IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT TO BE PU BLISHED OPINION
THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED "NOT TO BE PUBLISHED ." PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C), THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER, UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS, RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE BEFORE THE COURT . OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE ACTION. RENDERED : AUGUST 23, 2007 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
,;VUyrrMr Courf -of 2005-SC-000728-MR Eq-13 'F C v . ~C-.
JAMES ERIC DALTON APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM McCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE CRAIG Z. CLYMER, JUDGE NO . 04-CR-00156-002
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
AFFIRMING
James Eric Dalton and Michael Gaines were jointly tried and convicted of first-
degree robbery. Dalton was also found to be a second-degree persistent felony
offender and sentenced to an enhanced term of twenty years' imprisonment. Dalton
brings this appeal, raising as his sole issue the contention that the trial court erred in
failing to grant a mistrial after a juror revealed overhearing Gaines's mother tell a
prospective juror that one of the defendants was her son and "that's what drugs will do
to you." We affirm because we conclude that Dalton has failed to preserve this issue for
appellate review or otherwise demonstrate error in the trial proceeding .
I . FACTS .
Dalton and Gaines admitted that they robbed Taco John's restaurant, and they
were charged with first-degree robbery. The case went to trial because they had used a
toy gun to commit the robbery; and they sought, at most, to be convicted of second- degree robbery, which has a lesser penalty than first-degree robbery. First-degree
robbery requires for conviction the additional element of possession of a deadly weapon
or the use of a dangerous instrument.
Police Sergeant Mike Weaver testified at trial that Dalton immediately confessed
his involvement in the robbery. Dalton told Weaver that he put the "gun" to the
restaurant manager's head and demanded that she give him the money. Dalton also
admitted ordering two other restaurant employees into the walk-in cooler and blocking
the cooler door to keep them there . According to Dalton's statement to Weaver, the
manager retrieved the money as instructed and put it in a bag for Dalton, who then fled
the scene and dropped the "gun" by a nearby trailer. Sergeant Weaver also testified
that he interviewed Gaines, who admitted using a toy gun in the robbery and carrying
the money out of the store .
Sergeant Weaver also testified that he found the toy gun near the trailer where
Dalton had stated he threw it. Dalton's counsel asked Weaver on cross-examination
whether Dalton had appeared intoxicated to him . Weaver testified that he did not recall
thinking that Dalton was intoxicated .
After a lunch break following Weaver's testimony, the trial court announced that a
juror had reported overhearing the mother of one of the two defendants talking to a
prospective juror:who was not selected to hear the case-in the restroom and the
mother saying something to the effect of "that's what drugs will do to you ." The trial
court then conducted a hearing on the allegations .
Gaines's mother, Joyce McKinney, admitted to the trial court that she had spoken
to a prospective juror, "a friend of a friend," in the restroom during a break in the trial . McKinney had asked the prospective juror whether she recognized her and whether she
realized that Gaines was McKinney's son . The prospective juror replied that she was
unaware of the relationship and stated, "I'm sorry." McKinney then told the prospective
juror "that's what drugs will do to you."
The trial court called the juror who had reported overhearing the conversation
and asked her about her recollections of the conversation in the restroom . This juror
reported seeing McKinney walk up to the prospective juror and hearing her ask if she
realized that one of the defendants was her son . The juror did not know which
defendant was McKinney's son . The juror then recalled that McKinney told the
prospective juror that "he" [presumably referring to McKinney's son] knew what he was
getting into and could not get out of it and that "that's what drugs will do to you ." The
juror then stated that overhearing this conversation was "not going to affect my thinking
process ." She was then asked whether any other jurors had been present in the
restroom when the conversation occurred .
The juror then identified a second juror who had been present in the restroom at
the same time . This second juror was then called in by the trial court. The second juror
recalled McKinney talking about one of the defendants being her son but stated she had
not heard anything else. The trial court then called the rest of the jurors into the
courtroom to ask if any of them had witnessed a conversation about the case in a
restroom during a break . None of the other jurors reported hearing anything about the
case in a restroom .
The trial court then instructed the two jurors who had overheard the conversation
in the restroom to "put out of your minds what you heard" and to "not consider it." The court further asked the two jurors if what they heard would make any difference to them.
They replied that it would not.
The trial court then called the attorneys to the bench for a conference . Gaines's
counsel requested a mistrial because of the prejudicial effects of a juror overhearing the
reference to drugs, never specifically stating that Dalton joined in her motion . The
Commonwealth argued against a mistrial. Dalton's counsel neither joined in the motion
for a mistrial nor objected to the court's handling of the dustup over the restroom
conversations. The trial court denied the motion for a mistrial, stating it was not even
sure that the reference to drug use would be prejudicial and the trial continued.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury was instructed on both first-degree
robbery and second-degree robbery. The jurors found both Dalton and Gaines guilty of
first-degree robbery, and they found Dalton guilty of being a second-degree persistent
felony offender . The jury recommended a sentence of twelve years' imprisonment for
Dalton for first-degree robbery, enhanced to twenty years' imprisonment for second-
degree persistent felony offender . The trial court then entered its judgment in
accordance with the jury's verdict.
II . ANALYSIS .
A . Dalton Failed to Preserve this Issue for Review.
As the Commonwealth correctly points out, Dalton failed to join in his co-
defendant's motion for a mistrial or to otherwise make an objection to the trial court's
handling of the problem of contact occurring between Gaines's mother and jurors in the
restroom . So Dalton has failed to preserve this issue for review.
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IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT TO BE PU BLISHED OPINION
THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED "NOT TO BE PUBLISHED ." PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C), THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER, UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS, RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE BEFORE THE COURT . OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE ACTION. RENDERED : AUGUST 23, 2007 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
,;VUyrrMr Courf -of 2005-SC-000728-MR Eq-13 'F C v . ~C-.
JAMES ERIC DALTON APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM McCRACKEN CIRCUIT COURT V. HONORABLE CRAIG Z. CLYMER, JUDGE NO . 04-CR-00156-002
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
AFFIRMING
James Eric Dalton and Michael Gaines were jointly tried and convicted of first-
degree robbery. Dalton was also found to be a second-degree persistent felony
offender and sentenced to an enhanced term of twenty years' imprisonment. Dalton
brings this appeal, raising as his sole issue the contention that the trial court erred in
failing to grant a mistrial after a juror revealed overhearing Gaines's mother tell a
prospective juror that one of the defendants was her son and "that's what drugs will do
to you." We affirm because we conclude that Dalton has failed to preserve this issue for
appellate review or otherwise demonstrate error in the trial proceeding .
I . FACTS .
Dalton and Gaines admitted that they robbed Taco John's restaurant, and they
were charged with first-degree robbery. The case went to trial because they had used a
toy gun to commit the robbery; and they sought, at most, to be convicted of second- degree robbery, which has a lesser penalty than first-degree robbery. First-degree
robbery requires for conviction the additional element of possession of a deadly weapon
or the use of a dangerous instrument.
Police Sergeant Mike Weaver testified at trial that Dalton immediately confessed
his involvement in the robbery. Dalton told Weaver that he put the "gun" to the
restaurant manager's head and demanded that she give him the money. Dalton also
admitted ordering two other restaurant employees into the walk-in cooler and blocking
the cooler door to keep them there . According to Dalton's statement to Weaver, the
manager retrieved the money as instructed and put it in a bag for Dalton, who then fled
the scene and dropped the "gun" by a nearby trailer. Sergeant Weaver also testified
that he interviewed Gaines, who admitted using a toy gun in the robbery and carrying
the money out of the store .
Sergeant Weaver also testified that he found the toy gun near the trailer where
Dalton had stated he threw it. Dalton's counsel asked Weaver on cross-examination
whether Dalton had appeared intoxicated to him . Weaver testified that he did not recall
thinking that Dalton was intoxicated .
After a lunch break following Weaver's testimony, the trial court announced that a
juror had reported overhearing the mother of one of the two defendants talking to a
prospective juror:who was not selected to hear the case-in the restroom and the
mother saying something to the effect of "that's what drugs will do to you ." The trial
court then conducted a hearing on the allegations .
Gaines's mother, Joyce McKinney, admitted to the trial court that she had spoken
to a prospective juror, "a friend of a friend," in the restroom during a break in the trial . McKinney had asked the prospective juror whether she recognized her and whether she
realized that Gaines was McKinney's son . The prospective juror replied that she was
unaware of the relationship and stated, "I'm sorry." McKinney then told the prospective
juror "that's what drugs will do to you."
The trial court called the juror who had reported overhearing the conversation
and asked her about her recollections of the conversation in the restroom . This juror
reported seeing McKinney walk up to the prospective juror and hearing her ask if she
realized that one of the defendants was her son . The juror did not know which
defendant was McKinney's son . The juror then recalled that McKinney told the
prospective juror that "he" [presumably referring to McKinney's son] knew what he was
getting into and could not get out of it and that "that's what drugs will do to you ." The
juror then stated that overhearing this conversation was "not going to affect my thinking
process ." She was then asked whether any other jurors had been present in the
restroom when the conversation occurred .
The juror then identified a second juror who had been present in the restroom at
the same time . This second juror was then called in by the trial court. The second juror
recalled McKinney talking about one of the defendants being her son but stated she had
not heard anything else. The trial court then called the rest of the jurors into the
courtroom to ask if any of them had witnessed a conversation about the case in a
restroom during a break . None of the other jurors reported hearing anything about the
case in a restroom .
The trial court then instructed the two jurors who had overheard the conversation
in the restroom to "put out of your minds what you heard" and to "not consider it." The court further asked the two jurors if what they heard would make any difference to them.
They replied that it would not.
The trial court then called the attorneys to the bench for a conference . Gaines's
counsel requested a mistrial because of the prejudicial effects of a juror overhearing the
reference to drugs, never specifically stating that Dalton joined in her motion . The
Commonwealth argued against a mistrial. Dalton's counsel neither joined in the motion
for a mistrial nor objected to the court's handling of the dustup over the restroom
conversations. The trial court denied the motion for a mistrial, stating it was not even
sure that the reference to drug use would be prejudicial and the trial continued.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury was instructed on both first-degree
robbery and second-degree robbery. The jurors found both Dalton and Gaines guilty of
first-degree robbery, and they found Dalton guilty of being a second-degree persistent
felony offender . The jury recommended a sentence of twelve years' imprisonment for
Dalton for first-degree robbery, enhanced to twenty years' imprisonment for second-
degree persistent felony offender . The trial court then entered its judgment in
accordance with the jury's verdict.
II . ANALYSIS .
A . Dalton Failed to Preserve this Issue for Review.
As the Commonwealth correctly points out, Dalton failed to join in his co-
defendant's motion for a mistrial or to otherwise make an objection to the trial court's
handling of the problem of contact occurring between Gaines's mother and jurors in the
restroom . So Dalton has failed to preserve this issue for review. We have held that a co-defendant's objection does not preserve an issue for
review for an appellant who fails to demonstrate on the record that he has joined in the
objection :
"[O]bjection of [an] attorney for one [co-defendant] will not be deemed to be [an] objection for other [co-defendants] unless counsel has made it clear that in making [an] objection it is made for both defendants ." The fact that co-defendant's counsel made an objection on the issue of which Appellant seeks review is unavailing.'
We have further explained that:
[W]here two or more defendants are being tried together, it is incumbent upon each party to timely make the court aware of his objection to any of the proceedings . This may be done on behalf of one of the parties or jointly on behalf of others, but the court must be informed of the position taken by a party or he cannot later complain .
So Dalton has not properly preserved the issue for appellate review . And in light of the
fact that Dalton admitted his involvement in the robbery, we cannot find that his
conviction reflects a "manifest injustice" resulting from any error, meaning that he is not
entitled to relief for palpable error under Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure
(RCr) 10.26.
B. Even if Issue Were Preserved. Dalton Would Not Be Entitled to Reliefon Appeal .
In any event, we note that the trial court admonished the jurors who heard
conversations relating to the case in the restroom to put these conversations out of their
minds and not to consider them in their deliberations . This admonition is presumed to
cure the error, if any.3 And in light of the fact that the issue at trial was whether the
Rice v. Commonwealth , 199 S.W.3d 732, 738 (Ky. 2006) (emphasis added) (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth , 780 S .W.2d 627, 629 (Ky. 1989) (footnote omitted)) . Id. (quoting Price v. Commonwealth , 474 S.W.2d 348, 350 (Ky. 1971)). Johnson v. Commonwealth , 105 S.W .3d 430,441 (Ky. 2003) . robbery victims perceived the toy gun to be a real gun, the overheard comment
concerning drug use was not "devastating" to Dalton, nor was it "inflammatory" or
"highly prejudicial ." No valid exception to the general efficacy of the presumption of
cure applies here .
Since the admonition cured any potential error, the trial court did not err in
denying the motion for mistrial . Thus, Dalton is not entitled to relief on appeal.
III . CONCLUSION .
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed .
All sitting . Lambert, CJ ; Cunningham, Minton, Noble, Schroder, and Scott, JJ .,
concur .
Id. ("There are only two circumstances in which the presumptive efficacy of an admonition falters : (1) when there is an overwhelming probability that the jury will be unable to follow the court's admonition and there is a strong likelihood that the effect of the inadmissible evidence would be devastating to the defendant, or (2) when the question was asked without a factual basis and was `inflammatory' or `highly prejudicial ."') (citations omitted) . COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT :
Karen Maurer Assistant Public Advocate Department of Public Advocacy 100 Fair Oaks Lane, Suite 302 Frankfort, KY 40601
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE :
Gregory D . Stumbo Attorney General of Kentucky
Todd D. Ferguson Assistant Attorney General Office of Attorney General Criminal Appellate Division 1024 Capital Center Drive Frankfort, KY 40601-8204