In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-13-00142-CR
JAMES SANCHEZ, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 364th District Court Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. 2011-432,865, Honorable Bryan Poff, Presiding by Assignment
June 12, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
Appellant, James Sanchez, appeals the trial court’s judgment convicting him of
the first-degree felony offense of possession of four grams or more but less than 200
grams of a controlled substance from penalty group 1, namely, cocaine, with intent to
deliver.1 After it found that appellant was guilty of the charged offense and that he used
or exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense, the jury assessed
his felony-enhanced punishment at forty years’ incarceration. On appeal, appellant
1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(d) (West 2010). maintains the evidence presented was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that appellant intentionally or knowingly possessed with the intent to deliver a controlled
substance in the amount of four grams or more but less than 200 grams. We will affirm.
Factual and Procedural History
On October 21, 2011, Lubbock Police Department’s Narcotics Unit executed a
search warrant at 506 53rd Street in Lubbock, Texas, the residence at which appellant
resided. No one challenges the facts leading up to or alleged in support of that warrant.
Six individuals were present at the residence when the warrant was executed: (1)
appellant; (2) Clemente Sanchez, appellant’s father; (3) Vanessa Sanchez, appellant’s
sister; (4) Cassandra Gonzales, appellant’s girlfriend; (5) “Nancy,” a three-year-old
child; and (6) “Albert,” another three-year-old child.
Sergeant Ronnie Roan of the Lubbock Police Department SWAT team was the
first officer to enter the residence and saw appellant coming around a corner and out of
the hallway from the back bedroom area. When appellant saw Roan, appellant ran
back toward the area of two bedrooms, rooms identified at trial as the northeast and
southeast bedrooms. Roan pursued appellant and detained him at the doorway to the
southeast bedroom.
During the ensuing search, LPD Investigator Tony Williams located two baggies
of suspected cocaine and several other items in the northeast bedroom.2 One baggie of
cocaine was on the dresser in that room. Also on the dresser were a rolled dollar bill,
2 James M. Thomas, a forensic scientist with the DPS Regional Laboratory, testified that the two baggies of white powdery substance were turned over, tested, and found to contain 9.84 grams of a cocaine mixture.
2 some “faint lines” of white powdery residue, a partially smoked marijuana cigarette, and
a green leafy substance inside of a jar. The second baggie of cocaine and a scale, on
which there was also white residue, were located inside a black bag on a shelf near the
bed in that same bedroom.
Williams also found a third baggie labeled “CUT” inside of a box that was located
inside the chest of drawers in the northeast bedroom. It was determined that this
baggie contained L-glutamine powder, a common cutting agent used as an additive to
cocaine. Williams also discovered an unloaded Glock 9mm, semi-automatic handgun,
along with a nearby extended magazine with fourteen rounds of ammunition inside it,
both lying on a headboard in that same northeast bedroom. Additionally, $1,173 was
found in a jacket located in the bedroom.
Williams testified that it was his understanding that the northeast bedroom was
appellant’s bedroom. Appellant’s wallet and an undisclosed amount of cash—
apparently separate and apart from the $1,173 found in the jacket pocket—were located
in the northeast bedroom, as was a bill from appellant’s health insurance plan
addressed to him. LPD Investigator Michael Chavez, also participating in the search,
testified that he, too, had information indicating that the northeast bedroom was
appellant’s bedroom.
After hearing the evidence relating to the items found in the northeast bedroom,
which the officers understood and the evidence pointed to as appellant’s bedroom, the
jury heard a recording of a phone call between “Steve,” a relative of appellant’s
girlfriend, and appellant, who was incarcerated at the time at the Lubbock County Jail.
3 In this recording, appellant apologized to “Steve” and took full responsibility for the
drugs discovered in and seized from the house.
On appeal, appellant argues that he was but one of four adult occupants of the
residence and that the room in which the controlled substance and other paraphernalia
were found was a room accessible to all four adult occupants. Consequently, he
maintains, the evidence that he knowingly possessed the cocaine was insufficient to
support his conviction. We will affirm.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State,
323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in
character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of
the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a
conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful
that “[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no
higher standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.” Id.
When reviewing all of the evidence under the Jackson standard of review, the ultimate
question is whether the jury’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. See id. at 906–07
n.26 (discussing Judge Cochran’s dissenting opinion in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d
404, 448–50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), as outlining the proper application of a single
4 evidentiary standard of review). “[T]he reviewing court is required to defer to the jury’s
credibility and weight determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’
credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.” Id. at 899.
A conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to deliver is supported only
when the evidence establishes that the defendant “knowingly manufacture[d],
deliver[ed], or possesse[d] with intent to deliver” the cocaine. See TEX. HEALTH &
SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(a). “A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with
respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when
he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist.” TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 6.03(b) (West 2011). The mere presence of the accused at the place
where contraband is located does not make him a party to joint possession, even if he
knows of the contraband’s existence. Jenkins v. State, 76 S.W.3d 709, 712 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2002, pet. ref’d).
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-13-00142-CR
JAMES SANCHEZ, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 364th District Court Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. 2011-432,865, Honorable Bryan Poff, Presiding by Assignment
June 12, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
Appellant, James Sanchez, appeals the trial court’s judgment convicting him of
the first-degree felony offense of possession of four grams or more but less than 200
grams of a controlled substance from penalty group 1, namely, cocaine, with intent to
deliver.1 After it found that appellant was guilty of the charged offense and that he used
or exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense, the jury assessed
his felony-enhanced punishment at forty years’ incarceration. On appeal, appellant
1 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(d) (West 2010). maintains the evidence presented was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that appellant intentionally or knowingly possessed with the intent to deliver a controlled
substance in the amount of four grams or more but less than 200 grams. We will affirm.
Factual and Procedural History
On October 21, 2011, Lubbock Police Department’s Narcotics Unit executed a
search warrant at 506 53rd Street in Lubbock, Texas, the residence at which appellant
resided. No one challenges the facts leading up to or alleged in support of that warrant.
Six individuals were present at the residence when the warrant was executed: (1)
appellant; (2) Clemente Sanchez, appellant’s father; (3) Vanessa Sanchez, appellant’s
sister; (4) Cassandra Gonzales, appellant’s girlfriend; (5) “Nancy,” a three-year-old
child; and (6) “Albert,” another three-year-old child.
Sergeant Ronnie Roan of the Lubbock Police Department SWAT team was the
first officer to enter the residence and saw appellant coming around a corner and out of
the hallway from the back bedroom area. When appellant saw Roan, appellant ran
back toward the area of two bedrooms, rooms identified at trial as the northeast and
southeast bedrooms. Roan pursued appellant and detained him at the doorway to the
southeast bedroom.
During the ensuing search, LPD Investigator Tony Williams located two baggies
of suspected cocaine and several other items in the northeast bedroom.2 One baggie of
cocaine was on the dresser in that room. Also on the dresser were a rolled dollar bill,
2 James M. Thomas, a forensic scientist with the DPS Regional Laboratory, testified that the two baggies of white powdery substance were turned over, tested, and found to contain 9.84 grams of a cocaine mixture.
2 some “faint lines” of white powdery residue, a partially smoked marijuana cigarette, and
a green leafy substance inside of a jar. The second baggie of cocaine and a scale, on
which there was also white residue, were located inside a black bag on a shelf near the
bed in that same bedroom.
Williams also found a third baggie labeled “CUT” inside of a box that was located
inside the chest of drawers in the northeast bedroom. It was determined that this
baggie contained L-glutamine powder, a common cutting agent used as an additive to
cocaine. Williams also discovered an unloaded Glock 9mm, semi-automatic handgun,
along with a nearby extended magazine with fourteen rounds of ammunition inside it,
both lying on a headboard in that same northeast bedroom. Additionally, $1,173 was
found in a jacket located in the bedroom.
Williams testified that it was his understanding that the northeast bedroom was
appellant’s bedroom. Appellant’s wallet and an undisclosed amount of cash—
apparently separate and apart from the $1,173 found in the jacket pocket—were located
in the northeast bedroom, as was a bill from appellant’s health insurance plan
addressed to him. LPD Investigator Michael Chavez, also participating in the search,
testified that he, too, had information indicating that the northeast bedroom was
appellant’s bedroom.
After hearing the evidence relating to the items found in the northeast bedroom,
which the officers understood and the evidence pointed to as appellant’s bedroom, the
jury heard a recording of a phone call between “Steve,” a relative of appellant’s
girlfriend, and appellant, who was incarcerated at the time at the Lubbock County Jail.
3 In this recording, appellant apologized to “Steve” and took full responsibility for the
drugs discovered in and seized from the house.
On appeal, appellant argues that he was but one of four adult occupants of the
residence and that the room in which the controlled substance and other paraphernalia
were found was a room accessible to all four adult occupants. Consequently, he
maintains, the evidence that he knowingly possessed the cocaine was insufficient to
support his conviction. We will affirm.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State,
323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in
character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of
the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a
conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful
that “[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no
higher standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.” Id.
When reviewing all of the evidence under the Jackson standard of review, the ultimate
question is whether the jury’s finding of guilt was a rational finding. See id. at 906–07
n.26 (discussing Judge Cochran’s dissenting opinion in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d
404, 448–50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), as outlining the proper application of a single
4 evidentiary standard of review). “[T]he reviewing court is required to defer to the jury’s
credibility and weight determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’
credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.” Id. at 899.
A conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to deliver is supported only
when the evidence establishes that the defendant “knowingly manufacture[d],
deliver[ed], or possesse[d] with intent to deliver” the cocaine. See TEX. HEALTH &
SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(a). “A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with
respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when
he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist.” TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 6.03(b) (West 2011). The mere presence of the accused at the place
where contraband is located does not make him a party to joint possession, even if he
knows of the contraband’s existence. Jenkins v. State, 76 S.W.3d 709, 712 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2002, pet. ref’d). Proof of possession requires evidence that the
accused exercised “actual care, custody, control, or management” over the substance.
See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002(38) (West Supp. 2013). Thus, the
State must prove the accused (1) “exercised control, management, or care over the
substance” and (2) knew that the substance “possessed” was contraband. See Evans
v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Martin v. State, 753 S.W.2d 384,
387 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (en banc).
When the accused is not in exclusive control of the place where the contraband
is found, the State must establish care, custody, control, or management by linking the
accused to the substance through additional facts and circumstances. See Poindexter
v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting Deshong v. State, 625
5 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981)). Be it direct or circumstantial, the
State’s evidence of links must establish, “to the requisite level of confidence, that the
accused’s connection with the drug was more than just fortuitous.” See id. at 405–06
(quoting Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (en banc)); Park
v. State, 8 S.W.3d 351, 352–53 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, no pet.). In other words, the
evidence must affirmatively connect the accused to the contraband in such a manner
and to such a degree that a reasonable inference may arise that the accused knew of
the contraband’s existence and that he exercised control over it. See Travis v. State,
638 S.W.2d 502, 503 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982).
The several factors by which an accused may, under the unique circumstances
of each case, be sufficiently “linked” to the contraband, include the following
considerations: (1) the defendant’s presence when a search is conducted; (2) whether
the contraband is in plain view; (3) the defendant’s proximity to and the accessibility of
the contraband; (4) whether the defendant was under the influence of contraband when
arrested; (5) whether the defendant possessed other contraband or narcotics
connecting himself to the contraband; (6) whether the defendant made incriminating
statements connecting himself to the contraband; (7) whether the defendant made
furtive gestures; (8) whether there was an odor of contraband; (9) whether other
contraband or drug paraphernalia were present; (10) whether the defendant owned or
had the right to possess the place where the contraband was found; (11) whether the
place where the contraband was found was enclosed; (12) whether the defendant was
found with a large amount of cash; (13) whether the conduct of the defendant indicated
a consciousness of guilt, including whether the accused attempted to flee; and (14)
6 whether occupants of the premises gave conflicting statements about relevant matters.
See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12; Jenkins, 76 S.W.3d at 712–13; see also Triplett v.
State, 292 S.W.3d 205, 209 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, pet. ref’d) (listing numerous
factors to be considered in analysis). These factors, however, are simply that—factors
which may circumstantially establish the sufficiency of evidence offered to prove a
knowing “possession.” See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162 n.12 (cautioning courts that
these factors “are not a litmus test”). It is not the number of links that is dispositive;
rather, it is the logical force of all the evidence. See id. at 162.
Analysis
In support of his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, appellant
emphasizes that only one baggie of white powdery substance was in plain view, that he
did not own the residence, that the contraband was not found in close proximity to him,
that there was no evidence that he had recently ingested cocaine, and that the evidence
does not suggest that the occupants gave conflicting statements. He also points out
that he was not found with a large amount of cash on his person; the cash discovered
during the search was actually in the pocket of a jacket found in the northeast bedroom,
a room from which appellant attempts to distance himself.
Indeed, some of appellant’s contentions may be accurate. Nonetheless, we must
examine the evidence beyond those select considerations proffered by appellant to
assess “the logical force of all the evidence” and determine whether it adequately
connected appellant to the controlled substance. See id. Two baggies of cocaine were
discovered, along with a variety of paraphernalia and evidence of cocaine use in the
7 bedroom, including the rolled dollar bill and the faint residue lines on the dresser. It
appears that some amount of marijuana was also present in the bedroom, which lends
additional weight to the evidence supporting the conclusion that appellant knowingly
possessed the cocaine.
While appellant may not have owned the residence, the evidence establishes
that he did reside there and, therefore, had the right to possess the premises. In fact,
the evidence also suggests that the northeast bedroom, where the cocaine,
paraphernalia, weapon, ammunition, and cash were discovered, was the bedroom
occupied by appellant. Appellant’s wallet, identified as such by the driver’s license it
contained, was found in this bedroom, as was a health insurance plan bill or statement
bearing his name and identifying member information. We add that all of the items
found during the search of the residence were discovered within the bounds of what
was understood as appellant’s bedroom, an enclosed space.
Again, some of the contraband was in plain view. Some of the paraphernalia
was tucked away in boxes or bags on or near the bedroom shelves, but at least one bag
of cocaine, according to Williams, was found lying on top of the dresser. The other
baggie of cocaine was found inside a bag with a digital scale on a shelf near the bed in
that same bedroom, which is, given the evidence that this bedroom belonged to
appellant, a location seemingly within appellant’s easy access and control. Appellant
also demonstrated some consciousness of guilt in that, when the SWAT team entered
the residence, he attempted to flee toward the back of the house.
8 Finally, appellant’s own statements connect him to the contraband. In the
recorded telephone conversation between appellant and his girlfriend’s relative,
recorded a few hours after appellant was arrested and as he was incarcerated in the
Lubbock County Jail, appellant apologized to his girlfriend’s family for getting her
involved in the matter and took sole responsibility for the drugs found inside the
residence, certainly suggesting that the contraband belonged to appellant and that he
exercised “actual care, custody, control, or management” of the cocaine. See TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002(38). Based on the logical force of the evidence
presented to it, the jury could have reasonably concluded that appellant knowingly
possessed the cocaine. See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 912; see also Evans, 202 S.W.3d
at 162. That said, the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s conviction, and we
overrule appellant’s contention to the contrary.
Conclusion
Having overruled appellant’s sole point of error, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment of conviction. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(a).
Mackey K. Hancock Justice
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