Jackson v. Jackson

49 Pa. Super. 18, 1912 Pa. Super. LEXIS 277

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: March 1, 1912
• Docket: Appeal, No. 69
• Status: Published

Opinion

Opinion by

Mobeison, J.,

This was a libel in divorce charging the respondent with adultery. In response to the charges contained in the libel the respondent filed her answer denying that she had committed adultery and demanding a jury trial to try all the issues in the case, and she prayed the court to order an issue to.be framed therefor; and that the issues to be tried be as follows, viz.:

“ 1. Hath the respondent, Clara W. Jackson, committed adultery at any time since the year one thousand nine hundred and two?

“2. Hath the respondent, Clara W. Jackson, committed adultery with one Melvin B. Smith at any time since the year one thousand nine hundred and two?”

The court below framed the issues as above stated, and the court further ordered that the said issues be tried by a jury. Counsel for both parties consented to the issues as framed by the court. When the case was reached for trial the libelant introduced sufficient evidence to carry the question of the adultery of the respondent to the jury and rested his case. The respondent’s counsel then opened her case and called the libelant for cross-examination and undertook to prove that he had been guilty of adultery since he and the respondent had ceased to have sexual relations. This testimony was objected to because no such charge was set up in the answer and the issues framed for trial related solely to the question of the guilt of the respondent as charged in the libel. The learned trial judge rejected all offers on the part of the respondent to prove that the libelant had been guilty of adultery because no question of recrimination was admissible or relevant under the issues framed. Thereupon, counsel for respondent moved to amend the answer and the issues by adding the plea of recrimination. This amendment was not allowed by the trial judge, on objection by libelant’s counsel. The record shows no exception taken to this ruling. Following the verdict, which was in favor of the libelant, the court below heard and dismissed the respondent’s motion for a new trial and granted the libelant a decree in divorce in due form of law, from which the respondent took this appeal.

The burden of the respondent’s complaint raised by the assignments of error, is to the exclusion of evidence tending to establish the defense of recrimination, and the refusal to allow this defense to be brought into the issues by amendment, during the trial, and also to the refusal of an amendment of the answer at the same time. We are unable to see how the last two questions are properly raised, because the record does not show that the ruling of the court thereon was excepted to. In addition to this, in our opinion, the learned trial judge was not guilty of reversible error in excluding the evidence offered to prove recrimination and in refusing leave to the respondent to amend her answer in that respect. Recrimination is a substantive defense to an action in divorce for adultery, and the burden is on the respondent in such case to allege as well as to prove it. The Act of March 13, 1815, 6 Sm. L. 286, sec. 7; 1 Stewart’s Purdon’s Digest, 13th ed., p. 1246, par. 31, provides: “In any action or suit commenced in the said court for .a divorce for the cause of adultery, if the defendant shall allege and prove that the plaintiff has been guilty of the like crime; .... it shall be a good defense and a perpetual bar against the same.” It seems clear that a libelant is entitled to proper notice and opportunity to prepare for and meet any charge of recrimination in an action for divorce. On page 80 of Brown on Divorce, it is said: “Recrimination to be available must be pleaded and proved by the defendant. It should be alleged in the answer with all the particularity of an allegation in the bill. The countercharge must be established just as if it were an original charge: If there be no answer or plea and the bill be taken pro confesso, the defense cannot be made before the master.” In Sturgeon on Divorce, p. 84, sec. 157, the author says: “Of the first (defense), that of recrimination, or charging the plaintiff with a like crime of adultery, the evidence necessary to prove the same, must have the same degree of certainty necessary to establish the existence of the fact against the respondent. But such defense is only plead-able where the cause of divorce alleged is adultery.” In 2 Troubat & Haly’s Practice, p. 574, it is said: “Condonation or recrimination must be specially pleaded by way of answer, and to this the libellant may file a replication, demanding an issue.”

When the respondent offered to introduce evidence for the purpose of establishing the defense of recrimination (assignments of error Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) the evidence was inadmissible as the issues then stood. Recrimination was not alleged as a defense in the answer, nor stipulated as a question to be tried by the jury in the issues tendered by the respondent in her answer, and framed by the court, with the consent of both parties. These issues only raised, for trial, the question of the guilt or innocence of the respondent, and they must be tried according to the statute: Act of March 13,1815, sec. 2, 6 Sm. L. 286.

We think the issues framed were the sole guide, both to the parties and to the court, in determining the nature of the controversy and the relevancy of the testimony to be received. When the defense of recrimination is not put in issue, testimony offered for its establishment is wholly irrelevant. The duty of the jury, in such case, is to render a verdict on the issues framed and submitted for trial. Each controverted fact should be found separately, and on these findings the court bases its decree.

We do not think the court erred in refusing the respondent’s requests contained in her first, second and third points for charge (assignments of error 7, 8, 9). But in addition to want of merit in these assignments, they are defective in form, because of the failure of appellant to include in them the ruling of the court and the exception taken thereto by the respondent as required by our rules.

The learned counsel for appellant contends that a proceeding in divorce is in effect an equitable suit and he asks to invoke the equity doctrine that the plaintiff must come into court with clean hands to secure the aid of a chancellor. While a suit in divorce is, in some respects, similar to a suit in equity, in other important respects it is wholly different. In equity the chancellor may grant an issue to try a disputed question of fact, or refuse it, in his discretion, and the chancellor who receives the verdict of the jury as an aid to his conscience, in determining the issues in dispute, may adopt the jury’s verdict or reject it, and he may find otherwise. In divorce, however, by well-settled practice, either the libelant or the respondent may demand, as a matter of right, that any disputed fact shall be tried by a jury, and the verdict rendered cannot be rejected, except for reasons which satisfy the court in setting it aside, as in case of a verdict rendered in an ordinary trial at law. Where an appeal is taken from a decree entered pursuant to a verdict rendered in favor of the libelant, the Supreme Court will not review the testimony de novo, or reject the verdict on the ground that it is contrary to the weight of the testimony as viewed by the appellate‘court: Andrews v. Andrews, 5 S. & R. 374; McClurg’s App., 66 Pa. 366; Fay v. Fay, 27 Pa. Superior Ct. 328; Elmes v. Elmes, 9 Pa. 166. We entertain no doubt that the court was right in rejecting the evidence offered for the purpose of showing recrimination, as the record stood at the trial.

This leaves remaining the question of whether the court erred in refusing to amend the issues and allow an amendment of the answer. Upon this question we think it was clearly within the discretion of the court to refuse the amendments after the libelant had made a prima facie case for the jury and rested. See Fay v. Fay, 27 Pa. Superior Ct. 328, which we think recognizes the discretion of the court in granting or refusing amendments, during the trial, in divorce cases. We there said, through President Judge Rice: “As we construe the record as it stood prior thereto the amendment did not introduce and compel the respondent to meet a new question which was not comprehended within the broader issue originally framed; nor did it make evidence for the libelant competent that would not have been so if the amendment had not been made.” Under the rules governing amendments a cause of action different in form may be introduced, but not in substance: Yost v. Eby, 23 Pa. 327. In Scott v. Kittanning Coal Co., 89 Pa. 231, the Supreme Court, through Mr. Justice Trunkey, said: “Whether to allow it was within the discretion of the court of common pleas. The case was not brought within the act of 1906 which permits a defendant to 'alter his plea or defense, on or before the trial of the cause.’ The rights of defendants under that act are well stated by Lewis, J., in Yost v. Eby, 23 Pa. 327.” The introduction by amendment of recrimination in a divorce case during the trial is not the correction of a mere informality but the introduction of a new and substantial issue. The allowance or denial of such an amendment is, therefore, not within the act of 1806, but is governed by the discretion of the trial judge. In Weimer v. Weimer, 1 Pearson, 539, evidence of recrimination was offered and excluded by the trial judge on the ground that it had not been put in issue and that it constituted special matter of defense of which proper notice must previously have been given to opposing counsel. A new trial was refused, and the ruling of the trial judge sustained in an interesting opinion, which, though not controlling, is worthy of consideration.

We do not think there is any merit in the first five assignments of error. The sixth is bad and cannot be considered, because it plainly violates our rules, first, in that it is not based on an exception, and second, in that it contains, more than one point or subject and violates our rule 14. As to assignments 7, 8, 9 and 10 we have already said enough, except to call attention to the fact that the first three of these assignments do not embrace the ruling of the court thereon and the tenth does not quote the decree of the court. There is introduced into the record, with leave of court, an assignment of error, No. 113^, to the decree of the court. Why the half is added to this number we do not know. The decree is in due form and in view of our disposition of the prior assignments this one is without merit.

In fact all of the assignments of error are founded on the refusal of the trial judge to admit proof of adultery, by the libelant, on the record as it stood when a prima facie case had been made for libelant; and the refusal to allow the addition of a new issue and an amendment of the answer at the same time. It is urged that the respondent and her- counsel had no knowledge of the facts relied upon to show adultery by the libelant prior to the trial. If the conduct of the libelant and his physical condition were such as was intimated by the defense attempted to be made at the trial, a very moderate amount of diligence on the part of the respondent and her counsel ought to have enabled them to have prepared an amended answer and asked leave to file it, and to add a new issue a reasonable time before the trial. If this had been done we cannot doubt that the court would have permitted the filing of such an answer, and on proper motion, would have framed an additional issue so that evidence of adultery, by libelant, would have been relevant and competent.

The decree cannot be reversed except on the ground of an abuse of discretion by the learned trial judge. That he was guilty of an abuse of discretion does not appear, but, on the contrary, we think, in view of the issues and the existing facts at the time of the motion made to amend the answer and frame a new issue, the trial judge properly refused the motion.

The assignments of error are all dismissed and the decree of the court below is affirmed, and the appeal dismissed at the cost of appellant.