Mr. Justice Thornton
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Appellants brought their action of ejectment in the court below, and failed in the suit.
We shall not consider the right to recover under the eighth section of the conveyance act, by proof of color of title made in good faith, payment of taxes and possession.
The chief quéstion is, the goodness of the paper title of the plaintiffs.
Two objections are taken to the sheriffs deed. It is urged that it is void:
First. Because of the adjournment of the sale, by the sheriff, for ¿ne day, at the request of the attorney of the plaintiff in the execution.
Second. Because, at the time the writ of attachment was levied upon the land, the defendant in the writ had only a register’s certificate as evidence of title.
The plaintiffs in the ejectment suit are the heirs of Jackson. He purchased of Ogden and Jones, and they of the grantee in the sheriff’s deed.
' The defendant was in possession of the land, and claimed title under the heirs of the defendant in the execution.
The plaintiff in the execution was the purchaser at the sale; and the defendant therein survived the sale over seven years, but never complained of the irregularity, nor made any motion to set it aside.
Was the sale void, or only voidable ?
The. statute which we are now asked to construe, provides that no lands shall be sold, by virtue of any execution, “ unless the time and place of holding such sale shall have been.previously advertised, for the space of twenty days, by putting up written or printed notices thereof, in at least three of the most public places in the county 'where the lands may be situated, specifying, .the' name of the plaintiff and defendant in the execution,” and also describing the land with sufficient certainty; and if the officer should sell' otherwise than in the manner, or without the notice, provided, he shall forfeit $50 for every offense; but no, such offense, nor any irregularity, shall affect the validity of the sale, unless it shall be made to appear that the purchaser had notice of the irregularity. R. S. 1845, p. 302, sec. 11.
If it had been the intention of the legislature to declare all sales void, on 'account of the mere omissions of the officer, in the discharge of his duty, the addition of a few words would have accomplished the object.
To ascertain the legislative intent, we must look at the entire act. Upon a careful reading of the chapter .under consideration, it will be seen that there was a studied avoidance to declare any act of the sheriff void for neglect of duty.
Besides the requirement as to notice of the sale, the sheriff is required to indorse upon every execution the time of reception; to exhaust the other lands of the debtor, before a levy upon the lands on which he may reside, or his personal property ; and to sell the real estate in separate parcels, whenever it is susceptible of division. But it is not said that the omission to follow any of these directions, shall make the sale a nullity. This silence, coupled with the provision that the officer shall be subject to a 'forfeiture for non-compliance, strongly indicates that these requirements are merely directory to the officer.
A failure to make the proper indorsement, or to sell in proper sub-divisions, would not vitiate a sale, after long acquiescence by the debtor; but there must be, within a reasonable time, a direct application by the party injured, to have it annulled. The language of the statute is as positive, in these instances, as in regard to the notice of the sale.
Look at the effect upon judicial sales, if the law be declared that they are void for want of the exact notice required. Persons would be deterred from bidding if they were bound to prove a strict observance of the statute, and the consequence would be, that property must be greatly sacrificed, or, perhaps, sales entirely checked. Parties would not purchase if they knew that they were compelled, in order to maintain a title, to prove the performance of every duty imposed upon the officer. The necessary consequences would be injurious to both the creditor and the debtor.
There is neither complaint nor proof, in this case, that the land did not sell for its full value. If any injury resulted, it was to the defendant in the execution. He had, unquestionably, the right, upon application and notice in apt time, to have the sale set aside; or he had his remedy against the sheriff, if damnified by his conduct. He has never been heard to murmur ; but with full knowledge of the judgment, he acquiesced in the sale to the time of his death—more than seven years thereafter. His heirs and their grantee ought to be precluded from claiming any benefit arising from the irregularity, in this action of ejectment.
The plaintiffs in this suit, remote grantees of the purchaser at the sheriff's sale, were purchasers, in good faith, for a valuable consideration, and had the right to rely upon the long and silent submission of the defendant in the execution, to the alleged neglect of the officer, as an acknowledgment that the title was unquestioned.
The very language of the proviso, attached to section eleven, shows, conclusively, that the legislature did not intend to declare the sale void on account of any irregularity of the officer. The language is: “Provided, however, that no such offense, nor shall any irregularity on the part of the sheriff, or other officer, having the execution, be deemed to affect the validity of any sale made under it, unless it shall be made to appear that the purchaser had notice of such irregularity."
The meaning of this proviso is plain. It says, in express terms, that, if there be no notice to the purchaser of the omission of the officer, the sale shall not be affected thereby.
The mere non-compliance, then, with the statute, does not, of itself, make the sale a nullity; there must be coupled with it, notice to the purchaser.
In one contingency, the sale is not void—not even voidable. Did the legislature intend that the same irregularity should make the sale an absolute nullity, if there Avere notice to the purchaser, but should not disturb it if there were none ?
We think not. The meaning of the statute is, that, Avhere an irregularity exists, lcnoAvn to the purchaser, the debtor may, Avithin a reasonable time, either by motion or bill in chancery, according.to circumstances, have the sale set aside.
Counsel for appellee assumes, that, in order to sustain a sheriff's deed, besides the judgment and execution, a return upon the execution must be shdAvn. Such is not the law. The purchaser has the right to rely upon his judgment, execution and levy upon the property, and his deed. He can not be affected by an imperfect return, or by the fact that no return whatever was made. The statute says that the deed shall be evidence that the law has been complied with, until the contrary be shown. Philips v. Coffee, 17 Ill. 154; Doe ex dem. Wolf v. Heath, 7 Black. 154; Wheaton v. Sexton’s Lessee, 4 Wheaton, 503; Kinney v. Knœbel, 47 Ill. 417.
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Mr. Justice Thornton
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Appellants brought their action of ejectment in the court below, and failed in the suit.
We shall not consider the right to recover under the eighth section of the conveyance act, by proof of color of title made in good faith, payment of taxes and possession.
The chief quéstion is, the goodness of the paper title of the plaintiffs.
Two objections are taken to the sheriffs deed. It is urged that it is void:
First. Because of the adjournment of the sale, by the sheriff, for ¿ne day, at the request of the attorney of the plaintiff in the execution.
Second. Because, at the time the writ of attachment was levied upon the land, the defendant in the writ had only a register’s certificate as evidence of title.
The plaintiffs in the ejectment suit are the heirs of Jackson. He purchased of Ogden and Jones, and they of the grantee in the sheriff’s deed.
' The defendant was in possession of the land, and claimed title under the heirs of the defendant in the execution.
The plaintiff in the execution was the purchaser at the sale; and the defendant therein survived the sale over seven years, but never complained of the irregularity, nor made any motion to set it aside.
Was the sale void, or only voidable ?
The. statute which we are now asked to construe, provides that no lands shall be sold, by virtue of any execution, “ unless the time and place of holding such sale shall have been.previously advertised, for the space of twenty days, by putting up written or printed notices thereof, in at least three of the most public places in the county 'where the lands may be situated, specifying, .the' name of the plaintiff and defendant in the execution,” and also describing the land with sufficient certainty; and if the officer should sell' otherwise than in the manner, or without the notice, provided, he shall forfeit $50 for every offense; but no, such offense, nor any irregularity, shall affect the validity of the sale, unless it shall be made to appear that the purchaser had notice of the irregularity. R. S. 1845, p. 302, sec. 11.
If it had been the intention of the legislature to declare all sales void, on 'account of the mere omissions of the officer, in the discharge of his duty, the addition of a few words would have accomplished the object.
To ascertain the legislative intent, we must look at the entire act. Upon a careful reading of the chapter .under consideration, it will be seen that there was a studied avoidance to declare any act of the sheriff void for neglect of duty.
Besides the requirement as to notice of the sale, the sheriff is required to indorse upon every execution the time of reception; to exhaust the other lands of the debtor, before a levy upon the lands on which he may reside, or his personal property ; and to sell the real estate in separate parcels, whenever it is susceptible of division. But it is not said that the omission to follow any of these directions, shall make the sale a nullity. This silence, coupled with the provision that the officer shall be subject to a 'forfeiture for non-compliance, strongly indicates that these requirements are merely directory to the officer.
A failure to make the proper indorsement, or to sell in proper sub-divisions, would not vitiate a sale, after long acquiescence by the debtor; but there must be, within a reasonable time, a direct application by the party injured, to have it annulled. The language of the statute is as positive, in these instances, as in regard to the notice of the sale.
Look at the effect upon judicial sales, if the law be declared that they are void for want of the exact notice required. Persons would be deterred from bidding if they were bound to prove a strict observance of the statute, and the consequence would be, that property must be greatly sacrificed, or, perhaps, sales entirely checked. Parties would not purchase if they knew that they were compelled, in order to maintain a title, to prove the performance of every duty imposed upon the officer. The necessary consequences would be injurious to both the creditor and the debtor.
There is neither complaint nor proof, in this case, that the land did not sell for its full value. If any injury resulted, it was to the defendant in the execution. He had, unquestionably, the right, upon application and notice in apt time, to have the sale set aside; or he had his remedy against the sheriff, if damnified by his conduct. He has never been heard to murmur ; but with full knowledge of the judgment, he acquiesced in the sale to the time of his death—more than seven years thereafter. His heirs and their grantee ought to be precluded from claiming any benefit arising from the irregularity, in this action of ejectment.
The plaintiffs in this suit, remote grantees of the purchaser at the sheriff's sale, were purchasers, in good faith, for a valuable consideration, and had the right to rely upon the long and silent submission of the defendant in the execution, to the alleged neglect of the officer, as an acknowledgment that the title was unquestioned.
The very language of the proviso, attached to section eleven, shows, conclusively, that the legislature did not intend to declare the sale void on account of any irregularity of the officer. The language is: “Provided, however, that no such offense, nor shall any irregularity on the part of the sheriff, or other officer, having the execution, be deemed to affect the validity of any sale made under it, unless it shall be made to appear that the purchaser had notice of such irregularity."
The meaning of this proviso is plain. It says, in express terms, that, if there be no notice to the purchaser of the omission of the officer, the sale shall not be affected thereby.
The mere non-compliance, then, with the statute, does not, of itself, make the sale a nullity; there must be coupled with it, notice to the purchaser.
In one contingency, the sale is not void—not even voidable. Did the legislature intend that the same irregularity should make the sale an absolute nullity, if there Avere notice to the purchaser, but should not disturb it if there were none ?
We think not. The meaning of the statute is, that, Avhere an irregularity exists, lcnoAvn to the purchaser, the debtor may, Avithin a reasonable time, either by motion or bill in chancery, according.to circumstances, have the sale set aside.
Counsel for appellee assumes, that, in order to sustain a sheriff's deed, besides the judgment and execution, a return upon the execution must be shdAvn. Such is not the law. The purchaser has the right to rely upon his judgment, execution and levy upon the property, and his deed. He can not be affected by an imperfect return, or by the fact that no return whatever was made. The statute says that the deed shall be evidence that the law has been complied with, until the contrary be shown. Philips v. Coffee, 17 Ill. 154; Doe ex dem. Wolf v. Heath, 7 Black. 154; Wheaton v. Sexton’s Lessee, 4 Wheaton, 503; Kinney v. Knœbel, 47 Ill. 417.
It has been fully settled by this court, in cases somewhat analogous to the present case, that a sale under the circumstances is only voidable; can only be corrected by the defendant in the execution; that he must act promptly, and that it can not be disturbed in a collateral proceeding. Swigert v. Harber, 4 Scam. 364; Philips v. Coffee, supra; Wimberly v. Hurst, 33 Ill. 166; Fergus v. Woodworth, 44 Ill. 374; Hamilton v. Quimby 46 Ill. 90; Nixon v. Cobleigh, 52 Ill. 387; McConnell v. Gibson, 12 Ill. 128.
In Trustees v. Snell, 19 Ill. 156, it was held,that insufficient notice of the time of sale made it voidable only.
In McCormick v. Wheeler, 36 Ill. 114, it was decided, in an action of ejectment, that the omission to specify the hour of sale in an advertisement can not be presented as an objection to the sale, by third persons, and that it did not make the sale void.
In Hamilton v. Lubukee, 51 Ill. 415, it was held, that a mortgagor must avail himself of an alleged irregularity, on account of a defective notice, and other matters affecting the sale, in apt time; and that the sale was not void, but voidable only.
Want of proper advertisements by the officer, may be waived by the acts of the party. Griffith v. Bogert, 18 How. U. S. 158.
It has been decided, by the court of appeals of Kentucky, under a statute requiring notice of all sales to be given by the sheriff, that a failure to advertise according to law, would not make the sale of the land void. Hayden v. Dunlap, 3 Bibb, 216.
In Doe ex dem. Osborne v. Woodson, 1 Haywood, L. & E., N. C. 24, it was held, that the fact that there was not forty days’ advertisement, or, that the land was not sold until a day or two after the day appointed, will not vitiate the sale.
See, also, Turner v. McCrea, 1 Nott & McCord, 11; Jones v. Fulgham, 2 Murphy, 364.
We have been referred to some cases which hold that a deed of the officer is void because the sale was not made in conformity Avith the statute.
Curtis v. Swearingen, Breese, 139, and Smith v. Cockrill, 6 Wallace, 756, are in conflict with the vieAv we have taken; but the more recent rulings of this court are in harmony Avith the rule Ave have announced ; and the statute in force at the time the case in Breese Avas decided, Avas wholly different' from the present statute.
The facts in the cases of Thornton v. Boyden, 31 Ill. 200, and Botsford v. O’Conner, 57 Ill. 72, did not require the allusion made in them to a sheriff’s sale, and Ave must regard the remark as obiter diotum.
The one was in regard to a trustee’s sale, the other an administrator’s sale, and it is apparent that the remark relied upon AAas made merely to illustrate the principle enunciated.
The second point can be more briefly disposed of.
It is contended that the defendant in the writ of attachment had only an equitable interest in the land; that the writ could not be levied upon such an interest; and therefore no title passed to the purchaser.
Without reference to the facts—that the defendant in the Avrit entered his appearance; that a judgment in personani Avas rendered, and that he had received a patent prior to the rendition of the judgment—we do not think that the certificate of the register of the purchase of the land, evidenced only an equitable interest.
The statute in force at the time declared that the certificate of the register should be deemed eA'idence of title, and should be sufficient to entitle the purchaser to recovery of the possession of the land, in any action of ejectment or forcible detainer. R. S. 1833, 280.
When the patent did, in fact, issue, it related back to the inception of' the right of the patentee, created by the certificate. Stark v. Storrs, 6 Wallace, 402.
The debtor had a title, upon which he could recover in ejectment ; which he could alienate ; which co.uld be sold on execution ; which he could devise, and which could only be deféated by a bare possibility.
In the chapter entitled “ Judgments and Executions,” it is enacted, that the lands, tenements and real estate of every person shall be liable to be sold upon execution; and, in section three, it is provided, that the legal holder of any certificate of purchase of lands, from the United States, shall be deemed to be within the true intent and meaning of the chapter. B. S. 1845, 301.
The attachment law itself, in the first section, says that the “ lands and tenements ” shall be attached. But in giving the form of the writ, the officer is commanded to “ attach so much of the estate, real and personal,” etc.
In view of the entire legislation in reference to these certificates, we may safely hold, that, if they do not constitute a strictly legal title, they are entirely different from a mere equitable interest in land.
A reasonable construction must be given to these various statutes; and it evidently was the object of the legislature to subject lands, purchased from the United States, and for which a certificate had been issued, to levy by attachment as well as by execution.
In Gray v. McCance, 24 Ill. 344, it is said, that a party, purchasing land of the United States, to which no pre-emption rights attach, acquires in it a vested right; and that the land becomes the property of the purchaser, and may be aliened and disposed of by him.
In Carroll v. Safford, 3 How. U. S. 459, it was held, that, upon payment for the land, and the issue of the certificate, the land was no longer the property of the United States, but of the purchaser; that, though technically the fee might be in the United States, the land was real estate in the hands of the purchaser; descended to his heirs, and not to his executors; was subject to tax, “as lands owned by non-residents ;” and that the purchaser was protected as fully under the certificate, as under the patent.
If real estate, thus purchased and owned, can be-sold “as lands,” for taxes, why is it not subject to levy by attachment for debt?
We are of opinion that the levy of 'the writ of attachment was valid.
There is no necessity to advert to the other questions presented.
The plaintiffs showed paramount title, and are entitled to recover.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed,.