RENDERED: NOVEMBER 12, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-0060-MR
JANE DOE; JANE DOE II; JANE DOE IV; JANE DOE V; AND JANE DOE VI APPELLANTS
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE JUDITH E. MCDONALD-BURKMAN, JUDGE ACTION NO. 19-CI-006524
LOUISVILLE/JEFFERSON COUNTY METRO GOVERNMENT AND PABLO CANO APPELLEES
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: LAMBERT, McNEILL, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
LAMBERT, JUDGE: Five Jane Does (the Jane Doe Plaintiffs) have appealed
from the December 16, 2019, opinion and order of the Jefferson Circuit Court
denying their motion to intervene in a declaration of rights action filed by
Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government (Louisville Metro) against former Louisville Metro Police Officer Pablo Cano related to indemnification.1 We
affirm.
Louisville Metro is a consolidated local government as authorized by
Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) Chapter 67C. On October 18, 2019, it filed a
declaration of rights action against Cano pursuant to KRS 418.010 as to its duties
to Cano under the Claims Against Local Governments Act (“CALGA”), KRS
65.200, et seq. In 2017 and 2018, six women filed separate civil lawsuits against
Cano both in his individual capacity and in his official capacity as a former officer
with the Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD).2 The women claimed that
Cano had committed rape and engaged in sexual misconduct, for which they
alleged causes of action for assault, battery, and the intentional infliction of
emotional distress. On October 7, 2019, Cano entered guilty pleas in Jefferson
Circuit Court, Action No. 19-CR-002729, to five counts of sexual misconduct, a
Class A misdemeanor, related to these allegations.3
1 This panel is also considering the appeals in Jane Doe V v. Louisville Metro Police Department and Louisville Jefferson County Metro Government, Appeal No. 2019-CA-0210-MR, and Gaeta v. Louisville Metro Police Department, Appeal No. 2019-CA-1810-MR. 2 Jane Doe III’s suit was dismissed in July 2018, leaving Jane Doe, II (Angela Gaeta), IV, V, and VI’s suits remaining. 3 The final judgment and sentence reflects that Cano received twelve-month concurrent sentences for the sexual misconduct convictions. Cano also pled guilty to possession of matter portraying a sexual performance by a minor for which he received a five-year sentence. The sentences were to be served concurrently for a total of five years’ imprisonment.
-2- In its complaint, Louisville Metro stated that CALGA statutorily
mandates that it provide a defense for and pay any judgment rendered against its
employees or former employees unless certain circumstances exist, such as if the
actions arose from an employee’s acts that were outside the apparent or actual
course and scope of employment or if the employee acted with fraud, malice, or
corruption. See KRS 65.2005(3)(a) and (b). Pursuant to CALGA’s mandate,
Louisville Metro had been providing a defense for Cano in the Jane Doe civil
actions under a reservation of rights. In the current action, Louisville Metro sought
a declaration of rights to determine whether it should be relieved from continuing
to provide a defense for Cano or be required to pay any judgment obtained against
him based on the allegation that Cano had not been acting in the course and scope
of his employment as a LMPD officer or because the acts were committed with
fraud, malice, or corruption. The circuit court appointed a guardian ad litem for
Cano, who was incarcerated.
Shortly after the present action was filed, the Jane Doe Plaintiffs
moved to intervene as co-plaintiffs, stating that their claims gave rise to the action.
They sought intervention as a matter of right pursuant to Kentucky Rules of Civil
Procedure (CR) 24.01, arguing that the declaratory judgment action directly
impacted any remedy they might have in the pending civil actions. They also
sought permissive intervention pursuant to CR 24.02, arguing that the facts in this
-3- action came from the five civil actions involving their civil claims against Cano.
Louisville Metro objected to the motion to intervene. It argued that the Jane Doe
Plaintiffs were not entitled to mandatory intervention, as they did not have a
statutory right to intervene, nor did they have an interest on the stated basis of their
ability to recover as they did not have any judgments against Cano. In addition, a
judgment in the declaratory action would not deprive them of any remedies or
claims against Cano in the underlying actions. As to a permissive right to
intervene, Louisville Metro asserted that there was no statutory right to intervene,
nor were there any common questions of law or fact that would justify
intervention. Their claims were for intentional torts, while the declaratory
judgment action addressed Louisville Metro’s rights and obligations under
CALGA based upon Cano’s acts.
On December 16, 2019, the circuit court entered an opinion and order
denying the Jane Doe Plaintiffs’ motion to intervene under both rules, relying upon
Philadelphia Indemnity Insurance Company v. Youth Alive, Inc., 2010 WL
1416708 (W.D. Ky. Mar. 31, 2010), a federal district court opinion cited by
Louisville Metro in its response. As to their mandatory right to intervene under
CR 24.01, the court stated:
The case at bar is analogous to the Youth Alive case except that the duty to defend is a statutory rather than a contractual one. Here, as in Youth Alive the proposed intervenors have no judgment. A judgment in
-4- this action will not impact the Jane Does[’] ability to recover in the actions that are still pending. Therefore, the Court finds that there is no necessity for mandatory intervention.
As to their permissive right to intervene under CR 24.02, the court stated:
Clearly, there is no statutory right to intervene here. Further, the declaratory judgment action has no questions of law or fact in common with the tort actions filed by the Jane Does. The declaratory judgment action is for purposes of interpreting the CALGA and the rights and obligations of the Plaintiff and Defendant herein. The tort claims are for assault, battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Further, as provided in CR 24.02 the Court has considered the issue of the delay caused by the intervention of five additional parties. Therefore, the Court finds that there is no right to permissive intervention.
The Jane Doe Plaintiffs moved the court to reconsider its decision or, in the
alternative, to make the opinion and order final so that they could proceed with an
appeal. The circuit court opted to make the December 16, 2019, order final and
appealable, and this appeal now follows.
On appeal, the Jane Doe Plaintiffs continue to argue that the circuit
court should have permitted them to intervene in Louisville Metro’s declaratory
judgment action, while Louisville Metro disputes these assertions.
For their first argument, the Jane Doe Plaintiffs state that there is no
way to separate their interests in the declaratory judgment action from the other
civil actions and that their interests were not being adequately represented by other
-5- parties.
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RENDERED: NOVEMBER 12, 2021; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2020-CA-0060-MR
JANE DOE; JANE DOE II; JANE DOE IV; JANE DOE V; AND JANE DOE VI APPELLANTS
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE JUDITH E. MCDONALD-BURKMAN, JUDGE ACTION NO. 19-CI-006524
LOUISVILLE/JEFFERSON COUNTY METRO GOVERNMENT AND PABLO CANO APPELLEES
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: LAMBERT, McNEILL, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
LAMBERT, JUDGE: Five Jane Does (the Jane Doe Plaintiffs) have appealed
from the December 16, 2019, opinion and order of the Jefferson Circuit Court
denying their motion to intervene in a declaration of rights action filed by
Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government (Louisville Metro) against former Louisville Metro Police Officer Pablo Cano related to indemnification.1 We
affirm.
Louisville Metro is a consolidated local government as authorized by
Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) Chapter 67C. On October 18, 2019, it filed a
declaration of rights action against Cano pursuant to KRS 418.010 as to its duties
to Cano under the Claims Against Local Governments Act (“CALGA”), KRS
65.200, et seq. In 2017 and 2018, six women filed separate civil lawsuits against
Cano both in his individual capacity and in his official capacity as a former officer
with the Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD).2 The women claimed that
Cano had committed rape and engaged in sexual misconduct, for which they
alleged causes of action for assault, battery, and the intentional infliction of
emotional distress. On October 7, 2019, Cano entered guilty pleas in Jefferson
Circuit Court, Action No. 19-CR-002729, to five counts of sexual misconduct, a
Class A misdemeanor, related to these allegations.3
1 This panel is also considering the appeals in Jane Doe V v. Louisville Metro Police Department and Louisville Jefferson County Metro Government, Appeal No. 2019-CA-0210-MR, and Gaeta v. Louisville Metro Police Department, Appeal No. 2019-CA-1810-MR. 2 Jane Doe III’s suit was dismissed in July 2018, leaving Jane Doe, II (Angela Gaeta), IV, V, and VI’s suits remaining. 3 The final judgment and sentence reflects that Cano received twelve-month concurrent sentences for the sexual misconduct convictions. Cano also pled guilty to possession of matter portraying a sexual performance by a minor for which he received a five-year sentence. The sentences were to be served concurrently for a total of five years’ imprisonment.
-2- In its complaint, Louisville Metro stated that CALGA statutorily
mandates that it provide a defense for and pay any judgment rendered against its
employees or former employees unless certain circumstances exist, such as if the
actions arose from an employee’s acts that were outside the apparent or actual
course and scope of employment or if the employee acted with fraud, malice, or
corruption. See KRS 65.2005(3)(a) and (b). Pursuant to CALGA’s mandate,
Louisville Metro had been providing a defense for Cano in the Jane Doe civil
actions under a reservation of rights. In the current action, Louisville Metro sought
a declaration of rights to determine whether it should be relieved from continuing
to provide a defense for Cano or be required to pay any judgment obtained against
him based on the allegation that Cano had not been acting in the course and scope
of his employment as a LMPD officer or because the acts were committed with
fraud, malice, or corruption. The circuit court appointed a guardian ad litem for
Cano, who was incarcerated.
Shortly after the present action was filed, the Jane Doe Plaintiffs
moved to intervene as co-plaintiffs, stating that their claims gave rise to the action.
They sought intervention as a matter of right pursuant to Kentucky Rules of Civil
Procedure (CR) 24.01, arguing that the declaratory judgment action directly
impacted any remedy they might have in the pending civil actions. They also
sought permissive intervention pursuant to CR 24.02, arguing that the facts in this
-3- action came from the five civil actions involving their civil claims against Cano.
Louisville Metro objected to the motion to intervene. It argued that the Jane Doe
Plaintiffs were not entitled to mandatory intervention, as they did not have a
statutory right to intervene, nor did they have an interest on the stated basis of their
ability to recover as they did not have any judgments against Cano. In addition, a
judgment in the declaratory action would not deprive them of any remedies or
claims against Cano in the underlying actions. As to a permissive right to
intervene, Louisville Metro asserted that there was no statutory right to intervene,
nor were there any common questions of law or fact that would justify
intervention. Their claims were for intentional torts, while the declaratory
judgment action addressed Louisville Metro’s rights and obligations under
CALGA based upon Cano’s acts.
On December 16, 2019, the circuit court entered an opinion and order
denying the Jane Doe Plaintiffs’ motion to intervene under both rules, relying upon
Philadelphia Indemnity Insurance Company v. Youth Alive, Inc., 2010 WL
1416708 (W.D. Ky. Mar. 31, 2010), a federal district court opinion cited by
Louisville Metro in its response. As to their mandatory right to intervene under
CR 24.01, the court stated:
The case at bar is analogous to the Youth Alive case except that the duty to defend is a statutory rather than a contractual one. Here, as in Youth Alive the proposed intervenors have no judgment. A judgment in
-4- this action will not impact the Jane Does[’] ability to recover in the actions that are still pending. Therefore, the Court finds that there is no necessity for mandatory intervention.
As to their permissive right to intervene under CR 24.02, the court stated:
Clearly, there is no statutory right to intervene here. Further, the declaratory judgment action has no questions of law or fact in common with the tort actions filed by the Jane Does. The declaratory judgment action is for purposes of interpreting the CALGA and the rights and obligations of the Plaintiff and Defendant herein. The tort claims are for assault, battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Further, as provided in CR 24.02 the Court has considered the issue of the delay caused by the intervention of five additional parties. Therefore, the Court finds that there is no right to permissive intervention.
The Jane Doe Plaintiffs moved the court to reconsider its decision or, in the
alternative, to make the opinion and order final so that they could proceed with an
appeal. The circuit court opted to make the December 16, 2019, order final and
appealable, and this appeal now follows.
On appeal, the Jane Doe Plaintiffs continue to argue that the circuit
court should have permitted them to intervene in Louisville Metro’s declaratory
judgment action, while Louisville Metro disputes these assertions.
For their first argument, the Jane Doe Plaintiffs state that there is no
way to separate their interests in the declaratory judgment action from the other
civil actions and that their interests were not being adequately represented by other
-5- parties. CR 24.01(1) sets forth two situations where intervention as a matter of
right will be allowed:
Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action (a) when a statute confers an unconditional right to intervene, or (b) when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action and is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant’s ability to protect that interest, unless that interest is adequately represented by existing parties.
There is no dispute that a statutory right did not exist under (a); therefore, we shall
confine our analysis to whether the Jane Doe Plaintiffs were entitled to intervene
under (b). “We review the denial of a motion to intervene as a matter of right for
clear error.” Hazel Enterprises, LLC v. Community Financial Services Bank, 382
S.W.3d 65, 67 (Ky. App. 2012) (citing Carter v. Smith, 170 S.W.3d 402, 409 (Ky.
App. 2004)).
The circuit court held that the Jane Doe Plaintiffs did not have a
substantial legal interest in the subject matter of the declaratory judgment action
because they did not have a judgment and that a judgment in this case would not
affect their ability to recover in the pending civil actions. We agree.
Louisville Metro cites to Gayner v. Packaging Service Corporation of
Kentucky, 636 S.W.2d 658, 659 (Ky. App. 1982), to argue that, because the Jane
Doe Plaintiffs did not yet have a judgment in their civil actions, their expectation
-6- was not sufficient to mandate intervention. “Gayner did not have a sufficient
interest in the litigation between Packaging and Chapnick to be entitled to
intervene as a matter of right. Gayner had no present substantial interest in the
subject matter of the lawsuit as distinguished from a mere expectancy or
contingent interest.” Id. The Court explained the circumstances of that case as
follows:
The crux of the suit between Packaging and Chapnick was Chapnick’s claim to an exclusive right to buy Packaging’s shares of Gemini stock and Packaging’s assertion that he had lost that right and that they would sell to anyone who would purchase them. Until Chapnick could win the suit against Packaging, he had no present or substantial interest in the stock as distinguished from a mere contingent interest. Gayner’s only involvement was as a financial backer of Chapnick. Gayner had no actual existing interest in the Packaging stock. His interest was remote because he could only claim through Chapnick. There is evidence to the effect that Gayner charged that Chapnick reneged on his agreement to allow Gayner to have the shares.
Id.
In the present case, we agree with Louisville Metro that any interest
the Jane Doe Plaintiffs have in the outcome of the declaration of rights action is not
a substantial, legal interest that would support intervention as a matter of right.
They have not yet obtained any judgments against Cano for which they could seek
enforcement, and the result in this action would not preclude them from continuing
to pursue their tort claims in the pending civil actions.
-7- In addition, we agree with Louisville Metro that there is no indication
in the record that whatever rights the Jane Doe Plaintiffs might have are not being
protected. The circuit court appointed counsel for Cano, and his counsel was
actively defending Cano’s interests in Louisville Metro’s declaration of rights
action. See Youth Alive, 2010 WL 1416708 at *2 (“Youth Alive is presently
actively and vigorously represented in the coverage matter. The estates have
shown only [an] ill-defined concern that such representation may not continue at
some point in the future.”).
Accordingly, we find no clear error in the circuit court’s denial of the
Jane Doe Plaintiffs’ motion to intervene as a matter of right pursuant to CR 24.01.
Next, the Jane Doe Plaintiffs argue that they should have been
permitted to intervene under CR 24.02. This rule allows for permissive
intervention under two circumstances:
Upon timely application anyone may be permitted to intervene in an action: (a) when a statute confers a conditional right to intervene or (b) when an applicant’s claim or defense and the main action have a question of law or fact in common. . . . In exercising its discretion the court shall consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the rights of the original parties.
“CR 24.02 provides trial courts with discretion to allow intervention in cases if the
interest of the movant so warrants, even if the asserted interest fails to satisfy the
dictates of CR 24.01[.]” A. H. v. W. R. L., 482 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Ky. 2016).
-8- As with the previous issue, there is no statute permitting intervention
under CR 24.02(a). Therefore, there must be a question of law or fact in common
between the declaratory judgment action and the Jane Doe Plaintiffs’ civil actions
in order for CR 24.02(b) to apply here. As the circuit court held and Louisville
Metro argues, there are no common questions of law or fact between the actions.
The Jane Doe Plaintiffs’ civil actions are for intentional torts allegedly committed
by Cano, including assault, battery, and the intentional infliction of emotional
distress. The question to be decided in Louisville Metro’s declaration of rights
action involves statutory interpretation, i.e., whether Louisville Metro is obligated
to provide Cano with a defense and indemnification in the tort cases pursuant to
CALGA. While Louisville Metro would not have had to file the declaration of
rights action if the Jane Doe Plaintiffs had not filed their civil actions, that is not a
sufficient enough commonality of either law or fact to support permissive
intervention. The circuit court also appropriately considered the delay that would
arise from the addition of five parties to the declaration of rights action.
Accordingly, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying permissive
intervention pursuant to CR 24.02.
For the foregoing reasons, the opinion and order of the Jefferson
Circuit Court denying the Jane Doe Plaintiffs’ motion to intervene is affirmed.
-9- ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE LOUISVILLE/JEFFERSON Shannon Fauver COUNTY METRO GOVERNMENT: Louisville, Kentucky Michael J. O’Connell John Spainhour Brendan R. Daugherty Shepherdsville, Kentucky Louisville, Kentucky
-10-