James Sharkey v. Susan Clarke, Christal Keegan, Kristopher Sanchez, Nevada Real Estate Division

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: November 6, 2025
• Docket: 2:25-cv-00549
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

3 * * *

4 JAMES SHARKEY, Case No. 2:25-cv-00549-CDS-EJY

5 Plaintiff,

6 v. ORDER

7 SUSAN CLARKE, CHRISTAL KEEGAN, KRISTOPHER SANCHEZ, NEVADA REAL 8 ESTATE DIVISION,

9 Defendants.

10 11 Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ proposed Second Amended Complaint and Motion 12 for Leave to Supplement Second Amended Complaint. ECF Nos. 23, 26. For the reasons stated 13 below, the Court grants Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Supplement, but recommends dismissing the 14 proposed Second Amended Complaint. 15 I. Screening Standard 16 In screening the complaint, a court must identify cognizable claims and dismiss claims that 17 are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted or seek monetary relief 18 from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Dismissal for failure to 19 state a claim under § 1915(e)(2) incorporates the standard for failure to state a claim under Federal 20 Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). To 21 survive § 1915 review, a complaint must “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state 22 a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). The 23 court liberally construes pro se complaints and may only dismiss them “if it appears beyond doubt 24 that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” 25 Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). 26 In considering whether the complaint is sufficient to state a claim, all allegations of material 27 fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Wyler Summit P’ship 1 standard under Rule 12(b)(6) does not require detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff must provide 2 more than mere labels and conclusions. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). 3 A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action is insufficient. Id. Unless it is clear the 4 complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured through amendment, a pro se plaintiff should be given 5 leave to amend the complaint with notice regarding the complaint’s deficiencies. Cato v. United 6 States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995). 7 II. Discussion

8 a. The Nevada Real Estate Division and Real Estate Commission are Immune From Suit. 9 “The Eleventh Amendment prohibits federal courts from hearing suits brought against an 10 unconsenting state,” operates as a “jurisdictional bar [that] covers suits naming state agencies and 11 departments as defendants, and applies whether the relief sought is legal or equitable in nature.” 12 Brooks v. Sulphur Springs Valley Elec. Co-op., 951 F.2d 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 1991). Here, because 13 the Nevada Real Estate Division (“NRED”) and Nevada Real Estate Commission (the 14 “Commission”) are subdivisions of the Nevada Department of Business and Industry, they are 15 immune from suit and must be dismissed with prejudice. 16 b. Deputy Attorney General Christal Keegan is Immune from Suit. 17 In Demery v. Kupperman, the Ninth Circuit explained that “officials performing the functions 18 of a prosecutor in administrative proceedings are entitled to the absolute prosecutorial immunity ….” 19 735 F.2d 1139, 1143 (9th Cir. 1984) citing Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 511-12 (1978). Citing 20 Sellars v. Procunier, 641 F.2d 1295, 1303 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1102 (1981), the Ninth 21 Circuit explained that “we have held that … immunity … applies to state administrative officials 22 who perform functions analogous to those of a prosecutor.” Id. Plaintiffs complain about Ms. 23 Keegan who appeared in her role as a Deputy Attorney General for the State of Nevada at NRED 24 proceedings addressing the denial of Mr. Sharkey’s broker’s license. These appearances, even as 25 described by Mr. Sharkey, demonstrate Ms. Keegan was acting in a function analogous to a 26 prosecutor. See ECF No. 23 at 23. For this reason, the Court recommends Christal Keegan be 27 dismissed from Plaintiffs’ action with prejudice. 1 c. Plaintiffs’ Claims Against the Individual Defendants1 Fail as a Matter of Law. 2 1. Summary of Allegations. 3 Plaintiffs commence their claims against the Individual Defendants by asserting “[e]ach ... 4 Defendant[] acted under color of Nevada state law by exercising authority derived from state 5 statutes, administrative codes, or their official positions within state government or state-authorized 6 regulatory bodies. Their conduct was taken in the course of their official duties or using the power 7 of their office to deprive Plaintiff of his constitutional rights.” ECF No. 23 at 13. Plaintiffs then 8 claim, without explanation, that the events in this case date back to 2012. Id. at 19. Moving forward 9 to 2024, Mr. Sharkey states he surrendered his real estate salesperson license while waiting for his 10 broker’s license, which he labels a procedural trap. Id. at 20. Mr. Sharkey contends Defendant 11 Clarke does not like him and, for this reason, after he complained about her to the Nevada 12 Department of Business and Industry, she had her investigator (Gustafson) and Keegan “rubber 13 stamp a claim … that he was practicing real estate without a license.” Id. 14 During the 47 day gap that Mr. Sharkey did not have a sales agent or broker license, his wife 15 supposedly continued to work as a salesperson while he was limited to “construction consulting and 16 administrative support.” Id. at 21. Mrs. Sharkey allegedly closed a commercial deal (her first), but 17 was refused her commission because the broker (Brenda Williams) and an agent (Valerie 18 DiBenedetto) claimed Mr. Sharkey was working without a license. Id. A complaint was filed against 19 Mr. Sharkey. Mr. Sharkey says all the allegations were false, and the situation was “created by the 20 division” because of the 47 day lapse without a license. Id. at 22. 21 Mr. Sharkey apparently appeared before the Commission in August 2024 on denial of his 22 broker’s license, which is what prompted his complaint to the Department of Business and Industry 23 about Clarke and NRED staff allegedly engaging in misconduct. Id. at 23. This, Mr. Sharkey says, 24 led to a retaliatory call from Clarke. Id. Mr. Sharkey then accuses Keegan of misconduct during 25 26

27 1 The “Individual Defendants” include Sharath Chandra, NRED Administrator; Susan Clarke, Licensing Manager; Sean Gustafson, Investigator; Dr. Kristopher Sanchez, Director of the Nevada Department of Business and 1 NRED proceedings, references a matter resolved in this Court,2 and his conviction for simple battery 2 under state law that Mr. Sharkey says NRED mischaracterized as a felony against an older person. 3 Id. at 24. 4 After discussing Keegan’s conduct at the August 2024 NRED proceeding, Mr. Sharkey says 5 there was a February 2025 Commission hearing at which a motion in limine filed by his counsel was 6 denied. Id. at 27. Mr. Sharkey complains the Commission was biased because all of Keegan’s 7 motions were granted, including motions considered in violation of notice requirements established 8 by the Nevada Administrative Code. Id. at 28. Mr. Sharkey then repeats that all his motions were 9 denied by the Commission. Id. Mr. Sharkey submits this demonstrates a violation of Monell v. 10 Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658 (1978), retaliation, and unequal treatment. 11 Id. at 28-32. Finally, Mr. Sharkey complains about dismissal of his state court petition for judicial 12 review (id. at 32-33), raises Monell for a second time (id. at 34), and concludes that he has lost his 13 broker’s license and career. Id. at 35. Mrs. Sharkey adds her account of events, all involving NRED, 14 where she says she was ignored, not allowed to testify, and stripped of her credibility as a licensed 15 professional. Id. at 38. 16 With respect to the Individual Defendants, Plaintiffs summarize their claims as follows:

17 • Susan Clarke and Sean Gustafson: Plaintiffs allege Clark and. Gustafson violated their constitutional rights by processing and adjudicating licensing 18 applications, allegedly submitting false statements regarding Plaintiffs’ licensing history and criminal record, retaliating by refusing to respond to 19 license activation inquiries, and creating or enforcing agency policy inconsistent with published forms and guidance. Id. at 15-16. In addition, 20 Plaintiffs say Gustafson initiated a second enforcement action after Plaintiffs submitted complaints against NRED. Id. at 16. 21 • Sharath Chandra: Chandra allegedly failed to intervene or investigate 22 Plaintiffs’ complaints about Clarke, Keegan, and Gustafson, allowed enforcement of unconstitutional practices, and ratified “the agency’s policy 23 of discretionary denial and procedural traps.” Id.

24 • Dr. Kristopher Sanchez: Sanchez allegedly acted as a supervisor of NRED, received notices of agency misconduct and did not intervene, and permitted 25 retaliatory actions and enforcement of unlawful policies. Id. at 17. 26 2 Mr. Sharkey’s prior case in this Court is found at 23-cv-449-CDS-DJA. That case was resolved in favor of the 27 defendant, Sergeant Justin Duke. Id. (ECF No. 97 at 11 finding “Sergeant Duke argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on Sharkey’s Fourteenth Amendment claim because (1) Duke did not deprive Sharkey of a liberty interest, (2) 1 • The Five NRED Commissioners (Ruthe, Barbee, Tina, Lee Gurr, and Tina Gurr): These five individuals allegedly failed to act impartially during an 2 adjudication, ratified findings based on false evidence and retaliation, failed to ensure due process, and failed to ensure equal protection. Id. 3 2. Rooker-Feldman Bars Plaintiffs’ Claims seeking review of state court 4 proceedings and outcomes. 5 Federal district courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to exercise appellate review over final 6 state court judgements. Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413, 415-16 (1923); D.C. Court of 7 Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 482-86 (1983). What has become known as Rooker-Feldman is 8 applied “to cases ... brought by state-court losers ... inviting district court review and rejection of [a 9 state court’s] judgments.” Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 531 (2011). “Reduced to its 10 essence, Rooker held that when a losing plaintiff in state court brings a suit in federal district court 11 asserting as legal wrongs the allegedly erroneous legal rulings of the state court and seeks to vacate 12 or set aside the judgment of that court, the federal suit is a forbidden de facto appeal.” Noel v. Hall, 13 341 F.3d 1148, 1156 (9th Cir. 2003). See also Black v. Haselton, 663 Fed.Appx. 573, 575 (9th Cir. 14 2016) (Rooker-Feldman bars federal review of claims arising from a “state court’s purportedly 15 erroneous judgment.”). 16 Here, Plaintiffs’ claims, while styled as violations of the United States Constitution, seek 17 review of and relief from Plaintiffs’ losses before NRED, the Commission, the state trial court, and 18 the Nevada Court of Appeals. Plaintiffs disagree with each of the decisions reached, but offer 19 nothing more than the state agencies and courts repeatedly got the decisions wrong. ECF No. 23 at 20 27-28. This is obvious in Plaintiffs’ allegations regarding motion practice before NRED and the 21 Commission. Id. It is also obvious when Mrs. Sharkey claims that “[d]uring the enforcement 22 process” she was “undermined … as a licensed professional” and not allowed to testify on behalf of 23 her husband. Id. at 37. Finally, this is demonstrated by Plaintiffs’ request for relief from the state 24 court’s dismissal of their petition for judicial review and the Nevada Court of Appeals’ affirmation 25 of that decision. ECF Nos. 23 at 32-33; 26 (Plaintiffs’ Supplement to the Second Amended 26 Complaint). 27 More specifically, Plaintiffs allege procedural and substantive due process violations, denial 1 redress claim on pages 12 and 13 of the Second Amended Complaint. ECF No. 23 at 12 and 13. 2 These claims attack and seek relief from state agency and state court proceedings. As stated above, 3 the Court finds these claims are barred by Rooker-Feldman. 4 3. Plaintiffs fail to state a claim under Monell. 5 Municipalities, such as counties and their departments, may be liable under § 1983 if an 6 unconstitutional action “‘implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or 7 decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body’s officers.’” Rivera v. County of Los 8 Angeles, 745 F.3d 384, 389 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 690). However, “the Supreme 9 Court has expressly declined to extend Monell’s theory of municipal liability under § 1983 to state 10 entities.” Krainski v. Nevada ex rel. Bd. of Regents of Nevada Sys. of Higher Educ., 616 F.3d 963, 11 968 (9th Cir. 2010). Because all of Plaintiffs’ claims asserted under Monell are against Nevada state 12 entities (NRED and the Commission), these claims fail as a matter of law. 13 4. Substantive and Procedural Due Process. 14 A. Substantive Due Process. 15 “To prevail on a … substantive due process claim, the plaintiff must first identify a liberty 16 or property interest protected by the Constitution of which the state deprived him or her” (Goodspeed 17 Airport v. East Haddam Land Trust, Inc., 166 Fed.Appx. 506, 508 (2d Cir. 2006)); and second must 18 demonstrate that the defendants’ actions were “arbitrary, or conscience-shocking, in a constitutional 19 sense.” Id. See also Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576 (1972) (as a threshold requirement 20 for a claim for violation of substantive due process is the termination or revocation of an existing 21 property interest in a benefit created by an independent source such as state or federal law). 22 Initially, the Court finds Mrs. Sharkey identifies no substantive liberty or property interest 23 of which she was denied by a state actor. Instead, Mrs. Sharkey says only that private individuals 24 (a broker and agent) denied her a commission to which she was due. Thus, Mrs. Sharkey’s 25 substantive due process claim fails as a matter of law. 26 Second, Mr. Sharkey alleges procedures were violated and processes were unfair because 27 Defendants were biased. Mr. Sharkey alleges that decisions were made in favor of the opposing 1 (ECF No. 23 at 27 referencing “Plaintiff’s counsel”), and his attempts to obtain relief in state courts 2 were dismissed. Id. at 32; ECF No. 26. Ultimately, Mr. Sharkey claims he lost his real estate license 3 and career.3 4 Even assuming Mr. Sharkey lost a substantive property right, there is no alleged conduct that 5 shocks the conscience. A showing of negligence is insufficient to make out a constitutional due 6 process claim. County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 849 (1998). Even intentional wrongs 7 seldom violate the Due Process Clause. That is, even conduct by a government actor that would 8 amount to an intentional tort under state law will rise to the level of a substantive due process 9 violation only if it also “shocks the conscience.” Dacosta v. Nwachukwa, 304 F.3d 1045, 1048 (11th 10 Cir. 2002). Said plainly, “only the most egregious official conduct can be said to be arbitrary in the 11 constitutional sense” shocks the conscience. Lewis, 523 U.S. at 846 (internal quotation and citation 12 omitted). Determinations of what is egregious is not made in hindsight; decisions made by a 13 government actor must shock the conscience at the time the government actor made the decision. 14 See e.g. DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. of Social Servs., 489 U.S. 189, 202, (1989). 15 Mr. Sharkey alleges no set of facts that establish shocking or egregious events. He complain 16 of procedural irregularities, outcomes with which he disagrees, and people who he claims were 17 biased in decision making. Even assuming some events were intentional, these events, as alleged in 18 the 28 substantive pages of Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint, are not shocking. 19 The Court finds Plaintiffs fail to state a substantive due process claim and recommends these 20 claims be dismissed with prejudice. 21 B. Plaintiffs Do Not State a Procedural Due Process Claim. 22 When a party claims violations of procedural due process under § 1983 arising from alleged 23 conflicts of interest by members of a decision making body like a state board or commission, the 24 plaintiff must show that no pre- or post-deprivation remedy exists in the state courts. Zinermon v. 25 Burch, 494 U.S. 113 (1990); Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 537 (1981), overruled on other 26 grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986). When the alleged wrong is the deprivation of 27 procedure without due process; the wrong occurs only if the state provides no remedy to redress the 1 procedural violation. Zinermon, 494 U.S. at 125-26. Thus, even assuming some procedural error, 2 wrongful denial of motion practice, denial of the opportunity to testify, or some other process 3 adversely affected Plaintiffs’ interests, if adequate state remedies exist for redress, Plaintiffs cannot 4 state a procedural due process claim under § 1983. 5 Here, Mr. Sharkey complains about being denied a broker’s license, NRED Commissioner 6 and employee misconduct, obtaining a hearing at which there were alleged irregularities and 7 misstatements of fact, a disciplinary hearing initiated by the Commission, the Commission hearings 8 at which his motions were denied and the opposing party’s motions were granted, losing before the 9 Commission, filing a petition for judicial review to which the Deputy Attorney General responded 10 with a Motion to Dismiss, the dismissal of his Petition for Judicial Review by the Eighth Judicial 11 District Court, and the dismissal decision being upheld by the Nevada Court of Appeals. ECF No. 12 23 at 22-32; ECF No. 26. Mrs. Sharkey says she was not permitted to testify and was otherwise 13 ignored during certain NRED proceedings, but these are not substantive liberty or property interest. 14 But Plaintiffs’ pleading demonstrates that after proceedings before NRED and the Commission, they 15 had access to and engaged in process before the state trial court and Nevada Court of Appeals. Thus, 16 Plaintiffs’ pleading demonstrates they were provided with a full process and opportunity to be heard. 17 Indeed, Plaintiffs took advantage of the process, but were unsuccessful. Under these circumstances, 18 the Court finds Nevada provided Plaintiffs all the process due. 19 Based on the foregoing, the Court recommends Plaintiffs procedural due process claims be 20 dismissed with prejudice. 21 5. Equal Protection 22 “The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment commands that no state shall 23 ‘deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws,’ which is essentially a 24 direction that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike.” City of Cleburne v. Cleburne 25 Living Ctr., Inc., 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985). Normally, to state an Equal Protection claim “a plaintiff 26 must show that the defendants acted with an intent or purpose to discriminate against the plaintiff 27 based upon membership in a protected class.” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 686 (9th 1 has also “recognized successful equal protection claims brought by a ‘class of one,’ where the 2 plaintiff alleges that she has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and 3 that there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 4 U.S. 562, 564 (2000). 5 It is worth noting that Mr. Sharkey raises no facts relating to or supporting an equal protection 6 claim. He does not identify himself as a member of a protected class; he offers no facts 7 demonstrating he was treated differently or less favorably than those outside his protected class; and 8 he offers no facts regarding discrimination. ECF No. 23, generally. Rather, Mr. Sharkey speaks of 9 bias, dislike, alleged misrepresentations, and violations of procedure that do not support an Equal 10 Protection claims. Mr. Sharkey’s Equal Protection clause claim fails and should be dismissed with 11 prejudice. 12 Mrs. Sharkey says she is the sole owner of Plaintiffs’ real estate business and, thus, this is a 13 woman-owned business. Id. at 36. Mrs. Sharkey also says she was denied commissions she earned 14 and retaliated against by virtue of the false accusations leveled against Mr. Sharkey regarding 15 “practicing real estate without a license.” Id. at 37. Mrs. Sharkey submits she was denied the 16 opportunity to defend Mr. Sharkey in Commission proceedings and was accused of being willing to 17 say anything in the defense of her husband. Id. at 37-38. Mrs. Sharkey appears to identify her 18 protected class as that of a “wife.” Id. at 38 (she was “stripped of … [her] credibility” because she 19 is Mr. Sharkey’s wife.”). Mrs. Sharkey says “no action was taken against “Brenda” or “Valerie” for 20 withholding her commission. Id. 21 To the extent Mrs. Sharkey suggests her marital status is a protected classification, her claim 22 fails. Swanner v. Anchorage Equal Rights Comm’n, 513 U.S. 979, 982 (1994) (a person’s marital 23 status, unlike his race, religion or gender, does not put him in a constitutionally protected class). To 24 the extent Mrs. Sharkey claims her gender (a woman) places her in a protected class, her claim fails 25 because she only compares herself to other women (Brenda and Valerie) who were allegedly treated 26 27 1 more favorably than she was. Under the facts alleged, the Court finds Mrs. Sharkey fails to state a 2 claim under the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection clause.4 3 d. Plaintiffs Should Not Be Granted Leave to File What Would be the Fourth Complaint. 4 This is Plaintiffs’ third attempt to plead a viable claim. See ECF Nos. 1-1, 20, 23. Plaintiffs 5 amended their original Complaint before screening. ECF No. 20. The First Amended Complaint 6 was screened and leave to amend was granted. ECF No. 21. The pending Second Amended 7 Complaint is largely one that asks the Court to find error with state administrative and court 8 proceedings and otherwise fails to state claims upon which relief can be granted. ECF No. 23. 9 Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint does not separate out claims, but instead provides a 10 list of alleged violation of the U.S. Constitution followed by twenty-eight pages of narrative. ECF 11 No. 23 at 12-40. As explained when the Court screened Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint, the 12 Defendants named cannot be expected to decipher the Second Amended Complaint and respond to 13 such length and prolixity. Fritz v. County of Kern, Case No. CV-F-07-377 OWW/TAG, 2009 WL 14 382741, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 13, 2009). The Court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is 15 particularly broad where plaintiff has had prior opportunities to amend. Chodos v. West Publ’g Co., 16 292 F.3d 992, 1003 (9th Cir. 2002). 17

18 4 Plaintiffs cannot state a Sixth Amendment right to counsel claim. As a general proposition, a civil litigant has no right to counsel. Lassiter v. Department of Social Services of Durham County, 452 U.S. 18 (1981); Storseth v. 19 Spellman, 654 F.2d 1349, 1353 (9th Cir. 1981). Under “exceptional circumstances” a court may appoint counsel for indigent civil litigants pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). Agyeman v. Corrs. Corp. of Am., 390 F.3d 1101, 1103 (9th 20 Cir. 2004), cert. denied sub nom. Gerber v. Agyeman, 545 U.S. 1128 (2005). When determining whether “exceptional circumstances” exist, a court must consider “the likelihood of success on the merits as well as the ability of the petitioner 21 to articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal issues involved.” Weygandt v. Look, 718 F.2d 952, 954 (9th Cir. 1983). As discussed above, the Court finds Plaintiffs do not establish exceptional circumstances or a 22 likelihood of success on the merits of their claims. Plaintiffs’ alleged violation of the right to counsel fails. Plaintiffs’ Eighth Amendment claim fails as a matter of law. Lee , 250 F.3d at 686 (“The Eighth Amendment’s 23 prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments applies only after [a criminal] conviction and sentence.”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 24 Plaintiffs fail to state a First Amendment Freedom of Speech or Freedom of Association claim. The First Amendment provides as follows: “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting 25 the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.” Plaintiffs fail to identify what speech was 26 attempted, how such speech was abridged, or by whom it was abridged. Plaintiff also fail to identify how or by whom his freedom of association was violated by a state or federal actor. Failure to identify specific acts committed by a 27 defendant that caused alleged harm to a plaintiff is grounds for dismissal of plaintiff’s claim. Kwai Fun Wong v. United 1 III. Order 2 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Supplement Second 3 Amended Complaint (ECF No. 26) is GRANTED. 4 IV. Recommendation 5 IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint be 6 dismissed with prejudice as Plaintiffs do not state a claim upon which relief can be granted and, 7 given this is their third attempt to do so, further opportunity to amend should not be granted. 8 Dated this 6th day of November, 2025.

10 ELAYNA J. YOUCHAH 11 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

12 NOTICE 13 Under Local Rule IB 3-2, any objection to this Report and Recommendation must be in 14 writing and filed with the Clerk of the Court within fourteen (14) days. The Supreme Court holds 15 the courts of appeal may determine that an appeal has been waived due to the failure to file objections 16 within the specified time. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 142 (1985). The Ninth Circuit also held 17 that (1) failure to file objections within the specified time and (2) failure to properly address and 18 brief the objectionable issues waives the right to appeal the District Court’s order and/or appeal 19 factual issues from the order of the District Court. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1157 (9th Cir. 20 1991); Britt v. Simi Valley United Sch. Dist., 708 F.2d 452, 454 (9th Cir. 1983). 21 22 23 24 25 26 27