IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
MATTHEW J. JACKSON, SR., § § No. 302, 2017 Respondent Below, § Appellant, § Court Below—Family Court § of the State of Delaware v. § § File No. 17-01-1TK DIVISION OF FAMILY SERVICES, § Petition No. 17-00543 § Petitioner Below, § Appellee. §
Submitted: February 14, 2018 Decided: March 29, 2018
Before STRINE, Chief Justice; VAUGHN and TRAYNOR, Justices.
ORDER
This 29th day of March 2018, upon consideration of the parties’ briefs and the
record on appeal, it appears that:
(1) Matthew Jackson1 has appealed the Family Court’s June 28, 2017 Order
terminating his parental rights over his minor child. On appeal, Jackson claims that
no statutory basis for termination exists,2 and that termination is not in the child’s
best interests. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
(2) On November 19, 2015, Jackson returned home from work to find his
three-month-old child soaking wet with urine, and the child’s mother (“Mother”)
1 A pseudonym was assigned on appeal pursuant to Supr. Ct. R. 7(d). 2 See generally 13 Del. C. § 1103(a). “drunk and passed out.”3 Jackson woke up Mother, and an argument ensued. After
law enforcement arrived, Mother was arrested for a crime of domestic violence
against Jackson, and the Division of Family Services (“DFS”) took emergency
custody of the child.
(3) On November 30, 2015, the Family Court determined that probable
cause existed for the child to remain in DFS custody. DFS eventually arranged for
foster care, to which the child readily adapted. As a result, DFS filed a Motion to
be Excused from Case Planning, seeking to forgo reunification services under 13
Del. C. § 1103(d). The Family Court granted DFS’s motion on June 14, 2016.
(4) On May 16, 2017, DFS filed a Petition for Termination of Parental
Rights against both Jackson and Mother. The Family Court held a hearing on May
16, 2017. Mother did not appear. After hearing testimony from Jackson and several
family-services employees, and after reviewing social reports, prior Involuntary
Termination of Parental Rights Orders against Jackson and Mother, and certified
criminal histories, the Family Court granted DFS’s termination-of-parental-rights
petition as to both Jackson and Mother.
(5) This Court’s review of a Family Court decision includes both the facts
and the law.4 We review conclusions of law de novo.5 Factual findings will not be
3 App. to Office of the Child Advocate’s Ans. Br. at C8. 4 Mundy v. Devon, 906 A.2d 750, 752 (Del. 2006). 5 Id.
2 disturbed unless clearly erroneous and unsupported by the record.6 If the Family
Court correctly applied the pertinent law, we review for an abuse of discretion.7
(6) In reviewing a termination-of-parental-rights petition, the Family Court
must employ a two-step analysis.8 First, there must be clear and convincing proof
that a statutory basis for termination as set forth in 13 Del. C. § 1103(a) exists.
Second, there must be a determination—again, by clear and convincing evidence—
that termination is in the best interest of the child.9
(7) In this case, the Family Court found three statutory bases for
termination: (i) failure to adequately plan;10 (ii) a felony offense against a child;11
and (iii) previous involuntary termination of parental rights.12 Jackson challenges
each.
(8) The Family Court concluded that DFS proved by clear and convincing
evidence the statutory ground for termination set forth in 13 Del C. § 1103(a)(5)—
failure to plan for the child’s physical needs or the mental and emotional health and
development of the child. Jackson claims that this failure-to-plan finding was clearly
erroneous pointing to evidence that he had made plans for reunification, identified
6 Id. 7 Parson v. Parson, 2002 WL 442399, at *1, 793 A.2d 310 (Del. 2002) (Table). 8 Shepherd v. Clemens, 752 A.2d 533, 536–37 (Del. 2000). 9 Powell v. Dep’t of Servs. for Children, Youth & Their Families, 963 A.2d 724, 731 (Del. 2008). 10 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(4)(a). 11 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(5). 12 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(6).
3 daycare facilities close to his home, requested that DFS reconsider their decision not
to plan for reunification, and owned a business that provided sufficient financial
security to allow him to care for the child.
(9) How the Family Court reached its conclusion that Jackson had failed to
plan for the child’s needs, health, and development is unclear. As even DFS notes,
“the Family Court does not discuss its reasoning at length for this statutory
ground.”13 It appears as though the court determined that the combination of (i) the
rebuttable presumption that sex offenders shall not be awarded child custody under
13 Del. C. §724A and (ii) the court’s June 14, 2006 order excusing DFS under 13
Del. C. § 1103(d) from its obligation to provide reunification and related services,
effectively precluded Jackson from planning for the child. But nothing in the
termination-of-parental rights statute or the cases construing it supports such a
conclusion in the absence of other clear and convincing evidence. To be sure, an
unrebutted presumption under 13 Del. C. § 724A may be an insurmountable obstacle
to an award of custody and an independent ground for termination of parental rights,
and the absence of DFS’s services might make planning more difficult. But they are
not, without more, sufficient to establish a separate statutory basis —under the guise
of failure to plan—for the termination of parental rights. To the extent the Family
Court’s finding of a failure to plan was based solely on the §724A presumption and
13 Appellee Division of Family Services Answering Br. 21.
4 the June14, 2006 order without regard to other evidence, it is erroneous as a matter
of law. Otherwise, as a finding of fact, it is not supported by clear and convincing
evidence.
(10) Nevertheless, the Family Court correctly concluded that other statutory
grounds for termination exist: First, the court found that, Jackson’s 1979 Unlawful
Sexual Intercourse conviction was a basis for termination under 13 Del. C. §
1103(a)(4)a. of Title 11. Jackson acknowledges this conviction, but argues that he
“does not believe that such conviction, from when he was technically still a minor,
was meant to be applied to terminate his parental rights nearly forty years later.”14
From the record, however, it appears that Jackson was convicted of this offense as
an adult.15 And, in any event, 13 Del. C. §1103(a)(4)a. draws no distinction between
convictions based on crimes committed as a minor and those committed as an adult,
nor does it contain a staleness exception. The record supports the Family Court’s
determination that this conviction provides a basis for termination of parental rights
under § 1103(a)(4)a.
(11) The Family Court, relying upon prior Family Court orders, also found
that DFS had established the statutory ground for termination set forth in 13 Del C.
§ 1103(a)(6), more particularly, that “[t]he respondent's parental rights over a sibling
14 Appellant’s Opening Br. at 12. 15 App. to Appellant Division of Family Services Answering Br. at B170.
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
MATTHEW J. JACKSON, SR., § § No. 302, 2017 Respondent Below, § Appellant, § Court Below—Family Court § of the State of Delaware v. § § File No. 17-01-1TK DIVISION OF FAMILY SERVICES, § Petition No. 17-00543 § Petitioner Below, § Appellee. §
Submitted: February 14, 2018 Decided: March 29, 2018
Before STRINE, Chief Justice; VAUGHN and TRAYNOR, Justices.
ORDER
This 29th day of March 2018, upon consideration of the parties’ briefs and the
record on appeal, it appears that:
(1) Matthew Jackson1 has appealed the Family Court’s June 28, 2017 Order
terminating his parental rights over his minor child. On appeal, Jackson claims that
no statutory basis for termination exists,2 and that termination is not in the child’s
best interests. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
(2) On November 19, 2015, Jackson returned home from work to find his
three-month-old child soaking wet with urine, and the child’s mother (“Mother”)
1 A pseudonym was assigned on appeal pursuant to Supr. Ct. R. 7(d). 2 See generally 13 Del. C. § 1103(a). “drunk and passed out.”3 Jackson woke up Mother, and an argument ensued. After
law enforcement arrived, Mother was arrested for a crime of domestic violence
against Jackson, and the Division of Family Services (“DFS”) took emergency
custody of the child.
(3) On November 30, 2015, the Family Court determined that probable
cause existed for the child to remain in DFS custody. DFS eventually arranged for
foster care, to which the child readily adapted. As a result, DFS filed a Motion to
be Excused from Case Planning, seeking to forgo reunification services under 13
Del. C. § 1103(d). The Family Court granted DFS’s motion on June 14, 2016.
(4) On May 16, 2017, DFS filed a Petition for Termination of Parental
Rights against both Jackson and Mother. The Family Court held a hearing on May
16, 2017. Mother did not appear. After hearing testimony from Jackson and several
family-services employees, and after reviewing social reports, prior Involuntary
Termination of Parental Rights Orders against Jackson and Mother, and certified
criminal histories, the Family Court granted DFS’s termination-of-parental-rights
petition as to both Jackson and Mother.
(5) This Court’s review of a Family Court decision includes both the facts
and the law.4 We review conclusions of law de novo.5 Factual findings will not be
3 App. to Office of the Child Advocate’s Ans. Br. at C8. 4 Mundy v. Devon, 906 A.2d 750, 752 (Del. 2006). 5 Id.
2 disturbed unless clearly erroneous and unsupported by the record.6 If the Family
Court correctly applied the pertinent law, we review for an abuse of discretion.7
(6) In reviewing a termination-of-parental-rights petition, the Family Court
must employ a two-step analysis.8 First, there must be clear and convincing proof
that a statutory basis for termination as set forth in 13 Del. C. § 1103(a) exists.
Second, there must be a determination—again, by clear and convincing evidence—
that termination is in the best interest of the child.9
(7) In this case, the Family Court found three statutory bases for
termination: (i) failure to adequately plan;10 (ii) a felony offense against a child;11
and (iii) previous involuntary termination of parental rights.12 Jackson challenges
each.
(8) The Family Court concluded that DFS proved by clear and convincing
evidence the statutory ground for termination set forth in 13 Del C. § 1103(a)(5)—
failure to plan for the child’s physical needs or the mental and emotional health and
development of the child. Jackson claims that this failure-to-plan finding was clearly
erroneous pointing to evidence that he had made plans for reunification, identified
6 Id. 7 Parson v. Parson, 2002 WL 442399, at *1, 793 A.2d 310 (Del. 2002) (Table). 8 Shepherd v. Clemens, 752 A.2d 533, 536–37 (Del. 2000). 9 Powell v. Dep’t of Servs. for Children, Youth & Their Families, 963 A.2d 724, 731 (Del. 2008). 10 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(4)(a). 11 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(5). 12 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(6).
3 daycare facilities close to his home, requested that DFS reconsider their decision not
to plan for reunification, and owned a business that provided sufficient financial
security to allow him to care for the child.
(9) How the Family Court reached its conclusion that Jackson had failed to
plan for the child’s needs, health, and development is unclear. As even DFS notes,
“the Family Court does not discuss its reasoning at length for this statutory
ground.”13 It appears as though the court determined that the combination of (i) the
rebuttable presumption that sex offenders shall not be awarded child custody under
13 Del. C. §724A and (ii) the court’s June 14, 2006 order excusing DFS under 13
Del. C. § 1103(d) from its obligation to provide reunification and related services,
effectively precluded Jackson from planning for the child. But nothing in the
termination-of-parental rights statute or the cases construing it supports such a
conclusion in the absence of other clear and convincing evidence. To be sure, an
unrebutted presumption under 13 Del. C. § 724A may be an insurmountable obstacle
to an award of custody and an independent ground for termination of parental rights,
and the absence of DFS’s services might make planning more difficult. But they are
not, without more, sufficient to establish a separate statutory basis —under the guise
of failure to plan—for the termination of parental rights. To the extent the Family
Court’s finding of a failure to plan was based solely on the §724A presumption and
13 Appellee Division of Family Services Answering Br. 21.
4 the June14, 2006 order without regard to other evidence, it is erroneous as a matter
of law. Otherwise, as a finding of fact, it is not supported by clear and convincing
evidence.
(10) Nevertheless, the Family Court correctly concluded that other statutory
grounds for termination exist: First, the court found that, Jackson’s 1979 Unlawful
Sexual Intercourse conviction was a basis for termination under 13 Del. C. §
1103(a)(4)a. of Title 11. Jackson acknowledges this conviction, but argues that he
“does not believe that such conviction, from when he was technically still a minor,
was meant to be applied to terminate his parental rights nearly forty years later.”14
From the record, however, it appears that Jackson was convicted of this offense as
an adult.15 And, in any event, 13 Del. C. §1103(a)(4)a. draws no distinction between
convictions based on crimes committed as a minor and those committed as an adult,
nor does it contain a staleness exception. The record supports the Family Court’s
determination that this conviction provides a basis for termination of parental rights
under § 1103(a)(4)a.
(11) The Family Court, relying upon prior Family Court orders, also found
that DFS had established the statutory ground for termination set forth in 13 Del C.
§ 1103(a)(6), more particularly, that “[t]he respondent's parental rights over a sibling
14 Appellant’s Opening Br. at 12. 15 App. to Appellant Division of Family Services Answering Br. at B170.
5 of the child who is the subject of the petition have been involuntarily terminated in
a prior proceeding.” Jackson disagrees, claiming that because the Family Court’s
previous Termination of Parental Rights Orders improperly relied on Jackson’s 1979
conviction to satisfy the prior-felony-conviction statutory ground, DFS cannot rely
on the Family Court’s previous Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights Orders
to satisfy the prior-involuntary-termination statutory ground.16 Because, as
discussed above, the predicate of Jackson’s argument lacks merit, so too does its
conclusion.
(12) Although two statutory bases for termination exist, DFS was also
required to prove “by clear and convincing evidence that termination of parental
rights is essential to the child’s welfare.”17 In making that determination, the Family
Court must consider all relevant factors including: (i) the wishes of the child’s
parents; (ii) the wishes of the child; (iii) the child’s interaction with his parents and
others who may affect his best interests; (iv) the child’s adjustment to his home,
school, and community; (v) the mental and physical health of all individuals
involved; (vi) whether the parents have complied with their rights and
16 13 Del. C. § 1103(a)(6). 17 In re Burns, 519 A.2d 638, 643 (Del. 1986).
6 responsibilities to their child; (vii) evidence of domestic violence; and (viii) the
parents’ criminal history.18
(13) The Family Court carefully reviewed the § 722 factors and found that
(ii) (child’s wishes), (iii) (interaction with parents and others), (iv) (adjustment to
home, school, etc.), (vii) (domestic violence), and (viii) (criminal history) weighed
in favor of termination, and factors (i) (parents’ wishes), (v) (mental/physical
health), and (vi) (parents’ compliance) weighed against. Jackson focuses his appeal
on factors (vii) (domestic violence) and (viii) (criminal history).
(14) Jackson argues that the Family Court erred in finding that the domestic-
violence factor weighed in favor of termination, noting that the Family Court failed
to cite any evidence that Jackson perpetrated domestic violence. A review of the
record undermines Jackson’s claims. In a previous termination, Jackson stated that
“domestic violence, including frequent arguing and acts of physical violence, played
a large part in the dissolution of [his] second marriage.”19 Moreover, Jackson’s
relationship with Mother was fraught with “frequent verbal arguments [escalating]
into physical altercations,”20 such as ‘[busting her lip] with his hand, grabb[ing] her
18 13 Del. C. § 722(a) (listing relevant factors to be considered when determining “the legal custody and residential arrangements for a child in accordance with the best interests of the child.”). 19 See App. to Div. of Family Servs. Ans. Br. at B153. 20 Id. at B153-B154.
7 face, chok[ing] her, and threaten[ing] to kill her.”21 As such, the record supports the
Family Court’s domestic-violence determination.
(15) Finally, Jackson argues that his criminal history should not weigh in
favor of termination. As Jackson has been arrested over nine times and has at least
four convictions, we are satisfied that the Family Court did not abuse its discretion
in its consideration of this factor in conducting its best-interest analysis.
(16) In sum, despite our disagreement with the Family Court’s failure-to-
plan finding, we find that the Family Court’s findings that there is a statutory basis
for the termination of Jackson’s parental rights and that the termination is in the best
interest of the child are supported by clear and convincing evidence. Therefore, the
Family Court did not err in concluding that Jackson’s parental rights should be
terminated.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the judgment of the Family
Court is AFFIRMED.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ Gary F. Traynor Justice
21 Id.