MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any Mar 10 2016, 7:54 am
court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE John Andrew Goodridge Gregory F. Zoeller Evansville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana George P. Sherman Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jacob Aaron Phillips, March 10, 2016 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 82A01-1504-PC-287 v. Appeal from the Vanderburgh Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Plaintiff. Robert J. Pigman, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 82D03-1312-PC-13
Kirsch, Judge.
[1] Jacob Aaron Phillips (“Phillips”) appeals the post-conviction court’s denial of
his petition for post-conviction relief. On appeal, he raises the followed restated
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 1 of 14 issue: whether he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel when pleading
guilty.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] In April 1999, Phillips married K.P. (“Mother”). They have four children
together.1 At the time that they married, Mother also had a daughter, B.L.,
born in or around 1993.2 Near the end of April 2010, the child protective
services (“CPS”) telephone hotline received a call from an individual who
shared with CPS that she had learned from B.L., who was then seventeen years
old, that B.L.’s stepfather, Phillips, had “messed with” B.L. and that Phillips
had been having sex with B.L. since she was in the fourth grade. Pet’r’s Ex. A.
Authorities thereafter interviewed B.L., who described how Phillips had
touched her inappropriately, including “fingering” her, having vaginal
intercourse with her, having anal intercourse with her, performing oral sex on
her, and requiring her to perform oral sex on him. Id. On one or more
occasions, Mother was aware of Phillips’s conduct; B.L. told police about one
1 The presentence investigation report indicates that Phillips has no children. However, at the sentencing hearing, Phillips’s counsel clarified that Phillips and Mother have four children together, explaining that Phillips told the presentence investigator that he had no children because, by that point, his parental rights had been terminated. 2 Some portions of the record and the State refer to the victim as B.F. See Appellee’s Br. at 1 and Pet’r’s Ex. A. However, Phillips’s Brief and other portions of the record, including the sentencing hearing at which the victim testified, refer to her as B.L., and we will refer to her as such in our decision. There is no dispute that B.F. and B.L. are the same person.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 2 of 14 occasion when Phillips penetrated her vagina with his penis while Mother was
in the same bed and kissing Phillips.
[4] Phillips gave a confession to police regarding activities involving B.L. over the
course of nine years, July 1999 to December 2008, in three counties. Phillips
admitted to: touching B.L.’s vagina; having vaginal and anal intercourse with
her; performing oral sex on B.L.; and receiving oral sex from her. He
acknowledged to having sexual relations with B.L. “regularly,” meaning at least
once or twice a week, beginning in 2007. Id. Police also interviewed Mother,
who initially denied knowledge of anything having occurred between Phillips
and B.L., but later admitted to being aware of some of the conduct and having
seen Phillips have sexual intercourse with B.L. Charges were filed against
Phillips in three counties: Vanderburgh County, Warrick County, and Posey
County.
[5] As is relevant here, in April 2010, the State charged Phillips in the Vanderburgh
Superior Court with having committed five offenses: Count I, Class A felony
child molesting by sexual deviate conduct by digitally penetrating the vagina of
B.L., a child under fourteen years; Count II, Class A felony child molesting by
sexual deviate conduct by anal sex with B.L.; Count III, Class A felony child
molesting by sexual deviate conduct by oral sex with B.L.; Count IV, Class B
felony sexual misconduct with a minor by sexual intercourse with B.L.; and
Count V, Class B felony sexual misconduct with a minor by sexual intercourse
with B.L. On May 20, 2010, Attorney David Lamont (“Lamont”) filed an
appearance to represent Phillips.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 3 of 14 [6] In August 2012, Phillips pleaded guilty to Counts III, IV, and V, in exchange
for the State’s agreement to dismiss Counts I and II, each a Class A felony. The
plea agreement (“the Agreement”) provided, “Court to determine an
appropriate sentence, with both sides reserving the right to argue.” Pet’r’s Ex. B.
The Agreement, at paragraph 17 (“Paragraph 17”) contained the following
provisions:
The Defendant agrees that he/she was fully advised of and knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived the right to challenge the ‘reasonableness’ of the Court’s sentence under mitigating circumstances, and waived the right to challenge the weighing of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. It is further agreed that the sentence recommended and/or imposed is the appropriate sentence to be served pursuant to this agreement and that Defendant hereby waives any further request to modify this sentence under I.C. § 35-38-1-17.
Id. Above his signature, Phillips also agreed:
I further understand that I have the right to challenge the “reasonableness” of the Court’s sentence under Appellate Rule 7(B) and I hereby waive that right and waive the right to challenge the Court’s weighing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances.
Id.3
3 Our Supreme Court has determined, “[A] defendant may waive the right to appellate review of his sentence as part of a written plea agreement. This holding does not affect our very long-standing policy that a defendant who can establish in a post-conviction proceeding that his plea was coerced or unintelligent is entitled to have his conviction set aside.” Creech v. State, 887 N.E.2d 73, 75 (Ind. 2008).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 4 of 14 [7] In October 2012, the trial court held a sentencing hearing. B.L. testified that
during the period of time specified in the charges, she was abused by Phillips
“at the very least, three times a week.” Sent. Tr. at 8. B.L. was nineteen years
old at the time of the sentencing hearing, and she stated that Phillips began
sexually abusing her when she was seven years old. The trial court found that
the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors, and it sentenced
Phillips to the advisory sentence on each of the three counts: Count III, Class
A felony child molesting, thirty years; County IV, Class B felony sexual
misconduct with a minor, ten years; and Count V, Class B felony sexual
misconduct with a minor, ten years. See Ind. Code §§ 35-50-2-4, -5. The trial
court ordered that the sentences be served consecutive to each other, for an
aggregate sentence of fifty years. The trial court ordered that the fifty-year
sentence be served consecutive to a thirty-five year sentence that had been
imposed days before in Warrick County upon Phillips’s plea of guilty to one
count of Class A felony child molesting (also involving B.L.).4 After the trial
court had advised Phillips of certain rights and as the hearing was concluding,
Lamont stated:
Judge, I believe that he would like to appeal the decision and he has no funds to pay for an attorney to do that appeal, and I would also . . . I think this will become an issue, but I’d like for the record to reflect that I was ineffective as his counsel on
4 Phillips also subsequently pleaded guilty in Posey County to three Class B felony charges of sexual misconduct with a minor, involving the same victim, and Phillips received three fifteen-year sentences to run concurrent to each other. Pet’r’s Ex. F. The Posey County trial court ordered the fifteen-year executed sentence to run consecutive to the sentences imposed in Vanderburgh County and Warrick County. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 5 of 14 advising him as to the consequences of certain waivers that are contained within his plea agreement.
Sent. Tr. at 21. The trial court asked Lamont to specify to what waiver he was
referring, and Lamont explained that he was “ineffective” in advising Phillips
about Paragraph 17 of the Agreement, concerning his right to challenge the trial
court’s sentencing decision. Id. at 21-22.
[8] In November 2012, Phillips filed a motion to correct error asserting that he had
received ineffective assistance of counsel as to appellate waiver, which motion
the trial court denied. In November 2013, Phillips filed a petition for post-
conviction relief, asserting that he was denied effective assistance of trial
counsel because his counsel had failed to advise him about the appellate waiver
aspects of his plea and that Phillips “unknowingly lost his right to appeal the
reasonableness of his sentence.” Appellant’s App. at 29.
[9] In January 2015, the post-conviction court held a hearing on Phillips’s petition.
At the hearing, attorney Lamont testified that he had performed deficiently by
“failing to properly advise Mr. Phillips of the consequences of the waivers . . .
in Paragraph 17,” concerning his right to appeal the sentence. PCR Tr. at 33.
On April 21, 2015, the post-conviction court issued its findings and conclusions
denying Phillips’s petition for post-conviction relief. It determined that Phillips
did not identify any facts “that establish an objectively reasonable probability
that competent representation would have changed his decision to enter a guilty
plea.” Appellant’s App. at 87. The post-conviction court continued,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 6 of 14 Nor can the Defendant show that an appeal of his sentence would have been successful. Petitioner does not even make an attempt to do so. Even if he had[,] such attempt would have been futile. A review of some of the most recent appellate decisions wherein the issue of the appropriateness of a [d]efendant’s sentence for child molesting has been considered establishes the sentence handed down in this cause is well within the parameters of what is considered appropriate given the nature and circumstances of this case. .... There is no showing that taken as a whole Attorney Lamont’s representation of Petitioner was inadequate . . . and Petitioner has failed to establish that he suffered any prejudice from any erroneous advice he may have received. Therefore, the Petition for Post-Conviction Relief is denied.
Id. at 88. Phillips now appeals.
Discussion and Decision [10] Post-conviction proceedings are not “super appeals” through which a convicted
person can raise issues that he did not raise at trial or on direct appeal.
Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 597 (Ind. 2001), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 839
(2002); Hinesley v. State, 999 N.E.2d 975, 981 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting
Wilkes v. State, 984 N.E.2d 1236, 1240 (Ind. 2013)), trans. denied. Instead, post-
conviction proceedings afford petitioners a limited opportunity to raise issues
that were unavailable or unknown at trial and on direct appeal. Hinesley, 999
N.E.2d at 981. Post-conviction proceedings are civil in nature, and petitioners
bear the burden of proving their grounds for relief by a preponderance of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 7 of 14 evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5); Garcia v. State, 936 N.E.2d 361, 363
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.
[11] A petitioner appealing from the denial of post-conviction relief stands in the
position of one appealing from a negative judgment. Id. A petitioner who
appeals the denial of post-conviction relief faces a rigorous standard of review,
as the reviewing court may consider only the evidence and the reasonable
inferences supporting the judgment of the post-conviction court. McCullough v.
State, 973 N.E.2d 62, 74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citing Shepherd v. State, 924
N.E.2d 1274, 1280 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied), trans. denied. The
defendant must establish that the evidence, as a whole, unerringly and
unmistakably leads to a conclusion opposite that reached by the post-conviction
court. Hinesley, 999 N.E.3d at 981; Garcia, 936 N.E.2d at 363. “‘In other
words, the defendant must convince this Court that there is no way within the
law that the court below could have reached the decision it did.’” Wilkes, 984
N.E.2d at 1240 (quoting Stevens v. State, 770 N.E.2d 739, 745 (Ind. 2002), cert.
denied, 540 U.S. 830 (2003)) (emphasis in original).
[12] Phillips claims that the post-conviction court erred by concluding that he
received effective assistance of counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, a petitioner must demonstrate both that his counsel’s
performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced thereby. Wilkes, 984
N.E.2d at 1240 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)). This
standard first asks whether, considering all the circumstances, counsel’s actions
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 8 of 14 were “reasonable[ ] under prevailing professional norms.” Id. As our Supreme
Court has explained,
Counsel is afforded considerable discretion in choosing strategy and tactics, and we will accord those decisions deference. A strong presumption arises that counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment. The Strickland Court recognized that even the finest, most experienced criminal defense attorneys may not agree on the ideal strategy or the most effective way to represent a client. Isolated mistakes, poor strategy, inexperience, and instances of bad judgment do not necessarily render representation ineffective.
Timberlake, 753 N.E.2d at 603 (citations and quotations omitted).
[13] Even if counsel’s performance is deficient, the defendant must also demonstrate
that counsel’s performance actually prejudiced the defense. Wilkes, 984 N.E.2d
at 1241. “‘To establish the requisite prejudice, a petitioner must show there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.’” McCullough, 973 N.E.2d at 74-75.
Our Supreme Court has stated that a “reasonable probability” is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Smith v. State, 765 N.E.2d
578, 585 (Ind. 2002); Carrillo v. State, 982 N.E.2d 468, 472 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
The two elements of Strickland are separate and independent inquiries. Failure
to satisfy either prong will cause the claim to fail, but most ineffective assistance
of counsel claims can be resolved by a prejudice inquiry alone. McCullough, 973
N.E.2d at 75; see also Taylor v. State, 840 N.E.2d 324, 331 (Ind. 2006) (failure to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 9 of 14 satisfy either component will cause ineffective assistance of counsel claim to
fail).
[14] In asserting that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, Phillips refers us
to Lamont’s statement at the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, where
Lamont told the trial court, “I was ineffective as his counsel on advising him as
to the consequences of certain waivers that are contained within his plea
agreement.” Sent. Tr. at 21. At the post-conviction hearing, Phillips presented
Lamont as a witness. Lamont testified that he was an experienced attorney,
having practiced for twenty-five years, primarily in the area of criminal defense.
Phillips’s attorney asked Lamont why he had made “a comment of self-
criticism” with regard to the appellate waiver contained in Paragraph 17 of the
Agreement. PCR Tr. at 33. Lamont explained,
[T]his was a time period for the first time since I’ve been practicing law that they started putting this paragraph in plea agreements, and I had advised Mr. Phillips that he could not appeal the plea of guilty, but he could appeal the sentence.
Id. at 33-34.5 Because the Agreement provided that Phillips was waiving his
right to challenge the trial court’s sentencing decision, Lamont believed that it
5 Lamont noted, “I checked recently and the new paragraph 17 in plea agreements is much stronger and, in fact, the information that I forgot to tell Mr. Phillips is now in bold letters for both the person accused and the attorney representing him.” PCR Tr. at 35-36.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 10 of 14 was appropriate for him to tell the trial court that his advisement to Phillips was
“deficient.” Id. at 35.
[15] Assuming without deciding that Lamont’s representation of Phillips was
deficient, Phillips has failed to show, or even allege, that he was prejudiced by
Lamont’s performance. On appeal, Phillips only contends that he “was
prejudiced because the Defendant unknowingly waived his right to appeal the
severe sentence imposed by the trial court.” Appellant’s Br. at 11. Beyond that
statement, however, Phillips does not argue, establish, or explain in what way
he was prejudiced. To that extent, his claim is waived. Ind. Appellate Rule
46(A)(8)(a); Jervis v. State, 28 N.E.3d 361, 368 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (defendant
waived argument by failing to present cogent argument on issue), trans. denied.
[16] Regardless of waiver, we find no error. Here, because Phillips was convicted
pursuant to a guilty plea, we analyze his claim under Segura v. State, 749 N.E.2d
496 (Ind. 2001). Smith v. State, 770 N.E.2d 290, 295 (Ind. 2002); Clarke v. State,
974 N.E.2d 562, 565 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). Segura categorizes two main types of
ineffective assistance of counsel cases: failure to advise the defendant on an
issue that impairs or overlooks a defense, and an incorrect advisement of penal
consequences. Smith, 770 N.E.2d at 295. Phillips’s claim – that his trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to advise him about the appellate waiver
contained in Paragraph 17 of the Agreement, concerning waiver of his right to
contest the sentence – implicates the second of the two Segura categories.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 11 of 14 [17] With respect to a claim that a defendant has received incorrect advice as to
penal consequences of a plea, the Segura Court stated:
Whether viewed as ineffective assistance of counsel or an involuntary plea, the post-conviction court must resolve the factual issue of the materiality of the bad advice in the decision to plead, and post-conviction relief may be granted if the plea can be shown to have been influenced by counsel’s error. However, if the post-conviction court finds that the petitioner would have pleaded guilty even if competently advised as to the penal consequences, the error in advice is immaterial to the decision to plead and there is no prejudice.
Roberts v. State, 953 N.E.2d 559, 563 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting Segura, 749
N.E.2d at 504-05), trans. denied.
[18] In accordance with the Segura Court’s directive, the post-conviction court
considered the materiality of Lamont’s failure to properly advise Phillips and
whether the error influenced Phillips’s decision to plead guilty. The post-
conviction court observed,
Merely alleging that the petitioner would not have pleaded is insufficient. Rather, specific facts, in addition to the petitioner’s conclusory allegation, must establish an objective reasonable probability that competent representation would have caused the petitioner not to enter a plea.
Appellant’s App. at 87 (quoting Segura, 749 N.E.2d at 507). The post-conviction
court considered that, based on recent appellate decisions, “the sentence
handed down in this cause is well within the parameters of what is considered
appropriate given the nature and circumstances of this offense[,]”and thus any Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 12 of 14 appeal of his sentence on the basis that it was inappropriate would not have
been successful. Id. at 88. The post-conviction court also noted that the
Agreement allowed Phillips to avoid facing convictions and sentences for two
additional Class A felonies, and it concluded that Phillips failed to establish an
objectively reasonable probability that, but for Lamont’s failure to advise, he
would not have entered the plea. We agree.
[19] Phillips did not testify that he would have insisted on going to trial if Lamont
had told him that he was waiving his right to challenge the appropriateness or
reasonableness of his sentence. Even if Phillips had made that assertion, he
would have needed to provide “specific facts” that “establish an objective
reasonable probability that competent representation would have caused [him]
not to enter a plea.” Segura, 749 N.E.2d at 507. Phillips presented no such
specific facts, nor does the record suggest any. Indeed, Phillips had given a
“complete confession” to authorities regarding his conduct with B.L. that
resulted in a total of ten charges being filed against him in three counties, five
alleging Class A felony child molesting and five alleging Class B felony sexual
misconduct with a minor. Sent. Tr. at 4; Pet’r’s Exs. A, E, F. In addition,
Mother and B.L. gave statements to police that were not inconsistent with
Phillips’s admissions. Pursuant to the Agreement, the State offered to dismiss
two Class A felonies in exchange for Phillips’s agreement to plead guilty to one
Class A felony and two Class B felonies, for which he received the advisory
sentence on each. We agree with the State that “in light of the substantial
benefit from the plea agreement and the evidence against him,” there was “no
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 13 of 14 strategic reason to take the case to trial and risk the possibility of being
convicted and sentenced on multiple Class A felonies.” Appellee’s Br. at 5. The
record before us does not include facts to show an objectively reasonable
probability that, but for Lamont’s failure to advise him about the waiver of his
right to contest his sentence on direct appeal, he would not have pleaded guilty.
[20] Affirmed.
[21] Mathias, J., and Brown, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A01-1504-PC-287 | March 10, 2016 Page 14 of 14