Peyton, C. J.:
At the March term of the circuit court of Warren county, [1746]*1746Nelson Jambs was convicted of the murder of-one Jerry Miller, -and sentenced.by.the court to be hung. ■ From this judgment he .brings the case here for the revision of this court, and assigns for error: , .-
1. The overruling the defendant’s motion for .a .new trial.' .. 2. The admission of :the. statement-or confession of the defendant as evidence oh the trial. , ...
. 3. Permitting the statement of Ann Miller to go to the. jury.
4. That the court erred in not asking the prisoner if -he had anything to say why sentence of death shotrld not be pronounced against him.
We shall consider the three first - assignments together. ■
In this case-the evidence of guilt,-as-the record shows,-was entirely circumstantial, and whether that was sufficient to sustain the conviction, is-the first ■ question to -be solved.-- In civil cases it is sufficient if the evidence on -the whole agrees with - and supports the- hypóthesis which it is adduced- to prove; but in criminal cases, it must be such as to produce a moral certainty. of guilt, and to exclude any other reasonable hypothesis. In both' cases a verdict may be well:founded, on circumstances alone; and these often lead to a conclusion far more satisfactory than direct evidence can produce. As mathematical certainty is not attainable in such cases, moral certainty is- all that -the law requires; and even direct .testimony, it is' said, does not afford grounds of belief of a higher-nature. Evidence-which satisfies the minds of the jury to. this extent, constitutes full proof of the fact in question before them. ■ This moral certainty is defined by Chief Justice Shaw, in-his charge to the jury in the Webster case, to be a certainty that convinces and directs the understanding, and satisfies the reason and judgment of those who are bound to act conscientiously upon it.-
Upon a careful examination of the evidence -in this case,-we think it sufficient to justify the conviction. And although counsel have insisted that -the evidence, exclusive of-the -confessions of the accused, is not sufficient to sustain the- conviction,we have not been able to find in this record any confessions of guilt made by the defendant, who, on the contrary, persistently denied having committed the offense.; -
[1747]*1747Jacob Black testified that' on Sunday evening-after tbe killing, in company with Gabriel Bowman, he arrested tbe deféndant and took him to Dart’s; that another party of several persons came along to take tbe defendant from him, to carry him before Esquire Ulm; that he finally gave tbe defendant up to them; they seemed to be very excited; they said if they took bim they would make bim tell if be killed Jerry Miller; they said they would kill him if be did not tell; one -man who made •this threat was a: constable; this was'about dark on Sunday evening; defendant beard tbe threat-; witness -was at tbe burial and saw people take tbe defendant and put bis band on-the dead body, saying you killed bim, Nelson, you know'yóu did-; Nelson denied all tbe -time-when thus accused-that- be killed Jerry, and said nothing about tbe shooting -; tbe conduct of these men, though harsh and reprehensible, produced 'no confession from tbe defendant of bis guilt. ■'
Tbe admission of tbe statement of Ann Miller as evidence to tbe jury is assigned for -error. ' This statement'was drawn out by way of answer to a quéstion put by tbe defendant, who asked her “Where were you last night that you let them get my breeches.” She said she bad- gone to "her sister-in-law’s. He said “that is damnation to me;' if it hád not been for you, I should not have been in- this trouble.” If there bad been anything in her statement except to- give -point and- meaning to what the defendant said immediately thereafter,'it would have been objectionable.
It abundantly appears from tbe testimony in the case that an unfriendly feeling existed between tbe defendant-and deceased for some time prior to tbe killing, growing out of'the fact that tbe wife of tbe deceased was, and bad been for some time, living with tbe defendant.
S. T. Ulm, in bis testimony-, states that be knew the' deceased Jerry. Miller and Ann--Miller, bis wife, and that'- a- feud existed between defendant and deceased about Ann-; that some-time in tbe spring, before tbe killing took place, h'e'heard'the defendant say that if tbe deceased-bothered him'any more about Ann, be would kill bim; that on the preliminary trial before- bim an old pair-of light gray pantaloons were produced, which tbe defend-^ [1748]*1748ant said were Ms; the pants were rolled up wet, and looked as though they had been washed; saw stains on one leg resembling blood.
Alexander Smith, Allen Noble, and Harriet Hardiston testified that the defendant had made in their presence threats that he would kill the deceased, similar to that made in the presence of Ulm.
Jackson Marshall says in his testimony that about 3 or 4 o’clock in the evening of the day of the Mlling, he met the defendant near his house with a gun, who went into witness’s house out of a rain, and fearing the powder may have become wet, he stepped out of the house and fired off his gun, and went into the house again, where he reloaded the gun with slugs and shot; the defendant then left his house and went in the direction of the railroad; about an hour after defendant left witness’s house, he heard a gun fire in the direction of the spot where the body pf the deceased was found; the report was like that of the gun fired by defendant outside of his door; saw the dead body, and the slugs and shot after they were taken out of the wound; these seemed to be the same sort with which the defendant loaded his gun at Ms house; witness knew defendant’s gun, and said the one in court was the same.
Martha Paul testified that she saw the defendant in the evening of the killing standing under the bridge over the railroad with a gun; she asked him what he was doing there, and he said to her that he was “ hunting rabbits; ” witness went directly home, and was but a very short time in getting there, and just as she got home, she heard a gun fire in the direction she had come; said that defendant had a little short gun like that exlfibited in court.
Jacob Black testified that he was with the deceased at Newman’s store at nearly dark on the day he was killed; that it was about a half mile from Newman’s store to the placó of killing; that the dirt road crosses the railroad on a bridge near the spot; on his way home the deceased would have to cross the bridge; it is something less than a half mile from the bridge to the point where the body was found; from the latter place one could see a person crossing the bridge; there is a deep cut in the direction [1749]*1749of the bridge; a man. pursuing the dirt road would come very suddenly upon one at the place of killing.
John Hardiston testified that defendant said that he had loaded his gun with slugs and shot, and that he saw Mr. Newman take slugs and shot out of the wound ; that the defendant said that he did shoot off his gun, but that he shot at a rabbit, and if he killed Jerry Miller he did not know it.
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Peyton, C. J.:
At the March term of the circuit court of Warren county, [1746]*1746Nelson Jambs was convicted of the murder of-one Jerry Miller, -and sentenced.by.the court to be hung. ■ From this judgment he .brings the case here for the revision of this court, and assigns for error: , .-
1. The overruling the defendant’s motion for .a .new trial.' .. 2. The admission of :the. statement-or confession of the defendant as evidence oh the trial. , ...
. 3. Permitting the statement of Ann Miller to go to the. jury.
4. That the court erred in not asking the prisoner if -he had anything to say why sentence of death shotrld not be pronounced against him.
We shall consider the three first - assignments together. ■
In this case-the evidence of guilt,-as-the record shows,-was entirely circumstantial, and whether that was sufficient to sustain the conviction, is-the first ■ question to -be solved.-- In civil cases it is sufficient if the evidence on -the whole agrees with - and supports the- hypóthesis which it is adduced- to prove; but in criminal cases, it must be such as to produce a moral certainty. of guilt, and to exclude any other reasonable hypothesis. In both' cases a verdict may be well:founded, on circumstances alone; and these often lead to a conclusion far more satisfactory than direct evidence can produce. As mathematical certainty is not attainable in such cases, moral certainty is- all that -the law requires; and even direct .testimony, it is' said, does not afford grounds of belief of a higher-nature. Evidence-which satisfies the minds of the jury to. this extent, constitutes full proof of the fact in question before them. ■ This moral certainty is defined by Chief Justice Shaw, in-his charge to the jury in the Webster case, to be a certainty that convinces and directs the understanding, and satisfies the reason and judgment of those who are bound to act conscientiously upon it.-
Upon a careful examination of the evidence -in this case,-we think it sufficient to justify the conviction. And although counsel have insisted that -the evidence, exclusive of-the -confessions of the accused, is not sufficient to sustain the- conviction,we have not been able to find in this record any confessions of guilt made by the defendant, who, on the contrary, persistently denied having committed the offense.; -
[1747]*1747Jacob Black testified that' on Sunday evening-after tbe killing, in company with Gabriel Bowman, he arrested tbe deféndant and took him to Dart’s; that another party of several persons came along to take tbe defendant from him, to carry him before Esquire Ulm; that he finally gave tbe defendant up to them; they seemed to be very excited; they said if they took bim they would make bim tell if be killed Jerry Miller; they said they would kill him if be did not tell; one -man who made •this threat was a: constable; this was'about dark on Sunday evening; defendant beard tbe threat-; witness -was at tbe burial and saw people take tbe defendant and put bis band on-the dead body, saying you killed bim, Nelson, you know'yóu did-; Nelson denied all tbe -time-when thus accused-that- be killed Jerry, and said nothing about tbe shooting -; tbe conduct of these men, though harsh and reprehensible, produced 'no confession from tbe defendant of bis guilt. ■'
Tbe admission of tbe statement of Ann Miller as evidence to tbe jury is assigned for -error. ' This statement'was drawn out by way of answer to a quéstion put by tbe defendant, who asked her “Where were you last night that you let them get my breeches.” She said she bad- gone to "her sister-in-law’s. He said “that is damnation to me;' if it hád not been for you, I should not have been in- this trouble.” If there bad been anything in her statement except to- give -point and- meaning to what the defendant said immediately thereafter,'it would have been objectionable.
It abundantly appears from tbe testimony in the case that an unfriendly feeling existed between tbe defendant-and deceased for some time prior to tbe killing, growing out of'the fact that tbe wife of tbe deceased was, and bad been for some time, living with tbe defendant.
S. T. Ulm, in bis testimony-, states that be knew the' deceased Jerry. Miller and Ann--Miller, bis wife, and that'- a- feud existed between defendant and deceased about Ann-; that some-time in tbe spring, before tbe killing took place, h'e'heard'the defendant say that if tbe deceased-bothered him'any more about Ann, be would kill bim; that on the preliminary trial before- bim an old pair-of light gray pantaloons were produced, which tbe defend-^ [1748]*1748ant said were Ms; the pants were rolled up wet, and looked as though they had been washed; saw stains on one leg resembling blood.
Alexander Smith, Allen Noble, and Harriet Hardiston testified that the defendant had made in their presence threats that he would kill the deceased, similar to that made in the presence of Ulm.
Jackson Marshall says in his testimony that about 3 or 4 o’clock in the evening of the day of the Mlling, he met the defendant near his house with a gun, who went into witness’s house out of a rain, and fearing the powder may have become wet, he stepped out of the house and fired off his gun, and went into the house again, where he reloaded the gun with slugs and shot; the defendant then left his house and went in the direction of the railroad; about an hour after defendant left witness’s house, he heard a gun fire in the direction of the spot where the body pf the deceased was found; the report was like that of the gun fired by defendant outside of his door; saw the dead body, and the slugs and shot after they were taken out of the wound; these seemed to be the same sort with which the defendant loaded his gun at Ms house; witness knew defendant’s gun, and said the one in court was the same.
Martha Paul testified that she saw the defendant in the evening of the killing standing under the bridge over the railroad with a gun; she asked him what he was doing there, and he said to her that he was “ hunting rabbits; ” witness went directly home, and was but a very short time in getting there, and just as she got home, she heard a gun fire in the direction she had come; said that defendant had a little short gun like that exlfibited in court.
Jacob Black testified that he was with the deceased at Newman’s store at nearly dark on the day he was killed; that it was about a half mile from Newman’s store to the placó of killing; that the dirt road crosses the railroad on a bridge near the spot; on his way home the deceased would have to cross the bridge; it is something less than a half mile from the bridge to the point where the body was found; from the latter place one could see a person crossing the bridge; there is a deep cut in the direction [1749]*1749of the bridge; a man. pursuing the dirt road would come very suddenly upon one at the place of killing.
John Hardiston testified that defendant said that he had loaded his gun with slugs and shot, and that he saw Mr. Newman take slugs and shot out of the wound ; that the defendant said that he did shoot off his gun, but that he shot at a rabbit, and if he killed Jerry Miller he did not know it.
Moses Kelly testified that when he got to the graveyard everybody was there but the defendant, and he was going in an opposite direction from, the burial ground, but turned and went with the witness and others to the graveyard, and there said that his gun was loaded with slugs and shot, which he shot at a rabbit down on the road, and if he killed Jerry Miller he did not know it; heard the defendant ask Ann Miller “ Where -were you last night that you let them get my breeches ? ” she said that she had gone to her sister-in-law’s; he then said that is damnation to me; if it had not been for you, I should not have been in this trouble.
James A. Newman in his testimony says that the gun in court is the same that was got at defendant’s; and Mr. Dart testified that defendant lived on his place; that there is a cut at the point where the body was found, which would prevent a person on the railroad from seeing one on the dirt road, nor could one on the latter see another upon the former; the locality is favorable for the concealment of one contemplating crime; at the place where the body was found one could easily see another riding across the bridge; at the spot where the body was found the two roads run parallel, the railroad running through a cut; the bank there is about four feet high.
The previous threats, the antecedent grudge, and lying in wait with a gun loaded with slugs, are evidences of malice and of a deadly purpose, and together with the other circumstances detailed in the evidence, point to the plaintiff in error as the guilty agent, and establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. For circumstantial evidence, to be sufficient for conviction, should tend to exclude every other supposition inconsistent with the defendant’s guilt; but it need not necessarily be such as to show it to be impossible that any other person could have committed [1750]*1750'the crime. There is nothing in the three first assignments of error to justify this court in reversing the judgment in this case.
This brings us to the fourth assignment of error, which presents the question whether it is necessary, in passing sentence vof death, that the court' should previously ask the prisoner if he has anything to say why judgment should not be pronounced against him. This is the first time, so far as ’we’ know; that this question has been' presented for the adjudication of this court. '
This seenis' to be required' by the' highest "authorities, such as Hale, Hawkins, Blackstone, Chitty, and 'Archbold, and the absence of which was ruled, in Rex v. Geary, 2 Salk., 630, and King v. Speke, 3 Salk., 358, to'be fatal. And we find' it contained in all the books of entries and forms, so far as' we have been able to examine them. As these forms of records are deéply seated in the foundations of the law, and as they cohduc'e to safety and certainty, they surely ought' not to be" disregarded when the life or liberty of a human being is' ini question.'•
In the above cited case of The King v. Geary, in 2 Salkeld, Geary: was attainted of high treason,'" on an indictment to “which he pleaded not guilty. Upon a writ of error brought 'to reverse the' attainder, the exception was taken,' that it did hot appear frond the record that he was asked 'what he had to say why judgment should not be given against' him.' ' And the court held the' exception' good; for he might have a pardon or other matter to move in arrest of judgment:" And in New York, in the case of Safford v. The People, 1 Parker’s Cr. Cases, 476, the court say: “By the record,'as certified to'us, it does not appear that the court demanded of the defendant what he had to say why judgment should not' bé pronounced against him. This undoubtedly was necessary; and it seéms, it must appear by the record to have been done.” And this is Recognized by the court in New Jersey, in the case óf West v. The State, 2 Zabriskie, 222, as the correct doctrine; as also in the state of Georgia, in the case of Grady v. The State, 11 Georgia, 257. And it has been held in Pennsylvania, that Upon a conviction for murder in the first degree, it should appear'from the record that the prisoner "was "present in court [1751]*1751when he was sentenced to be executed, and that he was asked if he had anything to say why sentence of death should not be pronounced. upon, him. . Hamilton alias Thacker v. Commonwealth, 4 Harris, 129. And so in Alabama, in the case of Perry v. The State, 43. Ala., 22. This principle of law has its foundation in good sense and common justice, and applies in all-capital cases. . .
Mr..Bishop,.in a. thorough examination of the English and American doctrine upon this subject, says: “It is now indispensably necessary, even in clergyable felonies, that the defendant should be asked by .the .court-, if he has anything--to say why judgment, of death should not be pronounced on him; and it is material that this appear upon the record to have been done; and its omission will be a sufficient, ground for reversal of the judgment.. On this occasion he may allege any ground in arrest of- judgment';. .or plead a pardon, if he has obtained, one. If he has - nothing to urge in bar, he may - address .the court in mitigation of his conduct,.or cast .himself upon .their mercy.” 1 Bishop’s Cr. Pr., sec. 865.
Blackstone says:. “When upon a- capital charge, the-.-jury, have brought in their verdict guilty, in -the presence of, the-prisoner, he is either immediately, or at a convenient time soon after, asked by the court if he has anything to offer why judgment should, not be awarded. against him.” 4 Comm,, 375. And. in-.the. .appendix .to that volume, he has. given a record-of-, an indictment and conviction of murder, which might aid clerks', in making up such records, if they were disposed-to read it and avail themselves of it.
- Eorthe reason,-that it does not appear from the record ...that the plaintiff in error was asked by the court if he had anything, to say Why judgmenb.&f, death- -should- not -be;.,p.rormuneed on him, the judgment-will-. be -.reversed, and. the. cause, remanded for the further action of the court below, in accordance with this opinion. The verdict stands as it is.