FILED Jul 09 2020, 8:44 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE M. Slaimon Ayoubi Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Courtney Staton Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
James W. Combs, July 9, 2020 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-1991 v. Appeal from the Boone Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Bruce E. Petit, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 06D02-1702-F3-134
Tavitas, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] James Combs appeals his convictions for Counts I, II, and III, possession of
narcotic drugs, Level 3 felonies; Count V, operating a vehicle while intoxicated
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 1 of 26 endangering a person, a Class A misdemeanor; Count VI, operating a vehicle
while intoxicated, a Class C misdemeanor; Count VII, operating a vehicle with
a schedule I or II controlled substance or its metabolite in the body, a Class C
misdemeanor; Count VIII, leaving the scene of an accident, a Class B
misdemeanor; and Count IX, public intoxication, a Class B misdemeanor. We
affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Issues
[2] Combs raises six issues on appeal; however, we consolidate and restate the
issues as follows:
I. Whether the trial court erred in admitting certain evidence.
II. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in failing to replace a juror with an alternate juror.
III. Whether the prosecutor committed misconduct.
IV. Whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain Combs’ convictions.
Facts
[3] On February 11, 2017, Combs was driving his gold van when he swerved to
avoid another vehicle and struck an electrical box in Lebanon. After the
accident, Combs exited his vehicle and took photographs of the damage.
Witnesses described Combs as “lethargic” and “quiet” at the scene of the
accident. Tr. Vol. III p. 11. Witnesses also reported to law enforcement that
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 2 of 26 Combs looked for something under the driver’s seat of the vehicle, was
“rummaging around,” and trying to “push things around.” Id. at 13. Shortly
thereafter, Combs left the scene.
[4] Officer James Koontz, a patrol officer with the Lebanon Police Department,
responded to a dispatch call regarding the accident and arrived approximately
two minutes later. Combs was not at the scene when Officer Koontz arrived.
Witnesses directed Officer Koontz to a nearby neighborhood, to which Combs
reportedly drove after the accident. Officer Koontz traveled to the
neighborhood, where he observed a fluid trail and a damaged van.
[5] The van was parked in Combs’ driveway and had a flat driver-side front tire;
Officer Koontz observed that the fluid trail continued up the driveway to the
van. Officer Koontz arrived as Combs stepped from the driver’s seat of the van.
Officer Koontz advised Combs to remove his hands from his pockets and asked
if Combs had any weapons. Combs advised Officer Koontz he had three guns
on his person, which Officer Koontz removed. Combs also stated that he
intended to call the police about the accident.
[6] Officer Koontz requested Combs’ identification. As Combs retrieved his
identification from the van, Officer Koontz observed a knife in “the area
between the two front seats.” Tr. Vol. II p. 11. Officer Koontz asked Combs to
step away from the van. As Officer Koontz questioned Combs about the
accident, witnesses to the accident arrived at Combs’ house. Officer Koontz
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 3 of 26 asked Combs for permission to search the van; however, Combs refused, unless
Combs could hand Officer Koontz the items in the vehicle.
[7] During the conversation, Officer Koontz observed that Combs’ eyes were
glassy, Combs had pinpoint pupils, and Combs’ speech was slowed. Officer
Koontz did not detect any odors from Combs’ breath; however, Officer Koontz
became suspicious that Combs may be under the influence of medication or
drugs. Accordingly, Officer Koontz proceeded with an investigation for
operating while intoxicated. Several other officers arrived at the scene,
including Lieutenant Rich Mount, with the Lebanon Police Department.
[8] Combs failed two of the field sobriety tests; however, a portable breath test was
negative for alcohol. Officer Koontz asked if Combs took any prescription
medication that day, and Combs advised that he took his prescribed Adderall
medication. Officer Koontz read Combs the Indiana Implied Consent Law,
and Combs agreed to submit to a chemical test.
[9] At some point after Combs was handcuffed to be transported for the chemical
test,1 but before Combs was taken to the hospital, Officer Koontz asked Combs
if Officer Koontz could look under the front seat of his van. Combs initially
consented to the officers looking under the front passenger seat of the van. The
officers looked under the seat and found a black bag. Combs, however, told the
1 At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Officer Koontz testified that he had detained Combs at this point; however, Combs was not under arrest.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 4 of 26 officers that they could not look inside the bag. The officers then ended their
search.
[10] As Officer Koontz transported Combs to the hospital for the chemical test,
Lieutenant Mount telephoned the prosecutor’s office from his vehicle.
Lieutenant Mount remained with Combs’ van to “figure out . . . what [officers]
were gonna [sic] do with the [van].” Id. at 52. The officers learned that the van
contained valuable items related to Combs’ business.
[11] The officers called for the van to be towed, and an inventory search of the van
was conducted while the van was still in the driveway. The inventory search
yielded several personal items, including white pills in a clear bag, 2 and a
prescription bottle belonging to Combs. The white pills were identified as
Alprazolam, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone—all controlled substances. Some
personal items collected from the van were turned over to Combs’ wife at the
scene. Two days later, Combs’ van was also returned to his wife.
[12] Combs’ urine drug screen revealed the presence of amphetamine, A-
Hydroxyalprazolam, “which is a metabolite for Xanax,” hydrocodone,
oxycodone, and T.H.C. Tr. Vol. IV p. 66. The blood screen detected the
presence of alprazolam and amphetamine.
2 The white pills were found in the small black bag under the driver’s seat.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 5 of 26 [13] On February 13, 2017, the State charged Combs with Counts I, II, and III,
possession of narcotic drugs, 3 Level 3 felonies; Count IV, possession of a
controlled substance, a Level 6 felony; Count V, operating a vehicle while
intoxicated endangering a person, a Class A misdemeanor; Count VI, operating
a vehicle while intoxicated, a Class C misdemeanor; Count VII, operating a
vehicle with a schedule I or II controlled substance or its metabolite in the
body, a Class C misdemeanor; Count VIII, leaving the scene of an accident, a
Class B misdemeanor; and Count IX, public intoxication, a Class B
misdemeanor.
[14] On May 10, 2017, Combs filed a motion to suppress all evidence obtained from
the search of Combs’ van, which he claimed violated his rights pursuant to the
Fourth and Fifth Amendments of the United States Constitution and Article 1,
Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. On July 7, 2017, the trial court held a
hearing on Combs’ motion to suppress.
[15] At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Lieutenant Mount testified that he
“was leaning towards towing [the van] as evidence because it was involved in
the leaving the scene of a property damage accident,” and police department
policy allows impoundment when the vehicle is evidence of a crime. 4 Tr. Vol.
3 These charges were based on the white pills found in Combs’ van: Count I was for possession of hydrocodone; Count II was for possession of 10 milligrams of oxycodone pills; and Count III was for possession of 7.5 milligrams of oxycodone pills. Count IV was for possession of Alprazolam; however, Combs was found not guilty of Count IV. 4 The Lebanon Police Department’s written policy for impound and inventory of vehicles was admitted as an exhibit at the motion to suppress hearing.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 6 of 26 II p. 53. Lieutenant Mount then testified that officers were “definitely” going to
arrest Combs for leaving the scene of a property damage accident after his
blood draw at the hospital; therefore, officers began the process of impounding
and inventorying the van. Id. at 67. When he was asked whether a less
intrusive method was available to obtain the needed evidence, Lieutenant
Mount testified that this procedure was “just [the department’s] policy.” Id. at
70.
[16] In closing arguments at the hearing on the motion to suppress, the State argued
that the decision to impound Combs’ van was “discretionary.” Id. at 85. On
August 9, 2017, the trial court issued an order denying Combs’ motion to
suppress. The trial court found that the officers had probable cause to believe
the van was connected to criminal activity, and thus, could seize the van
without a warrant.
[17] Combs filed a motion to reconsider on August 27, 2018. The trial court entered
an order again denying Combs’ motion to suppress and found as follows:
This Court finds that in this case under consideration, the State did not rely on the automobile exception to enter onto Defendant’s property and seize evidence as was prohibited in Collins v. Virginia[, __ U.S. __, 138 S. Ct. 1663 (2018)]. The officer first to arrive at Defendant’s residence was in fresh pursuit of the Defendant and his arrival at Defendant’s residence occurred at the same time the alleged crime was unfolding. These exigent circumstances allowed the officer to enter onto Defendant’s property. Additionally, the officer had probable cause to believe the Defendant had violated I.C. 9-26-1-1.1[ ] and further, had the authority to arrest the Defendant on his property
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 7 of 26 as a result. The obvious nature of Defendant’s van as evidence of Leaving the Scene of an Accident allowed its seizure pursuant to the plain view doctrine. . . .
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 115. Combs moved to certify the order for
interlocutory appeal on September 26, 2018, which the trial court granted on
September 28, 2018. Our Court denied jurisdiction over Combs’ interlocutory
appeal.
[18] At Combs’ jury trial from May 14 to May 16, 2019, witnesses testified to the
foregoing facts. Combs lodged a continuing objection to the evidence recovered
from the van. At the trial, Lieutenant Mount again testified that law
enforcement towed Combs’ van as evidence of a crime. Lieutenant Mount
testified that he did not obtain a warrant to search the van because obtaining a
search warrant was “a pain in the a**.” Tr. Vol. III p. 169. Also during his
testimony, Lieutenant Mount acknowledged that Combs admitted his
involvement in the accident; however, when pressed about why the van would
need to be seized given Combs’ admission, Lieutenant Mount testified that he
was unsure and that Combs may have initially denied any involvement in the
accident. The jury found Combs not guilty of Count IV, but guilty of the
remaining counts. Combs now appeals.
Analysis
I. Admission of Evidence
[19] “The general admission of evidence at trial is a matter we leave to the discretion
of the trial court.” See Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 259-60 (Ind. 2013). “We
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 8 of 26 review these determinations for abuse of that discretion and reverse only when
admission is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances
and the error affects a party’s substantial rights.” Id. at 260.
A. Search of Combs’ Vehicle
[20] Combs argues that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated when police
searched his vehicle without a warrant. 5 Because Combs appeals from a
completed jury trial rather than the denial of his motion to suppress, the issue is
more appropriately framed as whether the trial court properly admitted the
evidence at trial. See Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 259 (Ind. 2013). We review
the trial court’s conclusions on the admission of evidence for an abuse of
discretion. See id. at 260. “However, when a challenge to an evidentiary ruling
is predicated on the constitutionality of a search or seizure of evidence, it raises
a question of law that is reviewed de novo.” Curry v. State, 90 N.E.3d 677, 683
(Ind. Ct. App. 2017), trans. denied (citations omitted). “The State has the burden
to demonstrate that the measures it used to seize information or evidence were
constitutional.” Id.
[21] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens
against unreasonable searches and seizures by prohibiting them without a
5 Combs also argued in his motion to suppress that the search was improper under Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution. Combs, however, does not articulate an Indiana Constitution argument in his brief as required. See Abel v. State, 773 N.E.2d 276, 278 n.1 (Ind. 2002) (“Because Abel presents no authority or independent analysis supporting a separate standard under the state constitution, any state constitutional claim is waived.”). Accordingly, we agree with the State that this argument is waived. See Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 9 of 26 warrant supported by probable cause. U.S. Const. amend. IV. “The
fundamental purpose of the Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution is to protect the legitimate expectations of privacy that citizens
possess in their persons, their homes, and their belongings.” Taylor v. State, 842
N.E.2d 327, 330 (Ind. 2006). This protection has been “extended to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment.” Bradley v. State, 54 N.E.3d 996, 999
(Ind. 2016). “As a deterrent mechanism, evidence obtained in violation of this
rule is generally not admissible in a prosecution against the victim of the
unlawful search or seizure absent evidence of a recognized exception.” Clark,
994 N.E.2d at 260.
[22] The State argues that the officers lawfully viewed Combs’ van without
conducting a search under the Fourth Amendment and, therefore, the seizure of
Combs’ van was valid under the open view doctrine as evidence of a crime. 6
This argument diverges from the trial court’s order, 7 which allowed seizure of
the vehicle under the plain view doctrine rather than the open view doctrine.
6 The State also argues that Combs waived this argument by failure to raise a cogent argument in his briefs. Combs’ substantive analysis on this issue spans one sentence. We, however, will address the issue because, although appellant’s brief was severely lacking, the arguments made at trial and in the motion to suppress on this issue are sufficient for us to conduct a meaningful review. Although we address this issue, we again instruct counsel to review Indiana Appellate Rule 46, specifically, the requirement for cogent arguments. 7 We note that the State has advanced several theories for the search of the vehicle, and the trial court denied the suppression of the evidence on varying theories. Specifically, Lieutenant Mount initially testified that “he was leaning toward towing [the van] as evidence of a crime and that the subsequent inventory search was done pursuant to policy, tr. vol. II p. 53; however, Lieutenant Mount also testified that the officers decided what they were going to do with the vehicle once they arrested Combs, which implies that the search was incident to arrest. At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the State argued the seizure was a discretionary
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 10 of 26 Often confused with the plain view doctrine is the concept of ‘open view,’ which is used in situations in which a law enforcement officer sees contraband from an area that is not constitutionally protected, but rather is in a place where the officer is lawfully entitled to be. In such situations, anything that is within ‘open view’ may be observed without having to obtain a search warrant because making such ‘open view’ observations does not constitute a search in the constitutional sense. Nonetheless, in order to lawfully seize items in ‘open view,’ it may be necessary to obtain a search warrant or be able to justify a warrantless seizure under an exception to the warrant requirement.
McAnalley v. State, 134 N.E.3d 488, 501 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied.
[23] In Houser v. State, 678 N.E.2d 95, 101 (Ind. 1997), our Supreme Court held that
a warrant is not required to seize incriminating evidence under the plain view
doctrine
if the following conditions are met: (1) police have a legal right to be at the place from which the evidence can be plainly viewed; (2) the incriminating character of the evidence is immediately apparent; and (3) police have a lawful right of access to the object itself.
Houser, 678 N.E.2d at 101. “The immediately apparent prong of the doctrine
requires that the officer have probable cause to believe the evidence will prove
useful in solving a crime.” Wilkinson v. State, 70 N.E.3d 392, 402 (Ind. Ct. App.
impound. The trial court denied Combs’ motion to suppress, then denied Combs’ motion to reconsider and found the State did not rely on the automobile exception, but instead, the plain view doctrine. On appeal, the State argues only that the open view doctrine applies.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 11 of 26 2017) (quotations omitted). “Probable cause requires only that the information
available to the officer would lead a person of reasonable caution to believe the
items could be useful as evidence of a crime. A practical, nontechnical
probability that incriminating evidence is involved is all that is required.” 8
Taylor v. State, 659 N.E.2d 535, 539 (Ind. 1995) (quotations and citations
omitted).
[24] We do not find the open view or plain view doctrines to be operable here. It is
clear from the record that the towing and impound search of the vehicle were
merely pretextual means by which officers could search the vehicle to find
incriminating evidence.
[25] Witnesses reported to officers that Combs looked for something under his seat,
and Officer Koontz asked to search the vehicle early in his investigation.
Combs declined to consent. The vehicle was parked in Combs’ driveway, and
officers had time to procure a warrant before searching the vehicle, but they
declined to do so due to the inconvenience. At the hearing on the motion to
suppress, Lieutenant Mount initially testified that the officers seized the vehicle
as evidence of a crime. Photographs of the vehicle, however, were not admitted
into evidence at trial, and the record reveals that the vehicle was returned to
Combs’ wife two days after it was towed from Combs’ driveway.
8 We observe that the State’s argument and the cases the State cites discuss probable cause in the context of the open view doctrine and not the automobile exception. Accordingly, we will focus on this area of probable cause in our opinion as well.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 12 of 26 [26] Combs admitted that he was going to contact law enforcement regarding the
accident; therefore, it is not clear why the officers needed the van to solve the
crime. The State presented no evidence that the van would “prove useful in
solving” the investigations into the charges of leaving the scene of an accident
or driving while intoxicated. Wilkinson, 70 N.E.3d at 402. The damage was on
the outside of the vehicle and photographs of the vehicle could have preserved
the evidence. Nothing in the record indicates that the officers had probable
cause to believe the van contained evidence that was related to the offenses
being investigated.
[27] The record supports the finding that the officers’ inventory search was a pretext
for searching Combs’ van. 9 See Fair, 627 N.E.2d at 436 (finding the inventory
search at issue “presents several indicia of pretext which raise a question about
whether it was conducted in good faith”); see also Sams v. State, 71 N.E.3d 372,
382 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (finding that a search is “pretextual and therefore
unreasonable” when “any administrative benefits of the officers’ inventory
search were incidental to the investigative benefits when the law required the
opposite”); see cf. Widduck v. State, 861 N.E.2d 1267, 1271 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)
(finding that the inventory search was reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment, in part, because “the record before [the court was] devoid of any
indicia of pretext or subterfuge for general rummaging”). Here, we find indicia
9 The fact that the State admitted as an exhibit at the motion to suppress hearing the police department policy regarding impoundment of vehicles and the subsequent inventory searches does not overcome the pretextual facts we observe in this record.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 13 of 26 of pretext to search Combs’ vehicle for incriminating evidence; accordingly, the
search was unreasonable. We conclude that the search of Combs’ vehicle was
impermissible under the open view and plain view doctrines and the Fourth
Amendment.
[28] In considering the admissibility of evidence obtained from an illegal search, we
must consider the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine.
The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine bars the admission of evidence “directly obtained by [an] illegal search or seizure as well as evidence derivatively gained as a result of information learned or leads obtained during that same search or seizure.” To invoke the doctrine, a defendant must first prove a Fourth Amendment violation and then must show the evidence was a “fruit” of the illegal search. But the exclusion of evidence is not the result of a simple “but for” test. The doctrine has no application where (1) “evidence [is] initially discovered during, or as a consequence of, an unlawful search, but [is] later obtained independently from activities untainted by the initial illegality,” . . . ; (2) “the information ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered by lawful means,” . . . or (3) “the connection between the lawless conduct of the police and the discovery of the challenged evidence has ‘become so attenuated as to dissipate the taint,’ . . . The burden is on the State to prove one of these exceptions applies.
Ogburn v. State, 53 N.E.3d 464, 475 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (quotations and
citations omitted), trans. denied.
[29] Here, the discovery of the evidence obtained from the vehicle was a direct result
of the pretextual and illegal search of Combs’ van. There is also no indication
that the evidence from the van could have been obtained in another way. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 14 of 26 Moreover, the connection between the search and the evidence is not
attenuated to such a point that we could conclude it is no longer tainted. See
also Wright v. State, 108 N.E.3d 307, 315 (Ind. 2018) (holding that the Fourth
Amendment requires that “the objected-to-evidence will be excluded as fruit of
the poisonous tree if police obtained it by exploiting the primary illegality”). 10
[30] The officers violated Combs’ Fourth Amendment rights by searching his vehicle
without a warrant, and the evidence obtained from the search was fruit of the
poisonous tree. Specifically, the pills found in Combs’ vehicle should not have
been admitted at trial. Those pills formed the basis for Combs’ convictions for
Counts I, II, and III. Accordingly, we reverse Combs’ convictions for Counts I,
II, and III, and we remand for proceedings consistent with our opinion.
10 For the reasons discussed above, we also conclude that impoundment of the vehicle would have been invalid. Law enforcement may have authority to impound a vehicle either through statute or law enforcement’s community caretaking function. Wilford v. State, 50 N.E.3d 371, 375 (Ind. 2016). Our Supreme Court:
[has] set forth a strict two-prong standard for proving that the decision to impound a person’s vehicle without a warrant was reasonable:
(1) Consistent with objective standards of sound policing, an officer must believe the vehicle poses a threat of harm to the community or is itself imperiled; and
(2) The officer’s decision to impound adhered to established departmental routine or regulation.
Id. at 375-76 (quoting Fair v. State, 627 N.E.2d 427, 433 (Ind. 1993)). Combs’ vehicle, parked in his driveway, would not have posed a threat of harm to the community; nor was the vehicle itself imperiled. See Fair, 627 N.E.2d at 435 (concluding that impounding the defendant’s vehicle was improper even when the vehicle was not parked at the defendant’s home, but “the permissibility of it remaining at the complex was in the hands of his acquaintances”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 15 of 26 B. Chemical Test Results
[31] Next, Combs argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
certified chemical results pursuant to Indiana Code Section 9-30-6-6(a) because
the State was unable to prove that the person who drew blood from Combs
acted under the direction of or under a protocol prepared by a physician.
Indiana Code Section 9-30-6-6(a) states:
(a) A physician, a person trained in retrieving contraband or obtaining bodily substance samples and acting under the direction of or under a protocol prepared by a physician, or a licensed health care professional acting within the professional’s scope of practice and under the direction of or under a protocol prepared by a physician, who:
(1) obtains a blood, urine, or other bodily substance sample from a person, regardless of whether the sample is taken for diagnostic purposes or at the request of a law enforcement officer under this section;
(2) performs a chemical test on blood, urine, or other bodily substance obtained from a person; or
(3) searches for or retrieves contraband from the body cavity of an individual;
shall deliver the sample or contraband or disclose the results of the test to a law enforcement officer who requests the sample, contraband, or results as a part of a criminal investigation. Samples, contraband, and test results shall be provided to a law enforcement officer even if the person has not consented to or otherwise authorized their release.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 16 of 26 [32] First, we agree with the State that Combs has waived this issue because he did
not raise non-compliance with Indiana Code Section 9-30-6-6(a) below. See
Shorter v. State, 144 N.E.3d 829, 841 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (quoting Washington v.
State, 808 N.E.2d 617, 625 (Ind. 2004)) (concluding that failure to raise an
argument in the trial court constituted waiver on appeal because “‘a trial court
cannot be found to have erred as to an issue or argument that it never had an
opportunity to consider’”). Waiver notwithstanding, Tiffany Long, a lab
phlebotomist at Witham Health Services, who conducted Combs’ blood draw,
testified that she followed a specific protocol required for blood draws, and that
the procedure, therefore, was approved by a physician. 11 Long then testified in
detail about the process, which included inverting the tubes of blood, labeling
the samples, placing the samples in a biohazard bag, taping the bags shut, and
placing them in a lock box. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the evidence of the chemical blood draw.
II. Request to replace juror
[33] Combs next argues the trial court erred in refusing his request to replace a juror
after the juror disclosed, after the trial began, that he knew one of the State’s
witnesses. “Trial courts have broad discretion in deciding whether to remove
and replace a juror before deliberations have begun and, in such circumstances,
11 The name of the physician who approved the procedure was not given at trial.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 17 of 26 we reverse only for an abuse of discretion.” Durden v. State, 99 N.E.3d 645, 650
(Ind. 2018) (citations omitted).
[34] During the State’s case-in-chief, the trial court was advised that a juror formerly
worked at a pharmacy that Lieutenant Mount frequented. The juror did not
initially recognize Lieutenant Mount’s name on the witness list during voir dire.
When questioned about the nature of the juror’s relationship to Lieutenant
Mount, the juror stated that: (1) he and Lieutenant Mount did not have a social
relationship; (2) the juror was no longer in contact with Lieutenant Mount; but
(3) the juror thought positively of Lieutenant Mount. The juror told the trial
court that the juror could consider the “big picture” of all the evidence in
reaching a result in the case. Tr. Vol. III p. 68. Combs requested that the juror
be replaced by an alternate juror, which the trial court denied.
[35] We cannot say the trial court abused its discretion. The juror advised the trial
court his familiarity with Lieutenant Mount would not prevent him from
considering and weighing the evidence independently. Moreover, the juror
knew Lieutenant Mount professionally, not socially, and the two were no
longer in contact. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
declining to replace the juror with an alternate juror.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 18 of 26 III. Prosecutorial Misconduct
[36] Combs argues the prosecutor committed misconduct by improperly shifting the
State’s burden of proof at trial to Combs regarding certain evidence. 12 During
the defense’s case-in-chief, Vicki Combs (“Vicki”), Combs’ wife, testified that
the pills belonged to Vicki’s family members and that Vicki’s family members
had prescriptions for the pills. During Vicki’s testimony, the following colloquy
occurred on cross-examination:
[DEPUTY PROSECUTOR]: And of course this happened about two and a half (2-1/2) years ago, right?
[VICKI]: Correct.
[DEPUTY PROSECUTOR]: Alright. And it is your testimony today that the pills found in the bag belonged to your, and I apologize, grandmother?
[VICKI]: My mother, grandmother, father, they were a culmination of, of all that she [sic] was finding at the house.
[DEPUTY PROSECUTOR]: So you [have] had two and a half (2-1/2) years to perhaps get some prescription records for your mother, grandmother, is that right?
[COMBS’ COUNSEL]: Objection Judge. May we approach?
12 We observe that this issue is likely a moot point on remand as we have decided that admission of items in the van, which includes the pills, was improper.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 19 of 26 Tr. Vol. IV p. 174. Combs objected on the grounds that this question left the
jury with the belief “that the defense had a duty to produce exculpatory
evidence, instead of the true requirement that the jury must find that the State
themselves produced sufficient evidence” to support Combs’ convictions.
Appellant’s Br. p. 27. The trial court sustained Combs’ objection insofar as
how the State asked the question, i.e., why Vicki did or did not produce any
documentation to support her claim that the pills belonged to her family
members; however, the trial court allowed the State to ask Vicki whether she
produced such documentation.
[37] When reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, we must determine
whether the prosecutor: (1) engaged in misconduct that, (2) under all of the
circumstances, placed the defendant in a position of grave peril to which he or
she would not have been otherwise subjected. Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 667
(Ind. 2014); see also Nichols v. State, 974 N.E.2d 531, 535 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012). “‘Whether a prosecutor’s argument constitutes misconduct is measured
by reference to case law and the Rules of Professional Conduct.’” Nichols, 974
N.E.2d at 535 (quoting Cooper v. State, 854 N.E.2d 831, 835 (Ind. 2006)). We
measure the weight of the peril by the probable persuasive effect of the
misconduct on the jury rather than the degree of impropriety of the
conduct. Id.
[38] We are not persuaded that the State’s question resulted in improper burden-
shifting. As the State articulates in its brief, the deputy prosecutor’s question
was “aimed at illuminating the suspicious timing of [Vicki’s] claims of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 20 of 26 Defendant’s innocence and was relevant to the jury’s assessment of her
credibility.” Appellee’s Br. p. 42. Moreover, as the State also argues, the final
jury instructions explained the State’s burden to prove each element of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Based on the record before us, Combs has
failed to demonstrate that the deputy prosecutor committed misconduct.
IV. Insufficiency of Evidence
[39] Combs argues the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for
operating while intoxicated and leaving the scene of a property damage
accident. When a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is raised, “[w]e
neither reweigh evidence nor judge witness credibility.” Gibson v. State, 51
N.E.3d 204, 210 (Ind. 2016) (citing Bieghler v. State, 481 N.E.2d 78, 84 (Ind.
1985), cert. denied), cert. denied. Instead, “we ‘consider only that evidence most
favorable to the judgment together with all reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom.’” Id. (quoting Bieghler, 481 N.E.2d at 84). “We will affirm the
judgment if it is supported by ‘substantial evidence of probative value even if
there is some conflict in that evidence.’” Id.; see also McCallister v. State, 91
N.E.3d 554, 558 (Ind. 2018) (holding that, even though there was conflicting
evidence, it was “beside the point” because that argument “misapprehend[s]
our limited role as a reviewing court”). “We will affirm the conviction unless
no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Love v. State, 73 N.E.3d 693, 696 (Ind. 2017) (citing Drane v.
State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007)).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 21 of 26 A. Operating While Intoxicated
[40] Pursuant to Indiana Code Section 9-30-5-2(b), “a person who operates a vehicle
while intoxicated,” commits operating a vehicle while intoxicated. If the
operation is done “in a manner that endangers a person,” the offense is a Class
A misdemeanor. Ind. Code § 9-30-5-2(b). Combs argues the evidence was
insufficient that: (1) Combs was the driver of the vehicle; and (2) intoxication
occurred contemporaneously with his operation of the vehicle.
[41] Regarding Combs’ first argument, the State provided sufficient evidence that
Combs operated the vehicle. One of the witnesses to the accident testified that
the driver who left the scene of the accident was the same person she later
observed speaking with the police in Combs’ driveway. See Tr. Vol. III p. 12. 13
Moreover, moments after the accident was reported, Officer Koontz observed
Combs exit the driver’s side of the vehicle. According to the officers, Combs
claimed he intended to call the police to report the accident, which supports the
inference that Combs was the driver. The evidence was sufficient to prove that
Combs operated the van.
[42] In addition, the evidence also supported the finding that Combs operated the
van while intoxicated. Officer Koontz identified Combs’ pinpoint pupils, slow
speech, and glassy eyes. Combs failed two field sobriety tests. The blood and
urine tests administered shortly after Combs drove the vehicle revealed positive
13 The witness did not identify Combs in the courtroom; however, the witness was clear that the person she saw at the scene of the accident was the same person she saw speaking with the police in Combs’ driveway.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 22 of 26 results for controlled substances. Dr. Sheila Arnold, a forensic toxicologist with
the Indiana State Department of Toxicology, testified that the concentrations of
substances found in Combs’ system “were consistent with the impairment
observed by the officer.” Tr. Vol. IV p. 113. Specifically, Dr. Arnold testified
that pinpoint pupils are a “classic indicator” of opioids in an individual’s
system. Id. at 120.
[43] Combs’ arguments that: (1) we cannot determine the precise time of
intoxication; and (2) Combs could not have been intoxicated because he was
able to avoid an accident with another vehicle, are merely requests for us to
reweigh evidence, which we cannot do. See Gibson, 51 N.E.3d at 210. The
evidence was sufficient to find Combs guilty of operating while intoxicated.
B. Leaving the Scene of an Accident
[44] Combs next argues that the evidence was insufficient to support Combs’
conviction for leaving the scene of an accident. Combs was charged under
Indiana Code Sections 9-26-1-1.1(a)(4) and (b).
(a) The operator of a motor vehicle involved in an accident shall do the following:
(1) Except as provided in section 1.2 of this chapter, the operator shall immediately stop the operator’s motor vehicle:
(A) at the scene of the accident; or
(B) as close to the accident as possible;
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 23 of 26 in a manner that does not obstruct traffic more than is necessary.
(2) Remain at the scene of the accident until the operator does the following:
(A) Gives the operator’s name and address and the registration number of the motor vehicle the operator was driving to any person involved in the accident.
(B) Exhibits the operator's driver's license to any person involved in the accident or occupant of or any person attending to any vehicle involved in the accident.
*****
(4) If the accident involves a collision with an unattended vehicle or damage to property other than a vehicle, the operator shall, in addition to the requirements of subdivisions (1) and (2):
(A) take reasonable steps to locate and notify the owner or person in charge of the damaged vehicle or property of the damage; and
(B) if after reasonable inquiry the operator cannot find the owner or person in charge of the damaged vehicle or property, the operator must contact a law enforcement officer or agency and provide the information required by this section.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 24 of 26 (b) An operator of a motor vehicle who knowingly or intentionally fails to comply with subsection (a) commits leaving the scene of an accident, a Class B misdemeanor.
Ind. Code § 9-26-1-1.1. Combs argues that the statute did not require Combs to
stay at the scene of the accident to determine the owner of the property and/or
contact law enforcement.
[45] “When interpreting a statute, our primary goal is to fulfill the legislature’s
intent.” Day v. State, 57 N.E.3d 809, 813 (Ind. 2016). The best evidence of the
legislature’s intent is the statute’s language. See id. “If that language is clear
and unambiguous, we simply apply its plain and ordinary meaning, heeding
both what it does say and what it does not say.” Id. (quotations omitted).
[46] Here, the statute contemplates what a person must do, under Indiana Code
Section 9-26-1-1.1(a)(4), when a driver is in an accident that results in property
damage. That subsection of the statute specifically states the requirements are
in addition to the mandate of Indiana Code Section 9-26-1-1.1(a)(2), under
which a driver must remain at the scene of an accident. The statute does not
provide that, in the event of property damage, a person may drive away and call
law enforcement at a later, more convenient time. Accordingly, the statute
required Combs to determine the owner of the property or contact law
enforcement at the scene of the accident.
[47] Sufficient evidence supports Combs’ conviction for leaving the scene of an
accident. Witness testimony revealed that Combs hit the electrical box, got out
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 25 of 26 of his vehicle, took photographs with his phone, drove away from the scene,
and went home. Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient to convict Combs of
leaving the scene of an accident, a Class B misdemeanor.
Conclusion
[48] The warrantless search of Combs’ vehicle violated his Fourth Amendment
rights; therefore, evidence found as a result of the illegal search should have
been excluded. Accordingly, we reverse Combs’ convictions for Counts I, II,
and III, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. The trial
court, however, did not abuse its discretion in admitting the results of Combs’
chemical blood test or in failing to replace a juror with the alternate juror. The
deputy prosecutor did not commit misconduct, and the evidence was sufficient
to convict Combs of leaving the scene of an accident and operating a vehicle
while intoxicated. Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand
for proceedings consistent with our opinion.
[49] Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Riley, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1991 | July 9, 2020 Page 26 of 26