RENDERED: NOVEMBER 17, 2023; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2022-CA-1004-MR
JANA WELCH APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE SUSAN SCHULTZ GIBSON, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-CI-003675
CITY OF ROLLING HILLS; BRENT MONROE, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS SAFETY COMMISSIONER OF THE CITY OF ROLLING HILLS; CHRIS WILMES, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS PUBLIC WORKS COMMISSIONER OF THE CITY OF ROLLING HILLS; AND ELISSA GUSTAFSSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS MAYOR OF THE CITY OF ROLLING HILLS APPELLEES
OPINION VACATING AND REMANDING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, JONES, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES. JONES, JUDGE: Jana Welch appeals from an order of the Jefferson Circuit Court
granting summary judgment to the various defendants in this personal injury
litigation. After careful review, we vacate and remand for proceedings consistent
with this Opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 31, 2019, Welch tripped and injured herself while walking
on a sidewalk in the City of Rolling Hills, Kentucky. Welch filed the underlying
lawsuit alleging negligence by: (1) the City of Rolling Hills; (2) the mayor, Elissa
Gustafsson, in her individual and official capacities; (3) the public works
commissioner, Chris Wilmes, in his individual and official capacities; and (4) the
safety commissioner, Brent Monroe, in his individual and official capacities
(collectively “the City”) for failure to maintain and repair the sidewalks.
According to the underlying complaint, the City of Rolling Hills is “an
Incorporated Municipality within the larger metropolitan city limits of
Louisville[.]”
Discovery revealed that, at the time of Welch’s fall, the City was
aware of multiple sidewalk problems due to reports of residents and was in contact
with at least one third-party concrete company to make the necessary repairs.
Discovery also revealed that no one from the City denied it was responsible for
maintaining and repairing the sidewalks. The City filed a motion for summary
-2- judgment, citing qualified immunity. A notice of submission was filed on June 30,
2022, after the parties had briefed the circuit court. However, on July 21, 2022, the
City filed its supplemental responses to Welch’s requests for admissions. Therein,
the City denied, for the first time, that it was the legal entity responsible for repair
and maintenance of the sidewalks, and instead argued it was a legal entity
responsible for repair and maintenance of the sidewalks because “the owners of
property abutting sidewalks in the City may be required to repair that part of the
sidewalk adjoining their property, at their own expense.” The City cited, for the
first time, § 150.02 of the City of Rolling Hills’ Codified Ordinances in support of
its reasoning. The ordinance will be discussed in greater detail below.
The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of the City on
July 28, 2022, reasoning that its actions were discretionary; therefore, the City had
qualified immunity. This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Kentucky Rule
of Civil Procedure (CR) 56.03. The movants bear the initial burden of
demonstrating that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute. The party
-3- opposing the motion then has the burden to present, “at least some affirmative
evidence showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Steelvest,
Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 482 (Ky. 1991). When a
circuit court grants a motion for summary judgment, the standard of review for the
appellate court is de novo because only legal issues are involved. Hallahan v. The
Courier-Journal, 138 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Ky. App. 2004). We must consider the
evidence of record in the light most favorable to the non-movant (i.e., Welch) and
determine whether the circuit court correctly found there was no genuine issues as
to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 780 (Ky. App. 1996).
III. ANALYSIS
The City of Rolling Hills’ Codified Ordinance § 150.02 states, in
relevant part,
A) The owners of property abutting sidewalks in the city are required to repair that part of the sidewalk adjoining property respectively belonging to them, at their own expense, by repairing any holes, uneven surfaces, and other defective places therein, by using materials as nearly similar as possible to that of which the sidewalk is constructed, within ten days after receiving notice, in writing, from the city to do so.
B) It shall be the duty of the city, as soon as it ascertains the existence of defects in the sidewalks of the city, to forthwith notify, in writing, the owners of the property abutting that part of the sidewalk which is found to be defective, to repair at their own expense, within a
-4- period of ten days, after the delivery of the notice. In the event the owner fails to make such repairs, the city is authorized to have the necessary repairs made, and to assess the cost of repair to the abutting owner, and notify him or her of the assessment in writing. In the event the owner fails to remit the costs as assessed within 30 days of the notice as given above, the city shall take the necessary steps to place a lien against the abutting property owner in the office of the County Clerk in the amount of the unpaid assessment.
One of the arguments Welch makes on appeal is that, due to the late
supplemental response of the City, she was unable to conduct discovery on or brief
the circuit court regarding the local ordinance before the court granted the City’s
motion for summary judgment.1 We agree. Although the ordinance was in the
record when the circuit court entered its order, the order states, in relevant part, that
“[t]here is no evidence in this case of any ordinance, directive or guideline for the
officials in the City of Rolling Hills to follow that would control [the City’s]
actions with respect to their duty to repair sidewalks in the City of Rolling Hills.”
This language indicates the circuit court did not consider the ordinance, which was
filed in the City’s supplemental discovery responses just days before the court
entered its order.
This Court has held that “[a] court may properly take judicial notice of
public records and government documents, including public records and
1 Because we are vacating and remanding, we decline to address Welch’s other arguments on appeal.
-5- government documents available from reliable sources on the internet.” Polley v.
Allen, 132 S.W.3d 223, 226 (Ky. App. 2004) (footnote omitted). In other words,
the circuit court could have taken judicial notice of the ordinance, but it had no
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RENDERED: NOVEMBER 17, 2023; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2022-CA-1004-MR
JANA WELCH APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE SUSAN SCHULTZ GIBSON, JUDGE ACTION NO. 20-CI-003675
CITY OF ROLLING HILLS; BRENT MONROE, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS SAFETY COMMISSIONER OF THE CITY OF ROLLING HILLS; CHRIS WILMES, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS PUBLIC WORKS COMMISSIONER OF THE CITY OF ROLLING HILLS; AND ELISSA GUSTAFSSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND IN HER OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS MAYOR OF THE CITY OF ROLLING HILLS APPELLEES
OPINION VACATING AND REMANDING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CALDWELL, JONES, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES. JONES, JUDGE: Jana Welch appeals from an order of the Jefferson Circuit Court
granting summary judgment to the various defendants in this personal injury
litigation. After careful review, we vacate and remand for proceedings consistent
with this Opinion.
I. BACKGROUND
On August 31, 2019, Welch tripped and injured herself while walking
on a sidewalk in the City of Rolling Hills, Kentucky. Welch filed the underlying
lawsuit alleging negligence by: (1) the City of Rolling Hills; (2) the mayor, Elissa
Gustafsson, in her individual and official capacities; (3) the public works
commissioner, Chris Wilmes, in his individual and official capacities; and (4) the
safety commissioner, Brent Monroe, in his individual and official capacities
(collectively “the City”) for failure to maintain and repair the sidewalks.
According to the underlying complaint, the City of Rolling Hills is “an
Incorporated Municipality within the larger metropolitan city limits of
Louisville[.]”
Discovery revealed that, at the time of Welch’s fall, the City was
aware of multiple sidewalk problems due to reports of residents and was in contact
with at least one third-party concrete company to make the necessary repairs.
Discovery also revealed that no one from the City denied it was responsible for
maintaining and repairing the sidewalks. The City filed a motion for summary
-2- judgment, citing qualified immunity. A notice of submission was filed on June 30,
2022, after the parties had briefed the circuit court. However, on July 21, 2022, the
City filed its supplemental responses to Welch’s requests for admissions. Therein,
the City denied, for the first time, that it was the legal entity responsible for repair
and maintenance of the sidewalks, and instead argued it was a legal entity
responsible for repair and maintenance of the sidewalks because “the owners of
property abutting sidewalks in the City may be required to repair that part of the
sidewalk adjoining their property, at their own expense.” The City cited, for the
first time, § 150.02 of the City of Rolling Hills’ Codified Ordinances in support of
its reasoning. The ordinance will be discussed in greater detail below.
The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of the City on
July 28, 2022, reasoning that its actions were discretionary; therefore, the City had
qualified immunity. This appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Kentucky Rule
of Civil Procedure (CR) 56.03. The movants bear the initial burden of
demonstrating that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute. The party
-3- opposing the motion then has the burden to present, “at least some affirmative
evidence showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Steelvest,
Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 482 (Ky. 1991). When a
circuit court grants a motion for summary judgment, the standard of review for the
appellate court is de novo because only legal issues are involved. Hallahan v. The
Courier-Journal, 138 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Ky. App. 2004). We must consider the
evidence of record in the light most favorable to the non-movant (i.e., Welch) and
determine whether the circuit court correctly found there was no genuine issues as
to any material fact and that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 780 (Ky. App. 1996).
III. ANALYSIS
The City of Rolling Hills’ Codified Ordinance § 150.02 states, in
relevant part,
A) The owners of property abutting sidewalks in the city are required to repair that part of the sidewalk adjoining property respectively belonging to them, at their own expense, by repairing any holes, uneven surfaces, and other defective places therein, by using materials as nearly similar as possible to that of which the sidewalk is constructed, within ten days after receiving notice, in writing, from the city to do so.
B) It shall be the duty of the city, as soon as it ascertains the existence of defects in the sidewalks of the city, to forthwith notify, in writing, the owners of the property abutting that part of the sidewalk which is found to be defective, to repair at their own expense, within a
-4- period of ten days, after the delivery of the notice. In the event the owner fails to make such repairs, the city is authorized to have the necessary repairs made, and to assess the cost of repair to the abutting owner, and notify him or her of the assessment in writing. In the event the owner fails to remit the costs as assessed within 30 days of the notice as given above, the city shall take the necessary steps to place a lien against the abutting property owner in the office of the County Clerk in the amount of the unpaid assessment.
One of the arguments Welch makes on appeal is that, due to the late
supplemental response of the City, she was unable to conduct discovery on or brief
the circuit court regarding the local ordinance before the court granted the City’s
motion for summary judgment.1 We agree. Although the ordinance was in the
record when the circuit court entered its order, the order states, in relevant part, that
“[t]here is no evidence in this case of any ordinance, directive or guideline for the
officials in the City of Rolling Hills to follow that would control [the City’s]
actions with respect to their duty to repair sidewalks in the City of Rolling Hills.”
This language indicates the circuit court did not consider the ordinance, which was
filed in the City’s supplemental discovery responses just days before the court
entered its order.
This Court has held that “[a] court may properly take judicial notice of
public records and government documents, including public records and
1 Because we are vacating and remanding, we decline to address Welch’s other arguments on appeal.
-5- government documents available from reliable sources on the internet.” Polley v.
Allen, 132 S.W.3d 223, 226 (Ky. App. 2004) (footnote omitted). In other words,
the circuit court could have taken judicial notice of the ordinance, but it had no
reason to seek it out sua sponte. This is because the City argued such an ordinance
did not exist. In the memorandum in support of its motion for summary judgment,
the City pointed to the deposition of Welch who, they argued, did not “dispute the
absence of any local ordinances that make the City responsible for assuming
sidewalk repairs.” Yet, three months later, after the parties completed briefing, the
City produced the applicable ordinance.
This case turns on whether the City has failed to perform a ministerial
act as related to the sidewalks.2 The difference between discretionary and
ministerial acts was summarized by the Kentucky Supreme Court thusly:
At its most basic, a ministerial act is “one that requires only obedience to the orders of others, or when the officer’s duty is absolute, certain, and imperative, involving merely execution of a specific act arising from fixed and designated facts.” [Yanero v. Davis, 65 S.W.3d 510, 522 (Ky. 2001)]. “That a necessity may exist for the ascertainment of those facts does not operate to convert the act into one discretionary in nature.” Id. (quoting Upchurch v. Clinton County, 330 S.W.2d 428, 430 (Ky. 1959)). And an act is not necessarily outside the
2 We pause here to note that cities of the Commonwealth are not afforded the traditional sovereign immunity from claims enjoyed by the state and county governments. Cities of the Commonwealth are governed by the Claims Against Local Governments Act (CALGA), codified in Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 65.2001 et seq. See Schwindel v. Meade County, 113 S.W.3d 159 (Ky. 2003).
-6- ministerial realm “just because the officer performing it has some discretion with respect to the means or method to be employed.” Id; see also 63C Am.Jur.2d Public Officers and Employees § 319 (updated through Feb. 2014) (“Even a ministerial act requires some discretion in its performance.”). In reality, a ministerial act or function is one that the government employee must do “without regard to his or her own judgment or opinion concerning the propriety of the act to be performed.” 63C Am.Jur.2d Public Officers and Employees § 318 (updated through Feb. 2014). In other words, if the employee has no choice but to do the act, it is ministerial.
On the other hand, a discretionary act is usually described as one calling for a “good faith judgment call[] made in a legally uncertain environment.” Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522. It is an act “involving the exercise of discretion and judgment, or personal deliberation, decision, and judgment.” Id. Given the volume of litigation on the subject, it is clear that these definitions are not a model of clarity. No doubt, this is due to their having been written in general, somewhat sweeping terms.
....
The distinction between discretionary acts and mandatory acts is essentially the difference between making higher-level decisions and giving orders to effectuate those decisions, and simply following orders.
Marson v. Thomason, 438 S.W.3d 292, 297 (Ky. 2014).
This distinction is important because, if performing discretionary acts,
the City is entitled to qualified immunity from tort litigation. “Qualified official
immunity applies to the negligent performance by a public officer or employee of
(1) discretionary acts or functions, i.e., those involving the exercise of discretion
-7- and judgment, or personal deliberation, decision, and judgment[;] (2) in good faith;
and (3) within the scope of the employee’s authority.” Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522
(citations omitted). However, the City can be liable in tort for failing to perform or
negligently performing ministerial acts. Id.
Welch argues the ordinance at least creates a ministerial duty for the
City to notify adjacent property owners regarding sidewalk repairs, which it did not
appear to do, based on discovery currently in the record before us. In turn, the City
argues the ordinance is further evidence that sidewalk repair and maintenance
involve discretionary acts because the ordinance does not require the City to make
the repairs, but rather to see that the repairs are made, presumably by a third party.
The ordinance, which the circuit court did not consider, is key. While
the City is not required to inspect or repair the sidewalks, the ordinance requires
the City to give written notice to property owners when it becomes aware of
sidewalks that are in disrepair. Thus, in this case, if the City had actual knowledge
that this section of the sidewalk needed to be repaired, the ordinance required the
City to: (1) immediately notify the affected property owner(s) in writing, (2)
explain the need for the sidewalk to be repaired, and (3) demand the owner(s) do
so within ten days.
The circuit court obviously did not consider whether the City’s duty to
notify had been triggered and whether it complied with it prior to Welch’s fall.
-8- Additionally, it is unclear whether Welch had an opportunity to take discovery on
the City’s compliance with the ordinance since the City originally disclaimed that
an applicable ordinance existed. While the circuit court may have reached the
correct result if no such ordinance existed, we cannot ignore the law. The
ordinance is applicable, and it affects this dispute both factually and legally.
Because the circuit court did not take the ordinance into account, we must vacate
its judgment and remand for additional proceedings, including limited discovery on
the City’s compliance with the notification section of the ordinance.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the Jefferson Circuit Court is
vacated and remanded for proceedings consistent with this Opinion.
CALDWELL, JUDGE, CONCURS.
TAYLOR, JUDGE, CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:
Brian Brownfield Carol Schureck Petitt Louisville, Kentucky Tess M. Fortune Pewee Valley, Kentucky
-9-