UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________ ) IBIN QADIR JACKSON, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 18-1978 (ABJ) ) DISTRICT HOSPITAL PARTNER, L.P. ) doing business as ) GEORGE WASHINGTON ) UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, ) ) Defendant. ) ____________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
On July 16, 2018, plaintiff Ibin Qadir Jackson brought this action in the Superior Court for
the District of Columbia against his former employer, defendant District Hospital Partner, LP,
d/b/a The George Washington University Hospital (“GWUH”). 1 Plaintiff alleged that he was
“wrongfully terminated for briefly (10 seconds) raising [his] voice in relation to being coerced and
forced to work on 1 of the only 2 official Holidays in the Mu[sl]im religion, Eid-al-fitr,” and that
he “was refuse[d] [his] only religious accommodation request in [his] 3-year tenure.” Ex. A to
Notice of Removal [Dkt. # 1-2] (“Compl.”) at 1. Attached to his complaint was a U.S. Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission “Charge of Discrimination” that alleged that defendant
discriminated against him on the basis of sex, race, and religion, and retaliation in violation of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. Ex. B to Notice of
1 Defendant removed the case to this Court on August 23, 2018. Notice of Removal [Dkt. # 1] (“Def.’s Notice”). Plaintiff was proceeding pro se until September 17, 2019, see Min. Order (Sept. 17, 2019), and is now represented by counsel. See Opp. to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 27] (“Pl.’s Opp.”) at 6; see also Notice of Appearance [Dkt. # 18]. Removal [Dkt. # 1-3] (“Charge of Discrimination”) at 1–2; see EEOC Notice of Charge of
Discrimination, Ex. C. to Notice of Removal [Dkt. # 1-4] at 5–6 (signed and dated version).
On October 25, 2018, defendant moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that because
plaintiff failed to reference a “specific statute pursuant to which he is making his claim(s),”
“defendant ha[d] insufficient notice.” Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Compl. [Dkt. # 8] at 5, 7. The
Court found, granting all inferences in plaintiff’s favor, that the pro se complaint stated claims for
disparate treatment and retaliation under Title VII, and it allowed those claims to move forward.
See Mem. Op. [Dkt. # 11]; see also Order [Dkt. # 10]. It noted at the time, though, that it would
be incumbent upon the plaintiff to come forward with evidence to support his claims at the
summary judgment stage. Mem. Op. at 9–10 (discrimination); Mem. Op. at 11 (retaliation).
The parties engaged in discovery, and defendant moved for summary judgment on
September 28, 2021. Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for
Summ. J. [Dkt. # 26] (“Def.’s Mot.”); Errata [Dkt. # 29]. 2 The motion is fully briefed. 3 Because
plaintiff has failed to produce sufficient evidence to enable a reasonable juror to conclude that he
was either discriminated against on the basis of his race, age, or religion or retaliated against
because of his protected activity, the Court will GRANT the motion.
2 All citations to Def.’s Mot will be to the PDF page numbers.
3 See Pl.’s Opp.; Def.’s Reply to Pl.’s Opp. to Def.’s Mot for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 28] (“Def.’s Reply”). 2 BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, a Muslim, African-American male, was employed by GWUH from June 24, 2013
until July 18, 2016. 4 Ex. 2 to Def.’s Mot., GWUH Employment Offer Letter [Dkt. # 26-2] (“Offer
Letter”); Ex. 6 to Def.’s Mot., Employee Corrective Action Report (July 18, 2016) [Dkt. # 26-6]
(“Final Corr. Act. Rep.”); Charge of Discrimination at 1. He was hired as a Patient Sitter, an at-
will position, and he served in this role until his termination. Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 4, 6; Pl.’s Resp. to
Def’s SOF ¶¶ 4, 6. About a year into his employment with GWUH, he also began working for the
hospital as a float technician. Ex. 1 to Def.’s Mot., Dep. of Ibin Qadir Jackson (June 10, 2021)
[Dkt. # 26-1] (“Pl.’s Dep.”) at 56:11–15. 5 Plaintiff reports that he had a “positive” relationship
with his supervisors, including an individual named Rochelle Coles, who knew that he was
Muslim. Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 9–11; Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s SOF ¶¶ 9–11; see Decl. of Rochelle Coles, RN,
Ex. 8 to Def.’s Mot [Dkt. # 26-8] (“Coles Decl.”) ¶ 3.
Plaintiff received three Employee Corrective Action Reports prior to the events that led to
his termination. The first, issued on November 10, 2014, was a “written warning” for failing to
report to work during an on-call shift. Ex. 3 to Def.’s Mot., Employee Corrective Action Report
(Nov. 10, 2014) [Dkt. # 26-3]; see Def.’s SOF ¶ 12; Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s SOF ¶ 12. The second,
issued on March 2, 2015, was for failing to report a patient fall in accordance with hospital
protocol. Ex. 4 to Def.’s Mot, Employee Corrective Action Report (Mar. 2, 2015) [Dkt. # 26-4];
4 Defendant submitted a statement of material facts – as to which it contends there is no genuine issue – in support of its motion for summary judgment. See Def.’s Mot., Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute (“Def.’s SOF”) ¶¶ 1–19. Plaintiff filed a response. See Pl.’s Opp., Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Statement of Material Facts Not in Dispute (“Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF”).
5 All citations to plaintiff’s June 10, 2021 deposition will be to the original page numbers in the document, and not to the PDF page numbers. Defendant submitted an excerpt of the same deposition as an exhibit to its reply. See Dep. of Ibin Qadir Jackson, Ex. 1 to Def.’s Reply [Dkt. # 28-1] (“Pl.’s Dep. II”).
3 see Def.’s SOF ¶ 13; Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s SOF ¶ 13. And the third, which was issued on
May 20, 2016, reported that plaintiff had been suspended from May 11, 2016 to May 20, 2016 for
leaving a patient with another patient sitter without notifying the nurse or the charge nurse. Ex. 5
to Def.’s Mot., Employee Corrective Action Report (May 20, 2016) [Dkt. # 26-5]; see Def.’s
SOF ¶ 14; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶ 14. After his third infraction, plaintiff received a “final
written warning” telling him that an additional workplace transgression could result in him losing
his job. See Final Corr. Act. Rep. (in “History of Corrective Action,” section, noting that plaintiff
had previously received a “Final Written Warning”); see also Pl.’s Dep. at 137:11–138:3 (plaintiff
avers he understood meaning of final written warning). Plaintiff has not argued that any of these
reports were discriminatory or retaliatory, nor does he contend that he was ever treated negatively
at work based on his religion prior to his termination. Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 15–16; Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s
SOF ¶¶ 15–16.
The lawsuit relates to the events surrounding July 6, 2016. Plaintiff typically scheduled
his work shifts himself by signing up through an electronic portal; the hospital then assigned
plaintiff to work either as a patient sitter or a float technician for that shift. Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 7–8,
citing Pl.’s Dep. at 71:15–72:2; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 7–8. Plaintiff scheduled himself for
a night shift on July 6, 2016 through this portal, and the shift was approved. Pl.’s Dep. at 79:11–
80:6. That day, plaintiff called his supervisor, Rochelle Coles, two times and asked to cancel the
shift so that he could celebrate the Muslim holiday of Eid-al-Fitr. Pl.’s Dep. at 79:19–80:16,
84:20–21. Plaintiff explains that he learned that morning that his friends and family would be
celebrating the holiday at the mosque and he wished to join them. Pl.’s Dep. at 81:3–8, 82:15–18.
Plaintiff also testified, though, that if his friends had not called him, he might have asked to cancel
his shift anyway because he had been working long hours and was tired. Pl.’s Dep. at 88:21–89:7.
4 He had not previously requested time off to celebrate religious holidays. Pl.’s Dep. at 83:7–12.
At that point, plaintiff’s supervisor responded that he would not be able to cancel his shift for that
night. Pl.’s Dep. at 84:4–8; see also Pl.’s Dep. II at 84:4–86:13. According to plaintiff, his calls
with Coles lasted approximately ten to fifteen seconds each. Pl.’s Dep. II at 84:13–21, 86:11–13.
Coles did not explain the basis for her decision, and plaintiff did not ask for a reason. Pl’s Dep.
at 84:4–12.
When he reported for his shift in accordance with the supervisor’s instructions, plaintiff
learned that he had been assigned to work as a patient sitter rather than a float technician, which
upset him. Pl.’s Dep. at 94:2–8. He went to the nursing administration office and complained to
the staffing specialist, an individual identified as Fassaka, that he had been assigned to work as a
sitter – a role “anyone” could do – instead of being permitted to cancel his shift to celebrate Eid.
Pl.’s Dep. at 95:7–96:9. 6 He raised his voice, and Fassaka told him to calm down. Pl.’s Dep.
at 96:10–17; 99:8–9. The housing operations supervisor, Theresa Pulaski, 7 who was also present
in the nursing administration office, heard plaintiff’s raised voice and called him into her office.
Pl.’s Dep. at 98:1–99:15. Once there, plaintiff apologized for complaining and said he wanted
another assignment that day. Pl.’s Dep. at 99:14–19. Pulaski told plaintiff that because of his
“state of mind,” it would be best if he went home. Pl.’s Dep. at 110:17–111:4. Plaintiff was then
suspended from July 6 until July 18, 2016, at which time Kevin Jackson, GWUH’s Human
6 See also Charge of Discrimination at 1 (“I was now simply working as a ‘sitter’ in the emergency room. 4S [the department plaintiff was originally assigned to work] normally has 30 patients with each technician working with 8-10 patients; it requires technical skill to work in this department and having done it before, I was fine with working at 4S as I liked the challenging environment.”).
7 Defendant believes that plaintiff may have erroneously identified Therese Parillo, House Operations Supervisor, as “Theresa Pulaski.” Def.’s SOF ¶ 21 n.3. 5 Resources Manager, 8 and Coles informed him that his employment would be terminated. Pl.’s
Dep. at 112:11–21, 115:11–116:2. They told plaintiff that because he had been “unprofessional
and disruptive,” he had to be “let go.” Pl.’s Dep. at 116:1–2. The Employee Corrective Action
Report documenting plaintiff’s termination states that his behavior violated the hospital’s
Employee Conduct and Work Rules Policy, in particular, Rules # 1 and 4. Final Corr. Act. Report.
Those rules warn that corrective action may be imposed in the case of:
“Verbal or physical abuse/threats, intimidating, swearing, disruptive, or coercing behavior directed toward (or in the presence of) a patient, visitor, or GWUH employee[,]” or
“Any behavior which disrupts or interferes with patient care, another staff member’s work performance, or creates a non-productive work environment.” The George Washington University Hospital Employee Handbook, Ex. 7 to [Dkt. # 26-7]
(“Employee Handbook”) at 26. 9
Plaintiff alleges that GWUH discriminated against him on the basis of his religion by
refusing to accommodate his request to cancel his shift to celebrate Eid-al-Fitr and firing him for
complaining. Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶ 24; Pl.’s Aff. [Dkt. # 27] ¶ 5. In his deposition, plaintiff
asserted that other employees had complained about their shift assignments in a similar “raised
voice manner” and were treated differently than he was, but he has not identified the other
employees. Pl.’s Dep. at 113:20–115:3; Def’s SOF ¶¶ 25–26; Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 25–26; Pl.’s Resp.
8 Although plaintiff said he thought the Human Resources Manager who made the decision to terminate him was named “Keith Jackson,” it appears that this individual is named Kevin Jackson. Kevin L. Jackson, in a signed and sworn declaration submitted to the Court, averred that he “was the HR representative who consulted with Rochelle Coles in the decision to terminate Ibin Qadir Jackson.” Decl. of Kevin. L. Jackson, Ex. 9 to Def.’s Mot. [Dkt. # 26-9] (“Kevin Jackson Decl.”) ¶ 5.
9 All citations to the employee handbook will be to the original page numbers in the document, and not the PDF page numbers. 6 to Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 25–26. Plaintiff has also alleged that his termination was retaliatory. Charge of
Discrimination at 1–2.
Plaintiff filed a Charge of Discrimination against GWUH with the EEOC, and defendant
received a letter from the EEOC dated October 6, 2019 stating that plaintiff was alleging
discrimination on the basis of religion, race, and sex, as well as retaliation. EEOC Notice of
Charge of Discrimination at 1. Plaintiff’s EEOC case was dismissed on April 18, 2018, and
plaintiff filed this suit on July 16, 2018. Ex. A to Notice of Removal, Complaint & EEOC
Dismissal and Notice of Rights [Dkt. # 1-2].
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a). The party seeking summary judgment “bears the initial responsibility of informing the
district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat summary
judgment, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine
issue for trial.” Id. at 324 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The mere existence of a factual dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” only if a
reasonable fact-finder could find for the non-moving party; a fact is “material” only if it is capable
of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Id. at 248; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241
(D.C. Cir. 1987). In assessing a party’s motion, the court must “view the facts and draw reasonable
7 inferences ‘in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment motion.’”
Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007) (alterations omitted), quoting United States v. Diebold,
Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655 (1962) (per curiam).
ANALYSIS
Because there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute in this case and plaintiff has
not come forward with evidence that defendant’s proffered nondiscriminatory reasons for the
challenged actions were pretextual, defendant’s motion for summary judgment will be
GRANTED.
I. Disparate Treatment under Title VII
Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to “discharge any individual, or otherwise to
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or
privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national
origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). To state a prima facie case of disparate treatment under
Title VII, a plaintiff must show two essential elements: (1) that he suffered an adverse employment
action (2) because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Brady v. Off. of Sergeant at
Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 493 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
When a plaintiff brings a disparate treatment claim under the anti-discrimination provision
of Title VII and relies on circumstantial evidence to establish the employer’s unlawful conduct, as
is the case here, see Def.’s SOF ¶ 17; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶ 17, the court applies the burden-
shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See
Barnette v. Chertoff, 453 F.3d 513, 515 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Under that framework, the plaintiff bears
the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802;
Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Once a prima facie case is established,
8 “[t]he burden . . . must shift to the employer to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory
reason” for the adverse action. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 896.
If a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason is given, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove
that the proffered reason is a pretext for discrimination. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804;
Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 901.
Where, however, the defendant proffers a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the
adverse action, the court need not conduct the threshold inquiry into whether the plaintiff
established a prima face case of discrimination. Brady, 520 F.3d at 493–94 (“Lest there be any
lingering uncertainty, we state the rule clearly: In a Title VII disparate-treatment suit where an
employee has suffered an adverse employment action and an employer has asserted a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for the decision, the district court need not—and should not—decide
whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas.”).
A plaintiff can meet his burden to establish pretext by providing evidence from which a
reasonable jury could find that the employer’s proffered, lawful reasons for acting are “unworthy
of credence.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., 530 U.S. 133, 143 (2000). Showing pretext,
though, “requires more than simply criticizing the employer’s decisionmaking process.” Hairston
v. Vance-Cooks, 773 F.3d 266, 272 (D.C. Cir. 2014). It is not sufficient to “show that a reason
given for a job action [was] not just, or fair, or sensible,” nor is it sufficient to challenge “the
correctness or desirability of [the] reasons offered.” Fischbach v. D.C. Dep’t of Corrs.,
86 F.3d 1180, 1183 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). “If the employer’s stated
belief about the underlying facts is reasonable in light of the evidence, . . . there ordinarily is no
basis for permitting a jury to conclude that the employer is lying about the underlying facts.”
Brady, 520 F.3d at 495.
9 Plaintiff claimed at the outset of this case that he was suspended and then “wrongfully
terminated” from his position because of his race, sex, and religion. Compl. at 1; Charge of
Discrimination at 1. He also asserted that “other non-Muslim, non-Male, non-African American
individuals have been treated better than [him], and were not terminated for ‘raising their voice.’”
Charge of Discrimination at 2. Defendant’s position is that plaintiff’s “undisputed inappropriate
behavior . . . served as the basis for Defendant’s termination decision, and there is no evidence
upon which to question the legitimacy of Defendant’s decision.” Def.’s Reply at 2; see Def.’s
SOF ¶ 24 (“Defendant terminated Plaintiff’s employment for violation of its Employee Conduct
and Work Rules Policy.”). 10
Defendant has offered legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its decision to suspend
and then terminate plaintiff: plaintiff violated GWUH’s Employee Conduct and Work Rules
Policy by raising his voice to complain about his assignment, and by that time, he had already
received three Employee Corrective Action Reports along with a warning that another infraction
could lead to his termination. Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 12–14, 20, 24. 11 And plaintiff has not come forward
with any evidence that gives rise to a genuine dispute of fact with respect to defendant’s account
10 It is not clear whether plaintiff also meant to allege that defendant’s denial of his request to cancel his shift to celebrate Eid was also discriminatory. See Compl. at 1 (plaintiff writes that he was “refuse[d] [his] only religious accommodation request in [his] 3 year tenure”); see also Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 5 (“They have granted numerous [religious accommodation requests] for Christians and Jews”). This allegation, if plaintiff indeed to make it, is undercut by the fact that plaintiff was the one who scheduled himself to work on the holiday, see Pl.’s Dep. at 79:11–80:6, and the shift had been approved and assigned by the hospital before plaintiff called that morning to request time off instead. See Def.’s Mot. at 9–10; Pl.’s Dep. at 79:11–80:16. Defendant denied this last-minute request, and plaintiff has not pointed to evidence that would create a genuine dispute of fact with respect to whether the denial was based on plaintiff’s race, sex, age, or anything other than the timing of the request.
11 Plaintiff’s third infraction, for which he received a “final written warning,” occurred less than two months prior to the outburst leading to his termination. See Ex. 5 to Def.’s Mot., Employee Corrective Action Report (May 20, 2016); Final Corr. Act. Rep. (issued July 18, 2016).
10 of the events. Plaintiff admits that he raised his voice because he was upset about his work
assignment, he was told to calm down, and he later apologized for complaining about where he
was assigned. Pl.’s Dep. at 99:8–9, 99:14–19. The Employee Corrective Action Report
documenting the incident tells a similar story: “On July 6, 2016 at the beginning of the PM shift,
Ibin came to the Nursing Administration office upset because he did not want to be assigned to be
a sitter in the emergency room. Ibin’s behavior was unprofessional and disruptive.” Final Corr.
Act. Rep. at 1.
The terms of the Employee Handbook are not in dispute either. It advises that the “types
of conduct that can result in corrective action up to and including immediate employment
termination” include “intimidating” and “disruptive” behavior directed toward a hospital
employee, and any other behavior that “disrupts or interferes” with the workplace. Employee
Handbook at 26.
Given this evidence, the burden shifts back to plaintiff to show that these reasons were a
pretext for discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804. And notwithstanding the
Court’s admonition that at this stage, plaintiff would need to come forward with evidence and
could not rely on allegations alone, 12 plaintiff has failed to “designate specific facts showing that
there is a genuine issue for trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324.
Plaintiff asserts that he was treated more harshly than comparators, but he has not yet
identified any particular instance or person “who was treated differently than Plaintiff was treated
12 In its August 2019 Memorandum Opinion, the Court explained that to meet his burden, plaintiff could cite the defendant’s “better treatment of similarly situated employees outside the plaintiff’s protected group, its inconsistent or dishonest explanations, its deviation from established procedures or criteria, or the employer’s pattern of poor treatment of other employees in the same protected group” or other relevant evidence. Mem. Op. at 10 n.1, quoting Walker v. Johnson, 798 F.3d 1085, 1092 (D.C. Cir. 2015). 11 as a result of being sent home due to a raised voice.” Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s SOF ¶ 26; Pl.’s Dep. at
113:20–115:3. He has not produced evidence that defendant’s explanations for his suspension and
termination were inconsistent or that defendant deviated from established procedures or criteria in
taking these actions. See generally Pl.’s Opp. Nor has he pointed to a pattern of poor treatment
of other employees in the same protected group; to the contrary, he avers that defendant has granted
religious accommodations to at least one other Muslim employee, Pl.’s Dep. at 115:6–10, and he
does not suggest that GWUH treated him negatively based on his religion at any time prior to his
termination. Def.’s SOF ¶ 16; Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s SOF ¶ 16.
Plaintiff offers several theories for why, in his view, a reasonable jury could find GWUH’s
stated reasons for his firing to be pretextual. First, he submits that defendant could have granted
his request to cancel his shift on July 6, and its failure to do so demonstrates discriminatory animus.
See Pl.’s Opp. at 3, 5; Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 5. Plaintiff does not point to evidence in the record in support
of this contention, but he states that he “can testify that enough people were available to fill the
crucial jobs [that day] as shown by his transfer to a less vital work assignment.” Pl.’s Opp. at 3.
He asserts that he was “ordinarily tasked with significant matters,” but that on the day in question,
he was given a “non crucial task that should not have been prioritized above a legitimate religious
holiday.” Id. at 5. He adds that GWUH’s decision not to accommodate his request was
“discriminatory” because plaintiff “had been historically willing to fill in and had made substantial
and ongoing efforts to be a model employee.” Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶ 24. Finally, he argues
that GWUH has “granted numerous requests [for religious accommodation] for Christians and
Jews,” although he does not elaborate any further. Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 5.
The arguments about what the hospital should have done on July 6 simply restate the initial
allegations and do not create a question of material fact for a jury. Even if there were employees
12 available to fill in at the last minute, that evidence would not show that defendant’s stated reason
for the termination – the raised voice after three warnings for other infractions – was “phony.” See
Fischbach, 86 F.3d at 1183. Plaintiff may believe that he was justified in complaining and should
not have been fired for doing so, and others might reasonably agree that the sanction was harsh
given the reasons for plaintiff’s disappointment and his prompt apology, but at bottom, plaintiff is
challenging the wisdom of, or necessity for, the employer’s decision. Merely proposing that an
adverse action was “not just, or fair, or sensible,” is not sufficient to meet a plaintiff’s burden under
McDonnell-Douglas and to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Id. Moreover, plaintiff has
not come forward with any evidence to support his allegation that “Christians and Jews” were
“granted numerous requests” in similar circumstances. See Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 5.
Plaintiff’s effort to rely on his positive work history does not carry the day either. He
points to his “willingness to serve many roles and work extra hours” and his “positive relationship
with his supervisors,” and maintains that he was “hardworking, well liked and a valuable
employee.” Pl.’s Opp. at 5. He elaborates on these facts in his affidavit, attesting that he worked
“64–80 hours a week even in a pandemic in a level one trauma hospital.” Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 5. Plaintiff’s
characterization of his relationship with his supervisors may be somewhat undercut by the three
Corrective Action Reports, but even assuming that the evidence of his dedication, work ethic, and
positive working relationship with his supervisors is undisputed, it adds up to another attempt to
question the merits of the employer’s decision, as opposed to evidence of a discriminatory animus.
Finally, plaintiff seems to suggest that his previous infractions were minor in an attempt to
show that defendant’s reliance on them in its decision to terminate plaintiff was pretextual. See
Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 12–14; Pl.’s Aff. ¶¶ 2–4. With respect to his first Employee Corrective
Action Report, which was issued for failing to report to the hospital when he was on call and asked
13 to report, plaintiff explains that he “could not go in because [he] was in charge of watching [his]
minor niece.” Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 2. He explains that his second Corrective Action Report was issued
when he failed to file a required report immediately after finding a patient sitting on the floor; he
feels this Corrective Action Report was “unfair” because he “did file the patient report within
24 hours” of the incident. Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 3. Finally, he explains that his third Corrective Action
Report was for “[going] downstairs to get money for a friend while another friend who was also a
patient sitter watched the patient” and that “[n]o harm came to the patient.” Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 4.
Plaintiff has admitted that he engaged in the behavior for which he was sanctioned in each
instance. He has not argued that any of the three previous Corrective Action Reports were
discriminatory or retaliatory. He has not provided any evidence that other employees who engaged
in similar behavior were treated differently. See Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 12–15, 26. His
belated attempt to excuse or minimize the prior incidents does not constitute evidence that the
hospital was being disingenuous when it decided, consistent with its prior warning, that one more
infraction was grounds for termination. Once again, the question before the Court is not whether
defendant’s reasons for terminating plaintiff’s employment were sound, but whether there is any
evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to conclude that defendant did not actually suspend
or fire plaintiff for the reasons it identified.
Because plaintiff has not come forward with any evidence that would enable a reasonable
juror to conclude that defendant’s stated reasons for its actions against plaintiff were a pretext for
unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or religion, defendant’s motion for summary
judgment on plaintiff’s discrimination claim will be granted.
14 II. Retaliation Under Title VII
Plaintiff also complains that defendant retaliated against him for “exercising [his] religious
rights for accommodation” when it assigned him to a less desirable staffing assignment after he
requested the day off to celebrate Eid, and when it suspended and ultimately terminated him for
complaining about the denial of his accommodation request and his staffing assignment. Charge
of Discrimination at 1–2.
Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to “‘discriminate against’ an employee . . .
because that individual ‘opposed any practice’ made unlawful by Title VII.” Burlington N. &
Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 56 (2006), quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). A plaintiff
must show that retaliation was a “but-for” cause of the alleged adverse employment action, rather
than just a substantial or “motivating” factor in the employer’s decision. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med.
Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 362 (2013). “This requires proof that the unlawful retaliation would
not have occurred in the absence of the alleged wrongful action or actions of the employer.” Id.
at 360.
At the summary judgment stage, Title VII retaliation claims are also evaluated in
accordance with the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework that is used to evaluate claims
of disparate treatment. That is, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of retaliation.
Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000); Wiley v. Glassman,
511 F.3d 151, 155 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Once the plaintiff has made that showing, the burden shifts
to the defendant to produce a “legitimate” and “nondiscriminatory reason” for its actions. Jones
v. Bernanke, 557 F.3d 670, 677 (D.C. Cir. 2009). If an employer supplies such a reason, then the
“burden-shifting framework disappears,” and the Court must ask “whether a reasonable jury could
15 infer . . . retaliation from all the evidence.” Carter v. George Washington Univ., 387 F.3d 872, 878
(D.C. Cir. 2004).
To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, plaintiffs must present evidence that (1) they
engaged in activity protected by Title VII; (2) the employer took an adverse employment action
against them; and (3) the adverse action was causally related to the exercise of their rights.
Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 901–02. An “adverse action” in the context of a retaliation claim is one that
is “harmful to the point that [such action] could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making
or supporting a charge of discrimination,” Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 57; see Rochon v. Gonzales,
438 F.3d 1211, 1220 (D.C. Cir. 2006), and it is highly dependent on the “particular circumstances”
of plaintiff’s employment. Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 69; see Chambers v. District of Columbia,
35 F.4th 870, 877 (D.C. Cir. 2022), judgment entered, No. 19-7098, 2022 WL 2255692 (D.C. Cir.
June 23, 2022). The D.C. Circuit has noted that an actionable event is one that would “affect the
employee’s ‘position, grade level, salary, or promotion opportunities.’” Taylor v. Solis, 571 F.3d
1313, 1321 (D.C. Cir. 2009), quoting Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1199 (D.C.
Cir. 2008); see also Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1197 (“[W]e have previously underscored our hesitancy
to . . . second-guess[] employers’ decisions about ‘which of several qualified employees will work
on a particular assignment.’”), citing Mungin v. Katten Muchin & Zavis, 116 F.3d 1549, 1556
(D.C. Cir. 1997); see Mungin, 116 F.3d at 1556 (“[O]ther circuits have held that changes in
assignments or work-related duties do not ordinarily constitute adverse employment decisions if
unaccompanied by a decrease in salary or work hour changes.”).
If a plaintiff cannot make a showing of material adversity, the inquiry ends there.
Chambers v. District of Columbia, 389 F. Supp. 3d 77, 92 (D.D.C. 2019), aff’d Chambers v.
District of Columbia, 988 F.3d 497 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (“[A]t the summary judgment stage, [plaintiff]
16 must still, at a minimum, demonstrate that she suffered an adverse employment action.”), citing
Brady, 520 F.3d at 493.
On a motion for summary judgment with respect to an actionable event, if the employer
can “articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason” for the employment decision at issue,
Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981), the district court no longer needs
to assess whether the plaintiff made out a prima facie claim. See Jones, 557 F.3d at 678, citing
Brady, 520 F.3d at 494. Instead, the question before the court at that point would be whether
plaintiff “produced evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to find that the employer’s stated
reason was not the actual reason” for the adverse action, and that the employer actually retaliated
against the plaintiff. Brady, 520 F.3d at 495. In answering this question, though, “[t]he strength
of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, especially the existence of a causal connection, can be a
significant factor” in showing a material dispute regarding retaliation. Holmes-Martin v. Sebelius,
693 F. Supp. 2d 141, 152 (D.D.C. 2010), citing Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1289 n.4
(D.C. Cir. 1998).
A. Shift Assignment on July 6
According to the plaintiff, the first allegedly retaliatory action occurred when he was
assigned to work as a patient sitter rather than a float technician after he requested to cancel his
shift to celebrate Eid. See Charge of Discrimination at 2 (“When I arrived at work however, I was
now told . . . that I would be working as a ‘sitter’ in the Emergency Department (ED) – which
required me to simply observe the patients; I felt like this was further punishment and retaliation
for my religious beliefs.”). Defendant argues that it always had the discretion to assign plaintiff
to any shift or unit, so this decision could not be the adverse action needed to support a claim of
retaliation. See Def.’s Mot. at 8.
17 It is undisputed that plaintiff was hired to serve as a patient sitter, and that he was still
serving in that role on July 6, 2016, even though by that time, he was serving as a float technician
as well. Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 4, 6; Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s SOF ¶¶ 4, 6; Pl.’s Dep. at 56:11–15. And plaintiff
testified that typically, after he signed up for a work shift on the electronic portal, the hospital
would then assign him to work either as a patient sitter or a float technician for that shift. Def.’s
SOF ¶¶ 7–8, citing Pl.’s Dep. at 71:15–72:2; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 7–8. So even if plaintiff’s
general preference was to work in the technician position he deemed more significant, plaintiff has
not demonstrated the existence of any “change” in his work duties, much less, an adverse one.13
Moreover, he was only assigned to the shift he found less desirable for one day – after signing
himself up to work through the online portal – and he was paid the same rate regardless. Pl.’s Dep.
at 57:11–17; 71:12–72:18. Since assigning plaintiff to do one of his regular jobs was not a
materially adverse action, plaintiff has not made out a prima facie case of retaliation on the basis
of his assignment on July 6.
B. Suspension and Termination
Plaintiff also alleges, though, that his suspension and termination were retaliatory. See
Charge of Discrimination at 2; see also Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 5 (“I am a hard working African American man
13 Moreover, plaintiff has not shown there was in fact a change in his assignment that day, because he did not testify that he had been assigned to be a float technician before he made the call to his supervisor asking to cancel his shift; the first time he learned what he would be doing was when he showed up for duty. Plaintiff testified that when he signed up for a shift through the electronic portal, the hospital would decide which role he would have “on that particular day.” Pl.’s Dep. at 71:12–72:2. He did not know what his role would be until he arrived at work that day, and that was true for July 6, 2016 as well. Pl.’s Dep. at 72:3–15, 91:9–92:17. This means that the only “change” that occurred on July 6, 2016 was the location of his assignment within the hospital: he was originally told to report to the “4 South” unit, Pl.’s Dep. at 93:4–15, but after he arrived, he was “transferred to work as a sitter in the emergency room,” which plaintiff characterizes as “the hardest department in the entire hospital.” Pl.’s Dep. at 94:2–5, 94:10–11. So there is no evidence in the record that he was supposed to be a float technician that day or that the original assignment was changed. 18 . . . fired for a shift off to worship God.”). The Court has already determined that defendant offered
legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its decision to suspend and then terminate plaintiff, that
is, that plaintiff violated the hospital’s rules of conduct by raising his voice to complain about his
assignment in the wake of three previous employment infractions and a clear warning. See Def.’s
SOF ¶¶ 12–14, 20, 24.
So here again, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove that the employer’s proffered
reason is a pretext for what was actually retaliation against the plaintiff for complaining that what
he characterizes as a request for a religious accommodation was denied, and/or complaining that
he was being discriminated against as a Muslim and African-American male. See Jones, 557 F.3d
at 677; Brady, 520 F.3d at 495. Putting aside the question of whether plaintiff’s outburst in the
nursing administration office constitutes “protected activity” for purposes of Title VII, 14 plaintiff
has failed to meet his burden for the same reasons that doomed his discrimination claims: he has
14 Under the retaliation provisions of Title VII, it is an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against an employee “because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice . . . , or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3. But it is not clear there is evidence that he in fact opposed an illegal employment practice or decision that day, and plaintiff has not shown that he made a charge under the participation clause either. “[N]o ‘magic words’ are required” to engage in protected activity, but “the [employee’s] complaint must in some way allege unlawful discrimination, not just frustrated ambition.” Broderick v. Donaldson, 437 F.3d 1226, 1232 (D.C. Cir. 2006). “Not every complaint garners its author protection under Title VII.” Id. (noting that plaintiff’s memorandum may not be protected activity since it did not allege that “she was currently being discriminated against or that she was being retaliated against for her previous lawsuit”). Plaintiff testified that when he arrived in the “4 South” unit and received his assignment on July 6, he went to the nursing administration office and complained loudly to Fassaka that, “This isn’t right, and I deserve to have a day off for my religion. 25 percent of the whole world’s population is having a day off and I can’t. And for what? For this. Anybody can be sitting in the emergency room. I work 80 hours a week.” Pl.’s Dep. at 96:3–8; see Def.’s SOF ¶ 20; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶ 20. Plaintiff, by his own account, was angry that he was performing what he viewed to be less valuable work during the shift he had been unable to cancel, but he did not attribute the nature of the unwanted assignment to his race, religion, or any other protected status. 19 not presented any evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to conclude that defendant’s stated
reasons for his termination were pretextual.
The termination decision was made by plaintiff’s immediate supervisor, Rochelle Coles,
and the hospital’s Human Resources Manager, Kevin Jackson. Pl.’s Dep. at 112:11–21, 115:11–
116:2. In her signed and sworn declaration, Coles averred that she “was not aware (and [is] not
aware) of Mr. [Ibin Qadir] Jackson complaining about discrimination based on race, sex, or
religion at any time during the events of July 6, 2016, or concerning the events of July 6, 2016, or
at any time prior to his termination of employment on or about July 20, 2016.” Coles Decl. ¶ 7.
And in his signed and sworn declaration, Kevin Jackson averred that “[t]o the best of my
recollection, I was not aware (and I am not aware) of Mr. Jackson complaining about
discrimination based on race, sex, or religion at any time while he was employed with the
Hospital.” Kevin Jackson Decl. ¶ 7; see also Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 28–29, citing Coles Decl. and Kevin
Jackson Decl.; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s SOF ¶¶ 28–29. Most important, even in his own account,
plaintiff does not describe a conversation in which he was objecting to unlawful treatment based
upon his protected status; his testimony recounts a loud reaction to an undesired assignment.
Since plaintiff has not come forward with any evidence to dispute the decision makers’
sworn statements or with any other evidence giving rise to a genuine dispute as to whether
defendant’s stated reasons for suspending and terminating plaintiff were legitimate, defendant’s
motion for summary judgment on plaintiff’s retaliation claim will also be granted.
20 CONCLUSION
For the reasons outlined above, defendant’s motion for summary judgment will be
GRANTED as to both claims.
A separate order will issue.
AMY BERMAN JACKSON United States District Judge
DATE: August 31, 2022