NUMBER 13-13-00558-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
JAMES THOMPSON, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 117th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Perkes and Longoria Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria By two issues, appellant James Thompson challenges his conviction of three
counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child (Counts I-III) and one count of indecency
with a child (Count IV). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.021(a)(1)(A), (2)(B), 21.11(a)
(West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). Count Four was enhanced to a first-degree felony
by two prior felony convictions. The case was tried to a jury, which returned a verdict of guilty on all counts. The trial court assessed punishment on all counts at life imprisonment
in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice—Institutional Division, court costs, and no
fine. See id. § 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i) (providing for mandatory life sentence for habitual
offenders subsequently convicted of certain offenses). The trial court ordered the
sentence on Count III to run consecutively to the sentences on the other counts. We
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
J.J., the ten-year-old minor complainant in this case, lived in an apartment with his
grandmother Teresa, her roommate Brenda Johnson, and Johnson’s son, Robert
McGorlick.1 Teresa testified that J.J.’s mother, Teresa’s daughter K.S., would
occasionally live with them. Teresa described K.S. as addicted to heroin and “constantly
in and out of the hospital and basically living on the street.” In November or December
of 2012, McGorlick entered a romantic relationship with appellant, a co-worker he met
while working at Denny’s. Teresa testified that appellant stayed over in the apartment “a
few times.”
After a hearing outside the presence of the jury, and over appellant’s objections,
the trial court judge designated Teresa as the outcry witness under article 38.072, § 2(a)
of the code of criminal procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072, § 2(a)
(West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). According to Teresa, on February 12, 2013, J.J.
and K.S. were having an argument and J.J. “just really got out of control.” K.S. and J.J.
went outside for approximately ten minutes. When they returned, K.S. told J.J. to tell
Teresa “what you told me.” In response to Teresa’s extensive questions, J.J. told her that
1 We will refer to the minor complainant and his mother by their initials to protect the complainant’s privacy.
2 appellant had touched J.J.’s penis and that he had inserted his penis into J.J.’s anus. J.J.
told Teresa that this occurred both at Teresa’s apartment and at appellant’s apartment in
Robstown, Texas. There was no evidence in the record regarding the specifics of what
J.J. told K.S. during the ten minutes they were outside the apartment.
J.J. also testified at trial. J.J. testified to all of the information that Teresa’s
testimony contained plus additional details and instances of abuse. J.J. also told the jury
that appellant twice touched J.J.’s penis with his mouth and once forced J.J. to “suck on”
appellant’s penis. During one of J.J.’s visits to appellant’s apartment, appellant inserted
his penis into J.J.’s anus while J.J. lay naked on his hands and knees on appellant’s bed.
J.J. described witnessing appellant place lotion on appellant’s penis before inserting it.
At another time, appellant inserted his finger into J.J.’s anus. J.J. also told the court that
he observed appellant and McGorlick having sexual contact, but that they apparently
were not aware that J.J. was watching.
II. OUTCRY TESTIMONY
By his first issue, appellant challenges the trial court’s decision to permit Teresa to
testify regarding what J.J. told her because she was not the proper outcry witnesses. See
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072, § 2(a).
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In prosecutions for certain offense against children, “[a]rticle 38.072 allows the first
person to whom the child described the offense in some discernible manner to testify
about the statements the child made.” Yebio v. State, 87 S.W.3d 193, 198 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2002, pet. ref'd). Article 38.072 acts as an exception to the hearsay rule.
Reyes v. State, 274 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, pet. ref'd).
3 We review the decision to admit an outcry statement for abuse of discretion.
Robinett v. State, 383 S.W.3d 758, 761 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.). “A trial court
has broad discretion in determining the admissibility of the proper outcry witness. The
exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed unless a clear abuse of that discretion is
established by the record.” Reyes, 274 S.W.3d at 727 (citing Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d
88, 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (en banc)); accord Hanson v. State, 180 S.W.3d 726, 729
(Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no pet.). Article 38.072 requires that “the statements be made:
(1) by the child against whom the offense was allegedly committed; and (2) to the first
person, eighteen years of age or older, to whom the child made a statement about the
offense.” Reyes, 274 S.W.3d at 727. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has construed
this language to mean that the proper outcry witness is the first adult person “to whom
the child makes a statement that in some discernible manner describes the alleged
offense. . . . [T]he statement must be more than words which give a general allusion that
something in the area of child abuse was going on.” Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91; see
Castelan v. State, 54 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.)
(applying Garcia). In other words, the proper outcry witness is the first adult, other than
the accused, to whom the complainant told the “how, when, and where” of the offense.
Hanson, 180 S.W.3d at 729. Article 38.072 also requires that “the trial court finds, in a
hearing conducted outside the presence of the jury, that the statement is reliable based
on time, content, and circumstances of the statement.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
38.072, § 2(b)(2). The statute is mandatory, and the trial court commits error if it overrules
a hearsay objection without first conducting the hearing. Moore v. State, 233 S.W.3d 32,
35 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).
4 B. Analysis
Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it designated
Teresa as the outcry witness under section 2 of article 38.072 without inquiring into what
J.J. told K.S. before he spoke to Teresa. Appellant asserts that K.S. was likely the proper
outcry witnesses because K.S. told J.J. to tell Teresa “what you told me,” which indicates
that J.J. communicated more than a “general allusion that something in the area of child
abuse was going on.” See Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91.
The State responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion because there
was sufficient evidence for the trial court judge to find that Teresa was the first person to
whom J.J. communicated more than a “general allusion” of abuse. The State argues that
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the trial court’s designation of the outcry
witness in Garcia, a case with similar facts. See id. at 91–92. The seven-year-old
complainant in that case first spoke to her first grade teacher about the abuse for
approximately the same amount of time that J.J. spent with K.S. outside of Teresa’s
apartment. Id. at 90. The teacher testified generally regarding what the complainant told
her, but when the State attempted to elicit testimony about the specifics of the child’s
statements, the defense successfully objected on hearsay grounds. Id. The State later
successfully moved to designate as the outcry witness an employee of the Texas
Department of Human Services who investigated the allegations. Id. at 91. The Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals upheld the trial court’s decision because there was evidence
that the statements to the counselor were extensive and the Court was unable to
determine from the record what the complainant told the teacher. Id. The Garcia court
supported its holding in part with the fact that the defendant prevented the teacher from
5 testifying regarding the specifics of the child’s statements to her by objecting, and the
defendant also declined to recall the teacher to the stand and elicit testimony regarding
what the child told her, which could have rebutted the predicate the State laid for
designating the investigator as the proper outcry witness. Id.
After thorough consideration of the record, we conclude that appellant has not
demonstrated that the trial court abused its discretion. Even though the trial court did not
know the content of J.J.’s statements to K.S. during those ten minutes, there was
sufficient evidence for the trial court to conclude that Teresa was the first adult to whom
J.J. gave more than a “general allusion” of abuse. The trial court knew from Teresa’s
testimony that she talked with and questioned J.J. for a much longer period of time than
the ten minutes that K.S. and J.J. were outside of the apartment. Teresa testified that
she had a much stronger and more open relationship with J.J. than K.S. because Teresa
was his primary caregiver. More importantly, Teresa was the first adult able and willing
to testify to whom J.J. made an outcry. Teresa testified without contradiction that K.S.
chose not to attend the trial because “[s]he can’t handle it. She would fall apart.” The
State and appellant’s counsel told the court that both police and appellant’s investigator
were unable to locate K.S. See Foreman v. State, 995 S.W.2d 854, 859 (Tex. App.—
Austin 1999, pet. ref'd) (holding that it was not an abuse of discretion to designate the
child’s counselor as the outcry witness when the child’s parents testified they could not
remember the outcry). Furthermore, the trial court judge did intend to have J.J. testify
regarding what he told K.S. On the day of the hearing, the State requested that the trial
court permit J.J. to deliver all of his testimony at once so he would not have to enter the
courtroom twice, but appellant objected because the State had not yet passed the witness
6 who had been testifying when the court recessed the day before. Appellant thus gave up
an opportunity to question J.J. regarding the specifics of what he communicated to K.S.
about the abuse. See Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91–92 (factor in affirming the trial court’s
designation of outcry witness was the defendant’s failure to take advantage of an
opportunity to question the witness who defendant alleged was the proper outcry witness
regarding the nature of the child’s statements); Hayden v. State, 928 S.W.2d 229, 231
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet. ref'd) (holding that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion by designating a CPS caseworker as outcry witness even though the
complainant first told the school counselor about the abuse because there was no
evidence about the specifics of the child complainant’s statements to the counselor). In
sum, we conclude from all the foregoing that appellant has not shown that the record
establishes that the trial court clearly abused its discretion in permitting Teresa to testify
as the outcry witness.2 See Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91–92; Foreman, 995 S.W.2d at 859;
Hayden, 928 S.W.3d at 231. We overrule appellant’s first issue.
III. EXTRANEOUS OFFENSES
By his second issue, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
admitting certified copies of the judgments of appellant’s two prior convictions for
attempted aggravated sexual assault of a child and indecency with a child. Appellant
2 Alternatively, even if the trial court did abuse its discretion in designating Teresa as the outcry witness, the error was harmless because J.J. later testified at length regarding the abuse. J.J.’s testimony included all of the details contained in Teresa’s description of his statements to her and several additional details. Generally, admission of inadmissible evidence is harmless error if the same evidence is introduced without objection from another source. See Moore v. State, 999 S.W.2d 385, 402 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see also Martinez v. State, No. 04-99-00051-CR, 2000 WL 84484, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 26, 2000, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding that even if the trial court designated the wrong person as outcry witness under article 38.072, the error was harmless because the child complainant testified to the same facts as the outcry witness).
7 alleges that the court erred in admitting the judgments because the potential for unfair
prejudice substantially outweighed their probative value. See TEX. R. EVID. 403.
Article 38.37, § 2(a) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides:
Notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence, and subject to Section 2-a, evidence that the defendant has committed a separate offense described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) may be admitted in the trial of an alleged offense described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) for any bearing the evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of the defendant and acts performed in conformity with the character of the defendant.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.37, § 2(a) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.).
Texas courts have held under previous versions of the statute3 that even where it makes
evidence of extraneous acts admissible, the evidence is still subject to exclusion under
the Rule 403 balancing test. Colvin v. State, 54 S.W.3d 82, 84 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2001, no pet.) (collecting cases). Rule 403 provides that “relevant evidence may still be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, considerations of undue delay, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” McNeil v. State, 398 S.W.3d 747, 756 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref'd). The trial court is required to conduct the Rule 403
test on proper objection by either party. Colvin, 54 S.W.3d at 85 (citing Rojas v. State,
986 S.W.2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)).
“Whether evidence is admissible under Rule 403 is within the sound discretion of
the trial court.” Burke v. State, 371 S.W.3d 252, 257 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2011, pet. ref'd). A Rule 403 analysis “favors admissibility of relevant evidence, and the
3 The Legislature added Section 2 to article 38.37 in the 2013 Regular Session, and it became effective less than a week before appellant’s case began. See Act of May 17, 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., ch. 387, § 1, (codified at TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.37, § 2 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.)).
8 presumption is that relevant evidence will be more probative than prejudicial.” Booker v.
State, 103 S.W.3d 521, 533 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref'd). On review of a Rule
403 analysis, we will “reverse the trial court's judgment rarely and only after a clear abuse
of discretion because the trial court is in a superior position to gauge the impact of the
relevant evidence.” Freeman v. State, 230 S.W.3d 392, 404–05 (Tex. App.—Eastland
2007, pet. ref'd) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Booker, 103 S.W.3d at 534. A
Rule 403 analysis includes the following non-exclusive factors: “(1) the probative value of
the evidence; (2) the potential to impress the jury in some irrational, yet indelible, way; (3)
the time needed to develop the evidence; and (4) the proponent's need for the evidence.”
Prible v. State, 175 S.W.3d 724, 733 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
B. Discussion
Appellant first addresses the factor of the probative value of the evidence.
“‘[P]robative value’ refers to the inherent probative force of an item of evidence—that is,
how strongly it serves to make more or less probable the existence of a fact of
consequence to the litigation.” Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006). Appellant argues that informing the jury of the mere fact that he pleaded
guilty to the charges of indecency with a child and attempted aggravated sexual assault
of a child sixteen years before trial does not make any fact more or less probable
regarding the charged offenses. Appellant reasons that “there was no evidence
presented that [appellant’s] conduct in either of the two convictions was similar in nature
to the sexual abuse of J.J.,” so there was an unacceptable danger that the jury would
conclude based on those two convictions that appellant is a pedophile and “has a history
of acting on his pedophilic predisposition.” In other words, admitting evidence of the
9 convictions was error because the convictions are only probative of appellant’s propensity
of committing offenses of this type, but are not probative of his culpability for this particular
offense. We disagree.
Appellant’s argument could have some force in a case where the Rule 404 ban on
character-conformity evidence applied, but we reject his assertion in this case because
the Legislature has determined that evidence of similar extraneous offenses is admissible
“[n]otwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence” for precisely these
matters in the cases where article 38.37 applies. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
38.37, § 2(a) (providing that certain extraneous offense evidence is admissible “for any
bearing the evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of the defendant
and acts performed in conformity with the character of the defendant”). We must, if
possible, give full effect to the Legislature’s enactments. See Baird v. State, 398 S.W.3d
220, 228 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (appellate courts must assume that every word in a
statute “was meant to serve a discrete purpose that should be given effect”). We agree,
however, that the convictions’ remoteness in time somewhat diminishes their probative
value. See Newton v. State, 301 S.W.3d 315, 320 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009, pet. ref'd)
(concluding that a twenty-five year-old extraneous offense was admissible to rebut the
defensive theory of fabrication but that “the remoteness of the extraneous-offense
evidence significantly lessens it probative value”). Nevertheless, this factor weighs in
favor of admissibility.
We next turn to whether the evidence has the potential “to impress the jury in some
irrational, yet indelible, way.” See Prible, 175 S.W.3d at 733. The Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals has held that “sexually related bad acts and misconduct involving children are
10 inherently inflammatory.” Pawlak v. State, 420 S.W.3d 807, 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
However, the language of Rule 403 “does not allow a trial court to exclude otherwise
relevant evidence when that evidence is merely prejudicial.” Id. Rule 403 only addresses
“unfair” prejudice, which refers “to relevant evidence's tendency to tempt the jury into
finding guilt on grounds apart from proof of the offense charged.” State v. Mechler, 153
S.W.3d 435, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). In the present case case, the certified copies
of the judgments informed the jury of appellant’s previous convictions, but the State did
not provide to the jury any details of the circumstances surrounding the old offenses. The
evidence in this case is “much less serious and potentially inflammatory” than the multiple
acts of sexual abuse that the State alleged and that J.J. and Teresa described in graphic
detail. See Rivera v. State, 269 S.W.3d 697, 706 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008, no pet.)
(holding that extraneous evidence of “touching, kissing, showing of pornographic
materials, and an unsuccessful attempt to touch [the complainant’s] penis” was less
prejudicial and potentially inflammatory than the charged offenses that alleged “multiple
instances of oral and anal penetration over a period of approximately two years”). This
factor also weighs in favor of admissibility.
We now turn to the State’s need for the evidence. The State argues that
appellant’s trial strategy “challenged the credibility of [J.J.] and stressed the lack of
corroborating evidence,” and the State needed this evidence to rebut those theories. The
State asserts that its need was especially great because the case turned in large part on
whether the jury found J.J. or appellant’s testimony to be credible. We agree.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has explained:
sexual assault cases are frequently “he said, she said” trials in which the jury must reach a unanimous verdict based solely upon two diametrically
11 different versions of an event, unaided by any physical, scientific, or other corroborative evidence. Thus, the Rules of Evidence, especially Rule 403, should be used sparingly to exclude relevant, otherwise admissible evidence that might bear upon the credibility of either the defendant or complainant in such “he said, she said” cases.
Hammer v. State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 561–62 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Appellant even
argues in his brief that there was no corroborating evidence for the testimony of J.J. and
Teresa and that introducing the convictions “effectively destroyed the credibility” of his
defensive theories that the testimony of J.J. was not credible and that the Teresa was
attempting to shield McGorlick from prosecution for the abuse. Based on the foregoing,
we agree that the State’s need for the evidence was strong. See id.
In sum, after considering all of the Rule 403 factors, and bearing in mind that Rule
403 should be “used sparingly to exclude relevant, otherwise admissible evidence” in
these types of cases, see id. at 562, we conclude that appellant has not established that
the trial court committed a “clear abuse of discretion” when it concluded that the danger
of unfair prejudice did not substantially outweigh the probative value of the evidence. See
Freeman, 230 S.W.3d at 404–05 (appellate courts will not reverse a trial court’s Rule 403
determination absent a “clear abuse of discretion”). We overrule appellant’s second
issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
NORA L. LONGORIA Justice Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 14th day of August, 2014.