FILED Apr 04 2025, 8:50 am
CLERK Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court
IN THE
Court of Appeals of Indiana James J. Harroll, Appellant-Defendant
v.
State of Indiana, Appellee-Plaintiff
April 4, 2025 Court of Appeals Case No. 24A-CR-1327 Appeal from the Knox Superior Court The Honorable Brian M. Johnson, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 42C01-2208-F4-21
Opinion by Judge Kenworthy Judges Mathias concurs. Judge Brown dissents with a separate opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 1 of 15 Kenworthy, Judge.
Case Summary [1] A jury found James Harroll guilty of Count 1, Level 4 felony child molesting; 1
and Count 2, Level 1 felony child molesting. 2 Harroll appeals his convictions,
raising two issues: (1) Did the trial court err in instructing the jury? and (2)
Does sufficient evidence support his conviction of Count 2? We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] J.H. is the daughter of Heath and Jessica. Heath and Harroll are brothers; their
mother, Annett, lives in a two-bedroom home and Harroll stays with her
sometimes. In August 2022, nine-year-old J.H. and her younger brother spent
the night at Annett’s house. Harroll was also there. The next morning, J.H.
and Harroll were sitting next to each other on the living room couch watching a
movie. J.H. was cold and put a blue blanket over both her and Harroll. As
Jessica explained, Harroll had been around the children on a regular basis and
had babysat for them a couple of times before. Up to this point, they all “g[o]t
along great.” Tr. Vol. 4 at 40. J.H. expressed she “trusted [Harroll] at the
moment.” Id. at 70.
1 Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(b) (2022). 2 I.C. § 35-42-4-3(a).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 2 of 15 [3] J.H. was wearing a dress with shorts underneath. She said Harroll “put his
fingers, like, up my shorts, underneath my dress, and then touched my lady
parts.” Id. at 62. J.H. circled on a diagram where Harroll touched her and
explained he touched her skin, making “circle motions.” Id. at 64; see Ex. Vol. 1
at 7. “It wasn’t a long time, but it wasn’t a short time. It was probably like ten
minutes maybe, maybe a little bit less. Maybe six minutes or something.” Tr.
Vol. 4 at 65. While it was happening, Harroll whispered in J.H.’s ear, told her
not to tell anybody, and asked, “[D]id it feel good?” Id. at 66. J.H. excused
herself to go to the bathroom “[t]o get away” because she “didn’t like it.” Id. at
66–67.
[4] When J.H. got home from the sleepover, she told her mom what happened, and
Jessica called the police. J.H. was interviewed by a detective and then went to
the hospital for an examination that same day.
[5] Shelby Goodman, a sexual assault nurse examiner, examined J.H. Goodman
took external and internal genital swabs during the exam. The swabs were
submitted to the Indiana State Police Laboratory but there was an “insufficient
quantity of male DNA to do any further analysis.” Id. at 121. During the
exam, while another nurse was “holding traction” on J.H.’s labia majora,
Goodman observed an abrasion on the upper left internal area of J.H.’s labia
majora. Id. at 89; see also id. at 92 (explaining when the labia majora are closed,
that is the external sex organ, but when the labia majora are held open, as the
other nurse was doing when Goodman observed the abrasion, “this is
internal”). Goodman testified the abrasion was “not normal findings on a . . .
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 3 of 15 child’s genital area.” Id. at 90. She could not say what caused the abrasion but
agreed it could be consistent with an injury caused by a fingernail.
[6] The State charged Harroll with one count of child molesting for fondling or
touching and one count of child molesting for other sexual conduct. At
Harroll’s jury trial, Angela Morris, a forensic nurse examiner, explained the
female sex organ:
[Defense]: So what I’m trying to visualize based on your testimony is where does the external sex – part of the sex organ, where does it end?
A: At the labia majora. . . . [W]hen the lips are together, labia majora are the outer lips. So when you’re pulling the labia majora open, everything that you see inside . . . that’s essentially all internal sex organ.
[Defense]: And when your legs are together, what?
A: Then you’ve got the labia majora essentially closed on top. So it’s – it’s like a fat pad for protection from that pubic bone and all of those internal structures.
Id. at 156.
[7] After the presentation of evidence, the trial court and the parties discussed the
final instructions. The State proposed the following instruction: “Any sexual
penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete the crime of child
molesting, if the other elements are proved.” Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 75.
Harroll objected:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 4 of 15 I think [the instruction] overemphasizes one of the elements over the other elements. I think if it comes through the instruction by the Court that the jury . . . may misinterpret this instruction that the Court might agree with some of the disputed facts in this case. . . . If the Court does decide to allow the instruction, then I would request that the however slight be removed because I think that is too prejudicial. It says any sexual penetration, any, and then adding however slight, I think that would be prejudicial to my client worded in that way.
Tr. Vol. 5 at 79–80. The State responded, “[T]he language including however
slight is, I believe, directly taken from the case law.” Id. at 80. The Court
allowed the instruction as written, explaining:
. . . [I]n looking at jury instructions, the purpose of them is to inform the jury of the law applicable to the facts without misleading the jury and to help them comprehend the case.
When we look at appellate courts and reviews, it’s whether the tendered instruction correctly states the law, and I will find that this does correctly state the law. Whether there is evidence in the record to support giving the instruction, I think we talked about this quite a bit. And then also whether the substance of the instruction is covered by other instructions, and I don’t think this substance is and I think this would help the jury and I think it’s a correct statement of the law.
Id. at 80–81.
[8] The jury found Harroll guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced him to
concurrent terms of thirty-seven years executed in the Indiana Department of
Correction for Count 2 and ten years for Count 1.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 5 of 15 The trial court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury. [9] We review a trial court’s decision to give or refuse a jury instruction for abuse
of discretion. Hernandez v. State, 45 N.E.3d 373, 376 (Ind. 2015). We consider
whether the instruction correctly states the law, is supported by the evidence,
and is covered in substance by the other jury instructions. McCowan v. State, 27
N.E.3d 760, 763–64 (Ind. 2015). We consider the instructions “as a whole and
in reference to each other” and reverse only if “the instructions as a whole
mislead the jury as to the law in the case.” Helsley v. State, 809 N.E.2d 292, 303
(Ind. 2004) (quotation omitted).
[10] Harroll was charged with Level 1 felony child molesting for knowingly or
intentionally performing or submitting to other sexual conduct. See Appellant’s
App. Vol. 2 at 55. “Other sexual conduct” is defined by statute as “an act
involving . . . the penetration of the sex organ or anus of a person by an object.”
I.C. § 35-31.5-2-221.5(2) (2014). Over Harroll’s objection, the trial court
instructed the jury that “[a]ny sexual penetration, however slight, is sufficient to
complete the crime of child molesting, if the other elements are proved.” Tr.
Vol. 5 at 86. Harroll objected to the instruction as a whole and alternatively “to
the way the particular instruction is worded with adding however slight.” Id. at
82. He argues on appeal the instruction as given unfairly emphasized one piece
of evidence.
[11] “The purpose of a jury instruction is to inform the jury of the law applicable to
the facts without misleading the jury and to enable it to comprehend the case Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 6 of 15 clearly and arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict.” Dill v. State, 741 N.E.2d
1230, 1232 (Ind. 2001) (quotation omitted). Under the Indiana Constitution,
“it [is] the province of the jury to determine the weight to be given . . . each
item placed in evidence.” Keller v. State, 47 N.E.3d 1205, 1208 (Ind. 2016)
(alterations in original) (quoting Woodson v. State, 542 N.E.2d 1331, 1334 (Ind.
1989)). Accordingly, Indiana courts have disapproved instructions that
“unnecessarily emphasize one particular evidentiary fact, witness, or phase of
the case[.]” Ludy v. State, 784 N.E.2d 459, 460–61 (Ind. 2003).
[12] Harroll argues “it is high time this particular instruction is included in the list of
those that improperly emphasize one piece of evidence to the exclusion of all
other evidence.” Appellant’s Br. at 13; see, e.g., Ham v. State, 826 N.E.2d 640,
641–42 (Ind. 2005) (disapproving instruction stating, “A [D]efendant’s refusal
to submit to a chemical test may be considered as evidence of intoxication” in
part because it “unnecessarily emphasiz[ed] one evidentiary fact”); Ludy, 784
N.E.2d at 460–61 (finding error in an instruction stating, “A conviction may be
based solely on the uncorroborated testimony of the alleged victim” because it
“unfairly focuse[d] the jury’s attention on and highlight[ed] a single witness’s
testimony”); Dill, 741 N.E.2d at 1232 (disapproving instruction that a
defendant’s flight, although not proof of guilt, could be considered as evidence
of consciousness of guilt). Harroll argues the instruction in his case “focuse[d]
the jury’s attention on that slight abrasion to the exclusion of [J.H.’s] testimony
that says nothing about touching her inside the labia.” Appellant’s Br. at 13.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 7 of 15 And he contends the phrase “however slight” is “a description that goes
exclusively to the weight of the evidence.” Id.
[13] To the extent Harroll challenges the instruction as improperly derived from
appellate case law addressing sufficiency of evidence as in the cases cited above,
it is true the “mere fact that certain language or expression [is] used in the
opinions of this Court to reach its final conclusion does not make it proper
language for instructions to a jury.” Ludy, 784 N.E.2d at 462 (quotation
omitted); see Appellant’s Br. at 11. It is also true “there is no blanket prohibition
against using such language in jury instructions.” Marks v. State, 864 N.E.2d
408, 411 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). And the instruction challenged here has been
acknowledged and approved by the Supreme Court. In Ives v. State, the Indiana
Supreme Court held there was no error in giving an instruction that provided:
“You are instructed that any sexual penetration, however slight, is sufficient to
complete the crime of rape, if the other elements are proved. . . .” 418 N.E.2d
220, 224 (Ind. 1981); see also Espenlaub v. State, 2 N.E.2d 979, 981 (Ind. 1936)
(instructing the jury that “the slightest penetration only need be proved” in a
rape prosecution correctly tells the jury “what proof is necessary upon a
particular point”).
[14] Harroll was charged with child molesting by other sexual conduct.
“Penetration” is part of the definition of “other sexual conduct,” but there is no
statutory definition of penetration. See I.C. § 35-31.5-2-221.5. Nor is there a
pattern jury instruction on penetration. The instruction given by the trial court
did not emphasize any particular fact or evidence; rather, it helped the jury
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 8 of 15 understand the law applicable to the facts. Cf. Ham, 826 N.E.2d at 641 (jury
instruction improperly highlighted fact defendant refused to take chemical test).
Moreover, the phrase “however slight” refers to the degree of penetration, not
the amount of evidence required to prove penetration.
[15] The instruction is a correct statement of the law, there is evidence in the record
to support giving the instruction, and its substance was not covered by any
other instruction. The jury instructions also told the jury it had the right to
determine the law and the facts; provided the elements of the offense; informed
the jury about reasonable doubt; and told the jury it must consider all the
evidence presented and was the exclusive judge of the evidence. See Tr. Vol. 5 at
84–88. Taken together, the instructions did not mislead the jury. The trial
court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury.
Sufficient evidence supports Harroll’s conviction. [16] A sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim warrants a “deferential standard of review
in which we ‘neither reweigh the evidence nor judge witness credibility[.]’”
Hancz-Barron v. State, 235 N.E.3d 1237, 1244 (Ind. 2024) (quoting Brantley v.
State, 91 N.E.3d 566, 570 (Ind. 2018), cert. denied). Instead, we respect the fact-
finder’s exclusive province to weigh conflicting evidence, Phipps v. State, 90
N.E.3d 1190, 1195 (Ind. 2018), and consider only the probative evidence and
reasonable inferences that support the judgment of the trier of fact, Hall v. State,
177 N.E.3d 1183, 1191 (Ind. 2021). We will affirm the conviction unless no
reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 9 of 15 reasonable doubt. Teising v. State, 226 N.E.3d 780, 783 (Ind. 2024). It is “not
necessary that the evidence ‘overcome every reasonable hypothesis of
innocence.’” Sallee v. State, 51 N.E.3d 130, 133 (Ind. 2016) (quoting Moore v.
State, 652 N.E.2d 53, 55 (Ind. 1995)).
[17] To convict Harroll of Level 1 felony child molesting, the State had to prove he
was at least twenty-one years old and knowingly or intentionally performed an
act involving the penetration of the sex organ of J.H., a child under the age of
fourteen, by an object. See I.C. §§ 35-42-4-3(a); 35-31.5-2-221.5(2). A finger is
an “object” in this context. Carranza v. State, 184 N.E.3d 712, 715 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2022). “[P]roof of the slightest penetration of the sex organ, including
penetration of the external genitalia, is sufficient to demonstrate a person
performed other sexual []conduct with a child.” Boggs v. State, 104 N.E.3d
1287, 1289 (Ind. 2018). Penetration is a question of fact to be determined by
the jury. Williams v. State, 478 N.E.2d 47, 49 (Ind. 1985).
[18] Harroll argues the State failed to prove he penetrated J.H.’s sexual organ with
his finger and therefore failed to prove he committed Level 1 felony child
molesting. Specifically, Harroll claims J.H. “never offered any testimony to
suggest any kind of penetration, even slight penetration.” Appellant’s Br. at 8.
He further claims that although the State presented evidence of an abrasion
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 10 of 15 “just inside of the external labia,” there was no evidence of when or how J.H.
received the abrasion. Id. 3
[19] J.H. testified Harroll touched her skin underneath her shorts by moving his
fingers in a circular motion on her “lady parts.” Tr. Vol. 4 at 58. She marked
the genital area on a diagram to identify where he touched her. The same day
the incident occurred, J.H. was examined by nurse Goodman, who found an
interior abrasion that was “not normal . . . on a . . . child’s genital area.” Id. at
90. The abrasion was visible when the labia majora were spread and was
consistent with an injury caused by a fingernail. And forensic nurse Morris
testified “anything that goes beyond the labial plane” is the internal sex organ.
Id. at 150. In other words, “Coming down into the labia majora, those are
going to be what most people know as the outer lips. Those are . . . external sex
organs. When we look at spreading the labia majora, we are able to see the
other structures. This is considered internal sex organ.” Id. at 149.
[20] J.H. did not give a detailed anatomical description of Harroll’s acts, but such a
description is unnecessary and undesirable for two reasons. First, “many
people are not able to articulate the precise anatomical features that were or
were not penetrated.” Spurlock v. State, 675 N.E.2d 312, 315 (Ind. 1996). And
3 Harroll also contends the State “effectively admitted in its closing argument that it had no proof of penetration,” highlighting selected statements. Id. at 9. As the State points out, the selected statements are taken out of context. See Appellee’s Br. at 11–12. To the extent closing arguments are relevant to a sufficiency analysis (and Harroll cites no law supporting that assertion), the State’s comments here do not amount to a concession of failure of proof.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 11 of 15 second, “to require such detailed descriptions would subject victims to
unwarranted questioning and cross-examination regarding the details and
extent of penetration.” Id. Put simply, “any penetration is enough” if the fact-
finder hears evidence from which it could find the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. Id.
[21] A reasonable inference from J.H.’s testimony—coupled with Morris’
description of where the external sex organ ends and the internal sex organ
begins and evidence of an internal abrasion—is that Harroll’s fingers, moving in
a circular motion, broke the “labial plane” and penetrated J.H.’s sex organ
causing the abrasion. There was sufficient evidence of probative value from
which a jury reasonably could find the elements of Level 1 child molesting
proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Conclusion [22] The trial court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury, and sufficient
evidence supports Harroll’s conviction of Level 1 felony child molesting.
[23] Affirmed.
Mathias, J., concurs. Brown, J., dissents with a separate opinion.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Gregory Bowes Greg Bowes Legal Services, P.C. Indianapolis, Indiana
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 12 of 15 ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Theodore E. Rokita Indiana Attorney General Ian McLean Supervising Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 13 of 15 Brown, Judge, dissenting.
[24] I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision affirming Harroll’s conviction
for the level 1 felony. To convict Harroll of child molesting as a level 1 felony,
the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he engaged in
“other sexual conduct” with J.H. Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(a). “Other sexual
conduct” means “an act involving . . . the penetration of the sex organ . . . of a
person by an object.” Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-221.5(2).
[25] J.H. testified that Harroll “put his fingers, like, up my shorts, underneath my
dress, and then touched my lady parts.” Transcript Volume 4 at 62. In
reference to two areas on an exhibit circled by J.H., the prosecutor asked “[h]e
touched you on your skin . . . in those places,” and J.H. replied “[y]es.” Id. at
64. When asked “[w]hat part of [his] body was he using to touch you with,”
J.H. testified “[h]is hands.” Id. The prosecutor then stated: “Can you tell us
what he was doing with his hands or show us? . . . So the circles that you’re
making on that flat thing in front of you at the window [sic] stand, that’s what
he was doing with his fingers?” Id. J.H. replied affirmatively. The prosecutor
did not question J.H. about penetration. Clearly, nothing in J.H.’s testimony
suggests that penetration occurred. As for the abrasion, the prosecutor asked
Nurse Goodman “I assume you don’t know what caused that abrasion,” and
Nurse Goodman replied “[c]orrect.” Id. at 90. The prosecutor then asked: “Is
that abrasion consistent, though, with say a fingernail?” Id. Nurse Goodman
said “[y]es.” Id. This testimony, even coupled with J.H.’s testimony, does not
imply—let alone establish beyond a reasonable doubt—that Harroll’s fingers
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 14 of 15 “broke the ‘labial plane’ and penetrated J.H.’s sex organ” as the majority states.
Slip op. at 12. While “the slightest penetration of the sex organ, including
penetration of the external genitalia,” is sufficient to show other sexual conduct,
Boggs v. State, 104 N.E.3d 1287, 1289 (Ind. 2018), the evidence here does not
establish even slight penetration. I would reverse Harroll’s conviction for child
molesting as a level 1 felony. See Austin v. State, 201 N.E.3d 1184, 1185 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2022) (“The only evidence the State points to in support of the
convictions is H.A.’s testimony that Austin used his ‘whole hand’ to rub ‘up
and down’ on the ‘outside’ of her ‘private part’ and that it made her feel ‘tingly.’
While ‘the slightest penetration of the sex organ, including penetration of the
external genitalia, is sufficient’ to prove ‘other sexual conduct,’ the evidence
here doesn’t establish even ‘slight’ penetration.”) (citations omitted).
[26] For these reasons, I respectfully dissent and would reverse the judgment of
conviction for the level 1 felony and remand for vacation of the sentence on
Count II.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 24A-CR-1327 | April 4, 2025 Page 15 of 15