 369, and authorities cited.
The conveyance, August 22, 1874, of the Grove street house to Susan and Caroline D. Janvrin is found to be in fraud of the rights of Jane S. Janvrin. If the conveyance was without consideration, it was fraudulent as to creditors, and the finding is based upon the assumption that the conveyance was a gift. The facts reported do not support the finding. The conveyance was a substitute for the one half of the Academy street house conveyed in February, 1873. That conveyance was valid, not only as between the parties, but as to the creditors of George Janvrin. As between
the parties, the title of the grantees was as good as if they had paid full value for it. George Janvrin was then solvent, and had no purpose of defrauding any creditor. With the delivery of the deed, the title to the premises passed to the grantees, and was not revested in the grantor when they returned the deed to him, for it is found that it was not their intention to divest themselves of their title by returning the deed. When the grantor subsequently conveyed the premises to Jefferson Janvrin, without their knowledge or consent, he became thereby their debtor to the value of the premises, and this indebtedness was paid by the conveyance of the Grove street property. The conveyance was for an adequate consideration; and the fact is expressly found that the grantees had no knowledge of any fraudulent purpose on the part of the grantor. The conveyance is valid as against the creditors of George Janvrin.
If Wellington Bros. and Prescott's estate are liable to the plaintiff in interest for the value of Albert's life interest in the block levied upon by them, no decree can now be rendered against them, they not being made defendants. For the same reason no decree can now be rendered against George, Jr., and Charles W. Janvrin for their interest in the block, nor against Frank J. Brown for that part of the Spring lot conveyed to him October 26, 1876.
This is a bill for the discovery of assets, and to cancel fraudulent conveyances. Jane S. Janvrin is the plaintiff in interests and the only creditor interested in the purposes for which the suit was brought. There is no reason why she should be compelled to bring in the creditors of Albert or the other fraudulent grantees, and be subjected to further delay and expense in litigating with them their titles to property. If the assets discovered are sufficient to satisfy her claim, she ought not to be compelled to ferret out all the fraudulent conveyances in order that the equities may be adjusted between them. She may amend the bill so as to include in her claim a decree against Mrs. Curtis for the Spring land, and the note for $200 secured by mortgage upon land in Brentwood. If the defendants desire that all persons who appear to have received fraudulent conveyances from George Janvrin be made parties in order that they may contribute to the value of Mrs. Janvrin's claim in proportion to the value of what they have respectively received from George Janvrin in fraud of her claim, it may be done. The maxim, that there can be no contribution among wrong-doers, does not apply. Bailey v. Bussing, 28 Conn. 455, 459; Goldsborough v. Darst, 9 Bradw. (Ills.) 205, 211.
Chamberlayne v. Temple, 2 Rand. (Va.) 384, was a bill to set aside conveyances fraudulent as to creditors. The plaintiff, who was a creditor of the grantor, convened all the parties who had received such conveyances, and laid before the court all the evidence for an apportionment of his claim among all the defendants. A decree was ordered against each defendant for his proportionate
share of the plaintiff's claim, with a reservation of the right to the creditor to resort for satisfaction to all the parties responsible to him to the full extent of their liabilities respectively, in the event of his failing, for insolvency or other cause, to procure satisfaction from any of the parties of their due proportions of his demand. The court said, — "At law. persons claiming under voluntary fraudulent conveyances cannot require a creditor to proceed against them severally for ratable proportions of their debt. He might proceed against them severally after the death of the debtor, as executors de son tort for the full value of the assets of the debtor in their hands, and the insolvency of one would not excuse any other, and so it should be in equity, if an attempt to equalize the burthen produced any unreasonable delay or detriment to the creditor."
In Brice v. Myers, 5 Ohio 121, the case was this: The defendant conveyed to his four sons and son-in-law five tracts of land, one to each, in consideration of an annuity of $20. The conveyances were held fraudulent as to the plaintiff, a creditor of the defendant, and it was ordered that on failure of the debtor to pay the amount of the plaintiff's judgment, the land conveyed to the other defendants be separately valued, that such part of each tract might be sold as should appear necessary to satisfy the plaintiff's claim.
In Cornish v. Clark, 14 L. R. Eq. 184, Clark had distributed his property to his children, and made no provision to pay debts. The conveyance was held fraudulent under the statute 13 Eliz., c. 5 The plaintiff sued for himself and all other creditors (the debtor having died during the pendency of the suit).
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No question is made as to the correctness of the finding that the following conveyances were valid as to Jane S. Janvrin, a creditor of George Janvrin, — viz., the deed dated January 10, 1873, to George J. Curtis, of land in Hampton Falls and Kensington; the deed dated April 10, 1868, to Mrs. Curtis, of land in Hampton Falls; the deed dated January 10, 1874, to Susan and Caroline D. Janvrin, of the west part of the block; and the deed dated January 12, 1874, to George Janvrin, Jr., of 24 acres of pasture.
Also, no question is made as to the correctness of the finding that the following conveyances were fraudulent as to Jane S. Janvrin, — viz., the assignment September 10, 1877, to Mrs. Curtis, of the note for $200, secured by mortgage of land in Brentwood; the deed dated December 3, 1875, to George Janvrin, Jr., and Charles W. Janvrin, of the east part of the block, subject to the life estate of Albert Janvrin; and the deed dated October 26, 1876, to Frank J. Brown, of Part of the Spring lot.
It is found that the conveyance, of January 23, 1877 to Mrs. Curtis of the Spring lot was valid, unless it shall be held to be defeated by the claim of Mrs. Janvrin on the facts stated. The finding that the depriving of his wife of any power to collect her claim entered into the purpose of George Janvrin in making this conveyance, and that this was understood by Mrs. Curtis, brings the conveyance within the prohibition of the statute 13 Eliz., c. 5. Mrs. Curtis, having purchased with knowledge of the fraudulent design of her grantor to defeat, hinder, and delay the plaintiff in interest, by the conveyance, in collecting her claim, is in law charged with a participation in the fraud, although she may have paid full compensation for the land; and the conveyance as to Mrs. Janvrin is void. Robinson v. Holt, 39 N.H. 557, 561; Crowninshield v. Kittridge, 7 Met. 520; Wadsworth v. Williams, 100 Mass. 126; 1 Sto. Eq. Jur., s. 369, and authorities cited.
The conveyance, August 22, 1874, of the Grove street house to Susan and Caroline D. Janvrin is found to be in fraud of the rights of Jane S. Janvrin. If the conveyance was without consideration, it was fraudulent as to creditors, and the finding is based upon the assumption that the conveyance was a gift. The facts reported do not support the finding. The conveyance was a substitute for the one half of the Academy street house conveyed in February, 1873. That conveyance was valid, not only as between the parties, but as to the creditors of George Janvrin. As between
the parties, the title of the grantees was as good as if they had paid full value for it. George Janvrin was then solvent, and had no purpose of defrauding any creditor. With the delivery of the deed, the title to the premises passed to the grantees, and was not revested in the grantor when they returned the deed to him, for it is found that it was not their intention to divest themselves of their title by returning the deed. When the grantor subsequently conveyed the premises to Jefferson Janvrin, without their knowledge or consent, he became thereby their debtor to the value of the premises, and this indebtedness was paid by the conveyance of the Grove street property. The conveyance was for an adequate consideration; and the fact is expressly found that the grantees had no knowledge of any fraudulent purpose on the part of the grantor. The conveyance is valid as against the creditors of George Janvrin.
If Wellington Bros. and Prescott's estate are liable to the plaintiff in interest for the value of Albert's life interest in the block levied upon by them, no decree can now be rendered against them, they not being made defendants. For the same reason no decree can now be rendered against George, Jr., and Charles W. Janvrin for their interest in the block, nor against Frank J. Brown for that part of the Spring lot conveyed to him October 26, 1876.
This is a bill for the discovery of assets, and to cancel fraudulent conveyances. Jane S. Janvrin is the plaintiff in interests and the only creditor interested in the purposes for which the suit was brought. There is no reason why she should be compelled to bring in the creditors of Albert or the other fraudulent grantees, and be subjected to further delay and expense in litigating with them their titles to property. If the assets discovered are sufficient to satisfy her claim, she ought not to be compelled to ferret out all the fraudulent conveyances in order that the equities may be adjusted between them. She may amend the bill so as to include in her claim a decree against Mrs. Curtis for the Spring land, and the note for $200 secured by mortgage upon land in Brentwood. If the defendants desire that all persons who appear to have received fraudulent conveyances from George Janvrin be made parties in order that they may contribute to the value of Mrs. Janvrin's claim in proportion to the value of what they have respectively received from George Janvrin in fraud of her claim, it may be done. The maxim, that there can be no contribution among wrong-doers, does not apply. Bailey v. Bussing, 28 Conn. 455, 459; Goldsborough v. Darst, 9 Bradw. (Ills.) 205, 211.
Chamberlayne v. Temple, 2 Rand. (Va.) 384, was a bill to set aside conveyances fraudulent as to creditors. The plaintiff, who was a creditor of the grantor, convened all the parties who had received such conveyances, and laid before the court all the evidence for an apportionment of his claim among all the defendants. A decree was ordered against each defendant for his proportionate
share of the plaintiff's claim, with a reservation of the right to the creditor to resort for satisfaction to all the parties responsible to him to the full extent of their liabilities respectively, in the event of his failing, for insolvency or other cause, to procure satisfaction from any of the parties of their due proportions of his demand. The court said, — "At law. persons claiming under voluntary fraudulent conveyances cannot require a creditor to proceed against them severally for ratable proportions of their debt. He might proceed against them severally after the death of the debtor, as executors de son tort for the full value of the assets of the debtor in their hands, and the insolvency of one would not excuse any other, and so it should be in equity, if an attempt to equalize the burthen produced any unreasonable delay or detriment to the creditor."
In Brice v. Myers, 5 Ohio 121, the case was this: The defendant conveyed to his four sons and son-in-law five tracts of land, one to each, in consideration of an annuity of $20. The conveyances were held fraudulent as to the plaintiff, a creditor of the defendant, and it was ordered that on failure of the debtor to pay the amount of the plaintiff's judgment, the land conveyed to the other defendants be separately valued, that such part of each tract might be sold as should appear necessary to satisfy the plaintiff's claim.
In Cornish v. Clark, 14 L. R. Eq. 184, Clark had distributed his property to his children, and made no provision to pay debts. The conveyance was held fraudulent under the statute 13 Eliz., c. 5 The plaintiff sued for himself and all other creditors (the debtor having died during the pendency of the suit). It was ordered, that as between the defendants the funeral and administration expenses and debts of the intestate (Clark) be borne by them in proportion to the amount or value of the several gifts to them respectively, but the order to be without prejudice to the right of the plaintiff to enforce the decree against all or any of the defendants, and against all or any part of the estate of the intestate, as they may be advised. The question of contribution of the defendants inter sese was reserved for further consideration.
As between George Janvrin and the defendants, the conveyances were valid and effectual. The title to the several tracts passed by the conveyances from him to them respectively. They did not take the conveyances subject to the payment of his debts. They did not agree to pay his debts, and were under no legal obligation to pay them. If he had paid his debts, or they had been satisfied out of other property of his, he would have had no claim upon the defendants, or the lands conveyed to them, for reimbursement. A gift of property by a father to his child is not in itself wrong. A conveyance, fraudulent as to a creditor, is set aside because it deprives the creditor of the means of satisfying his debt. When a grantee, under such circumstances, pays the debt to save his land from sale, it has been held that he is entitled to subrogation as
against the grantor. Cole v. Malcolm, 66 N.Y. 363; — see, also, Sheld. on Sub., ss. 46, 210, 213; Brigden v. Cheever, 10 Mass. 450; Crosby v. Taylor, 15 Gray 64; Harbert's Case, 3 Rep. 11; Campbell v. Mesier, 4 Johns. Ch. 334.
Some of the defendants whose conveyances have been found fraudulent, paid adequate considerations for the same. This fact can be considered when the other grantees whose conveyances appear to have been fraudulent are made parties to this suit, and when the question what proportion of Mrs. Janvrin's judgment shall be borne by the several grantees as between themselves, is presented for consideration.
The plaintiff may have a decree cancelling the fraudulent conveyances to the defendants, and for a sale of so much of the lands as will satisfy the claim of Mrs. Janvrin, with interest, costs, and expenses of sale, unless they shall pay into court for her use the amount of her claim with interest and costs. If the defendants do that, they may have an amendment making the execution creditors of Albert, Albert's children, George, Jr., and Charles W., and Frank J. Brown, co-defendants, who will be entitled to be heard; and if the fraudulent character of their conveyances is established, a decree may be rendered for equitable contribution in favor of those who pay Mrs. Janvrin's claim.
ALLEN, J., did not sit: the others concurred.
The foregoing opinion was delivered at the June term, 1884. The case was subsequently amended and reargued. The amendments appear in the opinion of the court, delivered at the June term, 1885, by