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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 20-1680
JAMES RANDY SCHOONOVER,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
CLAY COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT, a division of the Clay County Commission; CLAY COUNTY COMMISSION, a political division of Clay County, West Virginia; MICHAEL PATRICK MORRIS, a deputy sheriff of Clay County; JONATHAN HOLCOMB, a deputy sheriff of Clay County,
Defendants – Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Charleston. John T. Copenhaver, Jr., Senior District Judge. (2:19-cv-00386)
Argued: December 7, 2022 Decided: June 15, 2023
Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge, and Patricia Tolliver GILES, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. District Judge Giles wrote the opinion in which Chief Judge Gregory and Judge Niemeyer joined.
ARGUED: John-Mark Atkinson, ATKINSON & FRAMPTON, PLLC, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellant. Drannon L. Adkins, PULLIN, FOWLER, FLANAGAN, BROWN & POE, PLLC, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Wendy E. Greve, USCA4 Appeal: 20-1680 Doc: 34 Filed: 06/15/2023 Pg: 2 of 16
PULLIN, FOWLER, FLANAGAN, BROWN & POE, PLLC, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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GILES, District Judge:
James Randy Schoonover brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law,
arguing, as relevant here, that two deputy sheriffs from the Clay County Sheriff’s
Department violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free from the use of excessive force.
Specifically, Schoonover, whose left arm is amputated, alleged that the deputies used
excessive force when they handcuffed his right wrist to his right ankle during his arrest for
several minor traffic violations. The district court dismissed this claim, concluding that,
while their conduct amounted to a constitutional violation, the deputies were entitled to
qualified immunity. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the district court’s judgment.
I.
The following facts are drawn from the Complaint. Appellant James Randy
Schoonover is a sixty-five-year-old resident of Clay County, West Virginia. J.A. 7. On
September 27, 2018, Schoonover began to experience chest pain and drove to his brother’s
house to ask for a ride to the hospital in Charleston. J.A. 8. Schoonover arrived at his
brother’s house, exited his car, and started walking up the driveway when Appellee Deputy
Sheriff Michael Patrick Morris pulled into the driveway and turned on his vehicle’s police
lights. 1 Id. Morris requested Schoonover’s license and registration and asked if he had
1 According to a criminal complaint against Schoonover, Morris conducted a “routine traffic stop” based on an expired vehicle registration. J.A. 45. Morris ran Schoonover’s vehicle registration through the Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”), which indicated that the license tags were stolen. Id. Morris also ran Schoonover’s name and date of birth through the DMV, which revealed that his license was suspended for unpaid citations. Id.
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insurance. J.A. 8, 45. Schoonover responded that he did not have the requested documents
and did not have insurance. J.A. 8, 45. Schoonover stated that he was experiencing chest
pain and needed an aspirin. J.A. 9. Morris responded that Schoonover could not get an
aspirin right now and stated that he needed to “figure out what’s going on here.” Id. At
that point, Schoonover’s sister-in-law asked if she could give him an aspirin, which Morris
allowed. Id. Schoonover went into the house and took an aspirin. Id. While inside the
house, Schoonover also called a local magistrate, Magistrate Jeffery Boggs, to ask if he
could stay after 4:00 p.m. in case Schoonover was going to be brought before him. Id.
Schoonover exited the house and Morris asked who he had called. Id. When Schoonover
responded, Morris told him that he would be arrested “because he called Magistrate
Boggs.” Id.
Appellee Deputy Sheriff Jonathan Holcomb, who had arrived on the scene by that
point, arrested Schoonover, handcuffed his right wrist to his right ankle, and placed him in
the back of Morris’ vehicle. J.A. 9–10. Schoonover was handcuffed in this manner
because he is missing his left arm, which was amputated prior to the events of this suit.
J.A. 7. As he was being placed in the vehicle, Schoonover asked for another aspirin and
Holcomb raised his arm as if preparing to strike Schoonover, and said: “Shut your mouth,
old man, or I’ll shut it for you.” J.A. 10. Neither Morris nor Holcomb informed
Schoonover of the reason for his arrest or read him his Miranda rights. Id. When they
reached the courthouse, Holcomb took Schoonover out of the police vehicle and said to a
group of young men standing outside the courthouse: “You see this criminal here? Be
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good or you’ll end up here.” Id. Holcomb and Morris also told their supervisor that they
should have made Schoonover “quack like Donald Duck” while he was handcuffed. Id.
Schoonover was charged with four criminal violations: (1) driving with a suspended
or revoked license, (2) driving without proof of insurance, (3) improper vehicle
registration, and (4) receiving or transferring stolen property. J.A. 44. Schoonover pleaded
guilty to receiving or transferring stolen property, and the remaining charges against him
were dismissed. J.A. 48, 50–53.
On May 15, 2019, Schoonover filed a complaint in the United States District Court
for the Southern District of West Virginia against the Clay County Sheriff’s Department,
the Clay County Commission, Morris in his individual capacity, and Holcomb in his
individual capacity. See J.A. 7. Schoonover alleged he suffered physical injuries to his
back, ankle, and wrist because of the way Morris and Holcomb had handcuffed him and
alleged claims of excessive force and cruel and unusual punishment under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, state constitutional violations, and negligence against all Defendants. J.A. 11–16.
Defendants moved to dismiss all claims. J.A. 18.
On May 21, 2020, the district court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss.
Regarding Schoonover’s excessive force claim under section 1983, the district court
concluded that Morris and Holcomb’s actions constituted excessive force in violation of
the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable seizures. J.A. 99–101. The
district court explained that “[h]andcuffing an elderly amputee wrist-to-ankle under these
circumstances is so extreme that any reasonable officer on the scene should know that the
conduct constituted the imposition of excessive force in violation of the Fourth
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Amendment.” J.A. 101. Nevertheless, the district court determined that Morris and
Holcomb were entitled to qualified immunity because there was “no indication that the
officers were or should have been on notice of a clearly established right not to handcuff
one such as [Schoonover] in this way.” J.A. 102.
Schoonover timely appealed the district court’s dismissal of his Fourth Amendment
claims of excessive force under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Morris and Holcomb. J.A. 120.
II.
We review the district court’s grant of a qualified immunity-based motion to dismiss
de novo. 2 Tobey v. Jones, 706 F.3d 379, 385 (4th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). We accept
as true all of the factual allegations contained in Schoonover’s Complaint and draw all
reasonable inferences in his favor. Nemet Chevrolet, Ltd. v. Consumeraffairs.com, Inc.,
591 F.3d 250, 253 (4th Cir. 2009) (citing Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 244
(4th Cir. 1999)).
2 On appeal, Schoonover appears to cite to materials that were not part of the record before the district court, including the testimonies of Holcomb and Morris and the sheriff department’s handcuffing policies. Because this Court is reviewing the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss—which “test[s] the sufficiency of a complaint”—we will not consider materials that arose for the first time in discovery. Edwards v. City of Goldsboro, 178 F.3d 231, 243 (4th Cir. 1999); see also Fassett v. Delta Kappa Epsilon, 807 F.2d 1150, 1165 (3d Cir. 1986) (“The only proper function of a court of appeals is to review the decision below on the basis of the record that was before the district court.”).
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III.
Schoonover argues that the district court erred by concluding that Morris and
Holcomb were entitled to qualified immunity. 3 Qualified immunity shields government
officials “from civil damages liability as long as their actions could reasonably have been
thought consistent with the rights they are alleged to have violated.” Anderson v.
Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 638 (1987) (citations omitted); see also Tobey, 706 F.3d at 385.
To determine whether an officer is entitled to qualified immunity, we must examine, in
either order: “(1) whether a constitutional violation occurred; and (2) whether the right was
clearly established at the time of the violation[.]” Est. of Jones v. City of Martinsburg, 961
F.3d 661, 667 (4th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted), as amended (June 10, 2020); see Pearson
v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009) (finding that courts “should be permitted to exercise
their sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity
analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular case at
hand”).
Schoonover’s “appeal is limited to the second prong of the qualified immunity
analysis: whether a reasonable officer would have known that his actions violated a clearly
3 As a threshold matter, this Court finds that Schoonover did not waive his argument that Holcomb and Morris are not entitled to qualified immunity. While Holcomb and Morris maintain that Schoonover did not argue before the district court that the right to not be handcuffed wrist-to-ankle is clearly established, they concede that Schoonover argued that the right to be free from the use of excessive force is a clearly established Fourth Amendment right. Appellees’ Resp. Br. at 3. Because these are “variations of the same basic argument[,]” we conclude that Schoonover did not waive his argument that Holcomb and Morris are not entitled to qualified immunity. United States v. Lavabit, LLC, 749 F.3d 276, 288 (4th Cir. 2014).
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established right.” Valladares v. Cordero, 552 F.3d 384, 389 (4th Cir. 2009) (citation
omitted). A right is “clearly established” if “the contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear
that a reasonable officer would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Hill
v. Crum, 727 F.3d 312, 321–22 (4th Cir. 2013) (quoting Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603,
615 (1999)). Therefore, courts must examine “whether an official in the defendant’s
position knew or reasonably should have known that the action he took violated the
constitutional rights of the plaintiff.” Id. at 322 (citing Wilson, 526 U.S. at 614–15).
However, “we do not impose on the official a duty to sort out conflicting decisions or to
resolve subtle or open issues.” McVey v. Stacy, 157 F.3d 271, 277 (4th Cir. 1998).
“Officials are not liable for bad guesses in gray areas; they are liable for transgressing
bright lines.” Maciariello v. Sumner, 973 F.2d 295, 298 (4th Cir. 1992) (citations omitted).
Thus, “in the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Crum, 727 F.3d
at 322 (quoting Wilson, 526 U.S. at 615). Officials, however, “‘can still be on notice that
their conduct violates established law even in novel factual circumstances,’ so long as the
law provided ‘fair warning’ that their conduct was unconstitutional.” Booker v. S.C. Dep’t
of Corr., 855 F.3d 533, 538 (4th Cir. 2017) (quoting Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741
(2002)).
There is no doubt that the broad legal principle governing this case—that citizens
have a Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures accomplished by
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excessive force—was clearly established at the time of Schoonover’s arrest. 4 See Graham
v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394 (1989) (“Where . . . the excessive force claim arises in the
context of an arrest or investigatory stop of a free citizen, it is most properly characterized
as one invoking the protections of the Fourth Amendment, which guarantees citizens the
right ‘to be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable . . . seizures’ of the person.”);
see also Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 7 (1985) (“[T]here can be no question that
apprehension by the use of deadly force is a seizure subject to the reasonableness
requirement of the Fourth Amendment.”). However, the Supreme Court has cautioned that
this right, as articulated in Graham, is “cast at a high level of generality.” Brosseau v.
Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 199 (2004) (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). Thus, Graham “does
not by itself ‘create clearly established law outside “an obvious case.”’” E.W. ex rel. T.W.
v. Dolgos, 884 F.3d 172, 186 (4th Cir. 2018) (quoting White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 73, 80
(2017)). While Schoonover’s right not to be unreasonably handcuffed is clearly implicated
by his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizure, the Court finds that
this seizure does not amount to “an obvious case” such that Holcomb and Morris were on
4 Schoonover’s arguments on appeal are limited to the application of excessive force during arrest under the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court has noted that there is an open question regarding “whether the Fourth Amendment continues to provide individuals with protection against the deliberate use of excessive physical force beyond the point at which arrest ends and pretrial detention begins” and that “[i]t is clear . . . that the Due Process Clause protects a pretrial detainee from the use of excessive force that amounts to punishment.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 n.10 (1989) (citing Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535–539 (1979)). However, Schoonover made no argument before the district court regarding excessive force used beyond the point of arrest, or regarding his right to be free from pretrial punishment under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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sufficient notice that their conduct—handcuffing Schoonover wrist-to-ankle—constituted
an unreasonable seizure. Id.
In defining the right at issue in the present case, we consider the Supreme Court’s
admonition “not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.” Mullenix
v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (quoting Ashcroft v. al–Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011)).
Rather, we must “take care to define the right at an ‘appropriate level of specificity[,]’”
Thompson v. Virginia, 878 F.3d 89, 98 (4th Cir. 2017) (quoting Wilson, 526 U.S. at 615),
especially in the Fourth Amendment context, where “[i]t is sometimes difficult for an
officer to determine how the relevant legal doctrine, here excessive force, will apply to the
factual situation the officer confronts[,]” Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 12 (first alteration in
original) (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 205 (2001), modified by Pearson, 555
U.S. 223 (holding that the two-step inquiry for resolving qualified immunity claims may
be taken in either order)).
The parties diverge in defining the constitutional right at issue here. Schoonover
argues that non-threatening individuals have a clearly established right to have their known
injuries considered by police officers during handcuffing. 5 Appellant’s Op. Br. at 17–18.
Appellees, on the other hand, argue that the district court correctly found that “the right not
to be handcuffed wrist-to-ankle” is not clearly established. Appellees’ Resp. Br. at 5. The
5 In the statement of the issue presented for review in his Opening Brief, however, Schoonover states the issue differently: “whether Morris and Holcomb were on notice of a clearly established right not to handcuff the 65-year-old, amputee Schoonover from wrist to ankle.” Appellant’s Op. Br. at 1. As discussed below, this recitation of the right at issue is appropriately specific.
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district court held that “handcuffing the plaintiff wrist-to-ankle under the circumstances in
this case seems unreasonable, but there is no indication that the officers were or should
have been on notice of a clearly established right not to handcuff one such as the plaintiff
in this way.” J.A. 102. We find that the district court’s narrow recitation of the right at
issue is defined “at an appropriate level of specificity.” Thompson, 878 F.3d at 98.
Accordingly, we must now determine whether Schoonover’s right not to be handcuffed
wrist-to-ankle was clearly established.
For a right to be clearly established, it must be grounded in “‘controlling authority’
or ‘a robust “consensus of cases of persuasive authority.”’” District of Columbia v. Wesby,
138 S. Ct. 577, 589–90 (2018)(quoting al–Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741–42); see also Williams v.
Strickland, 917 F.3d 763, 769 (4th Cir. 2019). Cases of “controlling authority” are those
handed down by the Supreme Court, this Court, and the “highest court of the state in which
the case arose[.]” Booker, 855 F.3d at 538 (quoting Owens ex rel. Owens v. Lott, 372 F.3d
267, 279 (4th Cir. 2004)). “We ‘ordinarily’ need not look any further than decisions from
these courts.” Id. (quoting Owens, 372 F.3d at 279). However, “when ‘there are no such
decisions from courts of controlling authority, we may look to “a consensus of cases of
persuasive authority” from other jurisdictions, if such exists.’” Id. (emphasis in original)
(quoting Owens, 372 F.3d at 279–80).
Schoonover does not cite to any binding precedent that “place[s] the . . .
constitutional question beyond debate.” al–Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741 (citations omitted).
Thus, in the absence of controlling authority, this Court looks to whether there is a “robust
consensus of persuasive authority,” Strickland, 917 F.3d at 769 (quoting Booker, 855 F.3d
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at 544), “that would have given the defendants ‘fair warning that their conduct,’ under the
circumstances, was wrongful,” id. (quoting Williamson v. Stirling, 912 F.3d 154, 187 (4th
Cir. 2018)). Schoonover argues that a handful of district and circuit court cases create this
“robust consensus of persuasive authority.” Id. However, these cases do not clearly
establish that Schoonover had a Fourth Amendment right to be free from being handcuffed
wrist-to-ankle, such that Holcomb and Morris had fair warning that their specific conduct
was unconstitutional.
Schoonover argues that Walton v. City of Southfield, 995 F.2d 1331 (6th Cir. 1993),
and Guite v. Wright, 147 F.3d 747 (8th Cir. 1998), are factually similar to the instant matter
and evidence a clearly established right for officers to take known injuries into account
during handcuffing. 6 In Walton, the plaintiff was arrested for driving with a suspended
6 Schoonover also cites Howard v. Dickerson, 34 F.3d 978 (10th Cir. 1994), to show that the Tenth Circuit has established that an officer must consider known injuries when handcuffing a non-threatening individual. The plaintiff in Howard had recently undergone surgery and was wearing a neck brace at the time of arrest, and advised the arresting officer that handcuffing her behind her back would cause injury. Id. at 979. However, the plaintiff in Howard alleged a claim of deliberate indifference to her known medical needs under the Fourteenth Amendment, not a claim of excessive force under the Fourth Amendment. Id. at 979–80. Thus, Howard is inapplicable here.
Schoonover also cites to other cases in the Sixth Circuit related to the use of excessive force during handcuffing. See Martin v. Heideman, 106 F.3d 1308, 1313 (6th Cir. 1997) (finding that handcuffing an individual’s wrists too tightly could form the basis of an excessive force claim and remanding for a retrial); Kostrzewa v. City of Troy, 247 F.3d 633, 641 (6th Cir. 2001) (reversing the district court’s dismissal of the plaintiff’s excessive force claim based on an “overly-tight application of handcuffs”). These cases establish that handcuffing an individual’s wrists too tightly may be grounds for an excessive force claim, but they do not contribute to a robust consensus that there is a clearly established right to be free from being handcuffed as Schoonover was, wrist-to-ankle.
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license and handcuffed behind her back. 995 F.2d at 1333–34. The plaintiff claimed that
she “begged not to be handcuffed” due to a shoulder injury, while the officer claimed that
the plaintiff “never told him why she did not want to be handcuffed, and only told him her
shoulder was hurting when they were travelling to the station.” Id. at 1342. The Sixth
Circuit concluded that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the officer
used excessive force because there was a dispute over whether the officer knew that the
plaintiff had an injured shoulder. Id. (finding that “[a]n excessive use of force claim could
be premised on [the officer’s] handcuffing [of the plaintiff] if he knew that she had an
injured arm and if he believed that she posed no threat to him”).
In Guite, a plain clothed officer and three uniformed officers arrived at the plaintiff’s
home to question his teenage son about a recent string of armed robberies. 147 F.3d at
749. The plaintiff, who was recovering from surgery on his left shoulder and was wearing
his arm in a sling, told the officers to either produce an arrest warrant or leave his property.
Id. at 749–50. In response, one officer “grabbed [the plaintiff’s] wrist, pushed him
backwards, and held him up against the open door inside the house.” Id. at 750. The Eighth
Circuit concluded that, although “not every push or shove violates the Fourth
Amendment,” there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the officer used
excessive force because it was unclear “whether force was needed and whether such force
was excessive under the circumstances.” Id. (citations omitted).
However, the facts in Walton and Guite are distinct from those here in one key
respect. In Walton and Guite, the officers were made aware (or there was a dispute over
whether the officer was made aware) of the plaintiffs’ preexisting physical injuries and
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proceeded to handcuff the plaintiffs in a manner that was likely to exacerbate those injuries.
Here, Appellees did not handcuff Schoonover in a manner likely to exacerbate a preexisting
physical injury or condition. Although the condition of his left arm was clearly visible,
Schoonover does not allege that he notified Appellees that he was experiencing pain or
discomfort when he was handcuffed. Unlike the plaintiffs in Walton and Guite,
Schoonover did not have a preexisting physical injury or condition that was clearly
susceptible to aggravation or re-injury from handcuffing; indeed, Schoonover’s alleged
injuries do not appear to stem from the site of his amputation. Given his amputated left
arm, Appellees could not secure Schoonover in a traditional manner and in their attempt to
handcuff him, caused new injuries to Schoonover’s back, ankle, and wrist. Thus, while
Walton and Guite show there is some consensus around the right of arrestees to have their
known, preexisting injuries considered during handcuffing, they do not constitute a “robust
consensus of persuasive authority” that gave Appellees “fair warning that their conduct,
under the circumstances, was wrongful[.]” Strickland, 917 F.3d at 769.
Finally, Schoonover cites to various out-of-circuit district court cases to further
support his position that there is a clearly established right to have officers consider known
injuries in their decision to handcuff a non-threatening individual. 7 However, as discussed
7 See Aceto v. Kachajian, 240 F. Supp. 2d 121, 126 (D. Mass. 2003); Eason v. Anoka–Hennepin E. Metro Narcotics & Violent Crimes Task Force, No. 00–CV–311– PAM/SRN, 2002 WL 1303023, at *5 (D. Minn. June 6, 2002); Caron v. Hester, No. 00– CV–394–M, 2001 WL 1568761, at *6 (D.N.H. Nov. 13, 2001); Ferguson v. Hall, 33 F. Supp. 2d 608, 612 (E.D. Mich. 1999); Pritzker v. City of Hudson, 26 F. Supp. 2d. 433, 444 (N.D.N.Y. 1998).
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above, in the present case, this definition of the right at issue is incorrect. Moreover, the
out-of-circuit district court cases cited by Schoonover are only of limited persuasive
authority. See Booker, 855 F.3d at 545 (finding that “unanimity” among the Second, Third,
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and D.C. Circuits created a “robust
consensus of persuasive authority,” but noting that because “published district court
opinions, like unpublished opinions from our Court, have no precedential value, it follows
that we should not consider them [as persuasive authority]”); see also Camreta v. Greene,
563 U.S. 692, 709 n.7 (2011) (“Many Courts of Appeals . . . decline to consider district
court precedent when determining if constitutional rights are clearly established for
purposes of qualified immunity.”).
In any case, even if these district court cases were considered persuasive authority,
they would still not form a “robust consensus” as other circuits have reached the conclusion
opposite Schoonover’s position: that police officers are entitled to qualified immunity
after injuring an individual during handcuffing, even when the officer was aware of the
individual’s preexisting injury or complaints of pain or discomfort. See, e.g., Day v.
Wooten, 947 F.3d 453, 463 (7th Cir. 2020) (reversing the district court’s denial of qualified
immunity and finding no clearly established right “of an out-of-breath [and non-
cooperative] arrestee to not have his hands cuffed behind his back after he complains of
difficulty breathing”); Jackson v. Lubelan, 657 F. App’x 497, 502 (6th Cir. 2016) (holding
that “handcuffing someone just tightly enough that an awkward arm placement or a minor
lift causes an injury is not [a clearly established violation of the Fourth Amendment] . . .
even when the suspect complains to the officers” (citation omitted)); Royster v. Nichols,
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698 F.3d 681, 692 (8th Cir. 2012) (finding that handcuffing a cooperative individual with
his hands behind his back after he informed the officer of a preexisting shoulder injury did
not constitute excessive force); Secondo v. Campbell, 327 F. App’x 126, 132–33 (11th Cir.
2009) (same); Morreale v. City of Cripple Creek, No. 96-1220, 1997 WL 290976, at *5–6
(10th Cir. May 27, 1997) (unpublished table decision) (finding that handcuffing a non-
threatening and cooperative individual with her hands behind her back, despite her stated
shoulder injury, did not constitute excessive force).
In sum, the cases cited by Schoonover do not amount to a “robust consensus of
persuasive authority” that gave Appellees fair warning that their conduct was
unconstitutional. While Appellees’ actions appear inappropriate and callous in hindsight,
we conclude that Schoonover’s right not to be handcuffed in the manner that he was—
wrist-to-ankle—was not clearly established, and Morris and Holcomb are entitled to
qualified immunity.
IV.
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the district court’s order granting
Appellees’ motion to dismiss.
AFFIRMED