Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-12382 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A206-849-344
JACINTA SANTOS-REYES,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(March 21, 2019)
Before WILSON, BRANCH, and HULL, Circuit Judges:
PER CURIAM:
Jacinto Santos-Reyes seeks review of her final order of removal that denied Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 2 of 6
her application for asylum and withholding of removal. The agency credited her
testimony that she was raped in her home country of Honduras, but it found that
she failed to establish a nexus between that act of persecution and a statutorily
protected ground. Because Santos does not substantively challenge this or any
other aspect of the final order, we deny her petition for review.
Santos and her daughter1 immigrated to the United States from Honduras in
2014 without being admitted. The Department of Homeland Security promptly
commenced removal proceedings against them. Santos timely applied for asylum,
withholding of removal, and withholding of removal under the Convention Against
Torture (“CAT”) based on membership in a particular social group, which she
defined as
Honduran women who have been the victims of gang violence in particular sexual assault and because Honduran society views women as less important than men, they are not given protection by the police or their government and are at risk of further victimization.
In her application, Santos described how she had been raped at gunpoint on
the streets of Honduras in 2014. She stated that she feared that if she returned, she
would again be the victim of violence because “the police and authorities do
absolutely nothing especially when [it] is a crime against a woman.” She also
1 Her daughter, who was 13 years old when she entered the United States, was a party to all of the agency proceedings. In this Court, however, her daughter (now an adult) has neither filed a petition for review nor joined Santos’s. 2 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 3 of 6
feared that her young daughter would similarly be raped or even killed. Santos
included with her application the U.S. State Department’s Human Rights Report
for Honduras for 2013, which noted, “Rape was a serious and pervasive societal
problem that permeated all facets of society,” and “Violence against women and
impunity for perpetrators continued to be a serious problem.” She also included a
report from the Center for Gender & Refugee Studies discussing the widespread
occurrence of murder and rape of women in Honduras, a news report describing
the corruption of the Honduran police, a sworn statement from her husband, and a
copy of her police report of the rape.
At her removal hearing in 2017, Santos testified about her rape, detailing
how she was assailed by three hooded, armed men while returning home from
classes one afternoon. They ordered her to get off her motorcycle, they bound her
hands and feet, and one of them sexually assaulted her. She recounted that her
rapist told her that if she reported him, he would hurt her family. She added that
she waited about a month to report the incident to the police because she was too
afraid to leave her house. She said her husband did not report it because the police
do nothing about crimes against women since they are bribed by the criminals. She
did not know if the police took any action on her report, but no one ever followed
up with her about it. She did not feel that she could go live with her siblings six
hours away in Honduras because she would still be afraid for her safety. Santos
3 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 4 of 6
also supplemented the record with the Human Rights Report for Honduras for
2016, which reiterated concerns about widespread rape and violence against
women.
The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) found Santos’s testimony credible but
concluded that she was not eligible for asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT
relief. The IJ concluded that her rape was a violent act that rises to the level of
persecution, but then explained that she had not established that she experienced
that harm on account of her membership in a particular social group because her
proposed group was neither discrete nor socially distinct before the persecution.
The IJ also found that she had not established a well-founded fear of future
persecution. Although her fear of harm was subjectively real, the IJ found she had
not established objectively real fear because there was no evidence that her
unidentified attackers were seeking to harm her or her family or that the police
failed to investigate her report.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed the decision of the IJ
but did not expressly adopt its order. It found, “While the respondent established
that she suffered past persecution in Honduras, she did not establish that there is a
nexus between the harm she may have suffered and a statutorily protected ground
as required for asylum and withholding of removal.” It concluded that her asserted
social group is not cognizable because it was not “shown to be perceived as a
4 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 5 of 6
group by Honduran society” and it is “circularly defined.” Moreover, “she has not
presented any persuasive evidence to establish that the harm she suffered was other
than criminal in nature and unrelated to membership in the alleged group.” As to
future persecution, it found that Santos did not establish that the government was
unable or unwilling to assist her or that her attackers were seeking to harm her.
We review only the decision of the BIA when it has not expressly adopted
the IJ’s opinion or its reasoning. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th
Cir. 2001). We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual
determinations for substantial evidence. Id. at 1283–84.
In her petition for review of the agency decision, Santos argues that the BIA
erred by inconsistently finding that she both did and did not suffer past
persecution, and suggests that we remand for clarification. We decline to do so
because the BIA correctly stated the legal standard. To establish eligibility for
asylum, an applicant must demonstrate “past persecution on account of a
statutorily listed factor” or a “‘well-founded fear’ that the statutorily listed factor
will cause future persecution.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th
Cir. 2006) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b)). The challenged portion of the BIA’s
decision consistently applied this standard. It found that Santos’s rape was an act
of persecution2 but then concluded that Santos failed to establish eligibility for
2 Our Circuit has suggested, but has not held in a published opinion, that rape may be an act that 5 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 6 of 6
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Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-12382 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A206-849-344
JACINTA SANTOS-REYES,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(March 21, 2019)
Before WILSON, BRANCH, and HULL, Circuit Judges:
PER CURIAM:
Jacinto Santos-Reyes seeks review of her final order of removal that denied Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 2 of 6
her application for asylum and withholding of removal. The agency credited her
testimony that she was raped in her home country of Honduras, but it found that
she failed to establish a nexus between that act of persecution and a statutorily
protected ground. Because Santos does not substantively challenge this or any
other aspect of the final order, we deny her petition for review.
Santos and her daughter1 immigrated to the United States from Honduras in
2014 without being admitted. The Department of Homeland Security promptly
commenced removal proceedings against them. Santos timely applied for asylum,
withholding of removal, and withholding of removal under the Convention Against
Torture (“CAT”) based on membership in a particular social group, which she
defined as
Honduran women who have been the victims of gang violence in particular sexual assault and because Honduran society views women as less important than men, they are not given protection by the police or their government and are at risk of further victimization.
In her application, Santos described how she had been raped at gunpoint on
the streets of Honduras in 2014. She stated that she feared that if she returned, she
would again be the victim of violence because “the police and authorities do
absolutely nothing especially when [it] is a crime against a woman.” She also
1 Her daughter, who was 13 years old when she entered the United States, was a party to all of the agency proceedings. In this Court, however, her daughter (now an adult) has neither filed a petition for review nor joined Santos’s. 2 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 3 of 6
feared that her young daughter would similarly be raped or even killed. Santos
included with her application the U.S. State Department’s Human Rights Report
for Honduras for 2013, which noted, “Rape was a serious and pervasive societal
problem that permeated all facets of society,” and “Violence against women and
impunity for perpetrators continued to be a serious problem.” She also included a
report from the Center for Gender & Refugee Studies discussing the widespread
occurrence of murder and rape of women in Honduras, a news report describing
the corruption of the Honduran police, a sworn statement from her husband, and a
copy of her police report of the rape.
At her removal hearing in 2017, Santos testified about her rape, detailing
how she was assailed by three hooded, armed men while returning home from
classes one afternoon. They ordered her to get off her motorcycle, they bound her
hands and feet, and one of them sexually assaulted her. She recounted that her
rapist told her that if she reported him, he would hurt her family. She added that
she waited about a month to report the incident to the police because she was too
afraid to leave her house. She said her husband did not report it because the police
do nothing about crimes against women since they are bribed by the criminals. She
did not know if the police took any action on her report, but no one ever followed
up with her about it. She did not feel that she could go live with her siblings six
hours away in Honduras because she would still be afraid for her safety. Santos
3 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 4 of 6
also supplemented the record with the Human Rights Report for Honduras for
2016, which reiterated concerns about widespread rape and violence against
women.
The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) found Santos’s testimony credible but
concluded that she was not eligible for asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT
relief. The IJ concluded that her rape was a violent act that rises to the level of
persecution, but then explained that she had not established that she experienced
that harm on account of her membership in a particular social group because her
proposed group was neither discrete nor socially distinct before the persecution.
The IJ also found that she had not established a well-founded fear of future
persecution. Although her fear of harm was subjectively real, the IJ found she had
not established objectively real fear because there was no evidence that her
unidentified attackers were seeking to harm her or her family or that the police
failed to investigate her report.
The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed the decision of the IJ
but did not expressly adopt its order. It found, “While the respondent established
that she suffered past persecution in Honduras, she did not establish that there is a
nexus between the harm she may have suffered and a statutorily protected ground
as required for asylum and withholding of removal.” It concluded that her asserted
social group is not cognizable because it was not “shown to be perceived as a
4 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 5 of 6
group by Honduran society” and it is “circularly defined.” Moreover, “she has not
presented any persuasive evidence to establish that the harm she suffered was other
than criminal in nature and unrelated to membership in the alleged group.” As to
future persecution, it found that Santos did not establish that the government was
unable or unwilling to assist her or that her attackers were seeking to harm her.
We review only the decision of the BIA when it has not expressly adopted
the IJ’s opinion or its reasoning. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th
Cir. 2001). We review the BIA’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual
determinations for substantial evidence. Id. at 1283–84.
In her petition for review of the agency decision, Santos argues that the BIA
erred by inconsistently finding that she both did and did not suffer past
persecution, and suggests that we remand for clarification. We decline to do so
because the BIA correctly stated the legal standard. To establish eligibility for
asylum, an applicant must demonstrate “past persecution on account of a
statutorily listed factor” or a “‘well-founded fear’ that the statutorily listed factor
will cause future persecution.” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th
Cir. 2006) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b)). The challenged portion of the BIA’s
decision consistently applied this standard. It found that Santos’s rape was an act
of persecution2 but then concluded that Santos failed to establish eligibility for
2 Our Circuit has suggested, but has not held in a published opinion, that rape may be an act that 5 Case: 18-12382 Date Filed: 03/21/2019 Page: 6 of 6
asylum by demonstrating that this persecution was on account of a statutorily
protected ground. We find this conclusion sufficiently clear to allow us to review
it—but Santos has not asked us to do so. She makes no substantive arguments
about the BIA’s nexus finding or reasoning, so we do not review them. Neither
does she challenge the BIA’s findings about her fear of future persecution or about
the unwillingness or inability of Honduras to protect her. See id.; Lopez v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 504 F.3d 1341, 1345 (11th Cir. 2007) (an asylum applicant must also
show “that she is unable to avail herself of the protection of her home country”).
Santos makes an argument about the IJ’s reasoning with respect to the nexus
between her persecution and a protected ground, but arguments about the IJ’s
decision are not properly before us. Although the BIA agreed with the IJ that
Santos’s purported social group is not cognizable, it did not adopt that portion of
the IJ’s decision or the IJ’s more extensive reasoning on that point. We therefore
decline to review the IJ’s opinion. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284.
Finally, because Santos did not establish eligibility for asylum, she cannot
meet the higher standard required to establish eligibility for withholding of
removal.3 See Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1369, 1375 (11th Cir. 2006). Her
petition for review is therefore
DENIED.
rises to the level of persecution. See Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 F.3d 941, 949 (11th Cir. 2010). 3 Santos has not challenged the agency finding that she is ineligible for CAT relief. 6