1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 J.A., a minor, by and through his legal Case No.: 24cv0112-LL-MMP guardians, D.A. and J.A., individuals, 12 ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S Plaintiff, 13 PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION v. MOTION 14
JEFF LUNA, Principal of Muirlands 15 [ECF No. 2] Middle School; LAMONT JACKSON, 16 Superintendent of San Diego Unified School District, 17 Defendants. 18
19 Before the Court is Plaintiff J.A.’s, a minor, by and through his legal guardians, D.A. 20 and J.A., individuals, Preliminary Injunction Motion (“Mot.”). ECF No. 2. The matter is 21 fully briefed, and the Court deems it suitable for determination on the papers and without 22 oral argument pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1. For the reasons below, the Court DENIES 23 Plaintiff’s Preliminary Injunction Motion. 24 I. BACKGROUND 25 New to the San Diego Unified School District (“District”) public school system, 26 Plaintiff began the eighth grade at Muirlands Middle School (“MMS”) in August 2023. 27 ECF Nos. 1, 7 (“Complaint” or “Compl.”) ¶ 15; ECF No. 15-1, Jeffrey Luna’s Declaration 28 (“Luna Decl.”) ¶ 4. 1 A. Plaintiff’s Initial School Discipline for Race-Related Misconduct 2 On September 27, 2023, someone reported that Plaintiff made racist comments 3 referencing “watermelon” and “fried chicken” to a black classmate. Id. ¶ 6, Ex. B. 4 Defendant Jeffrey Luna, principal of MMS, met with Plaintiff. In a written statement, 5 Plaintiff admitted he made the comments but maintained they were a “joke.” Id. ¶ 6, 6 Ex. A. Defendant Luna documented an incident report in Plaintiff’s student record under 7 the behavior code “Hate Incident – Offensive Comment.” Id. ¶ 6. The students had to be 8 separated in class. Id. Per District restorative discipline policies, Plaintiff was also assigned 9 online character playbook modules to complete. Id. ¶ 7, Ex. C. Plaintiff started but did not 10 complete the assignments. Id. 11 B. La Jolla High School’s Events and Expectations 12 Charles Podhorsky is principal of La Jolla High School (“LJHS”), another District 13 school. ECF No. 15-3, Charles Podhorsky’s Declaration (“Podhorsky Decl.”) ¶ 2. LJHS is 14 adjacent to MMS, and MMS students matriculate into LJHS. Id. ¶ 3; Opp. at 9. Defendant 15 Luna emailed a link of Podhorsky’s requirements and expectations for attendance at 16 LJHS’s sporting events to MMS parents. Luna Decl. ¶ 8, Ex. D. It explained in part: 17 • “All students through 8th grade are to enter the game with an adult;” 18 • “All students must be on LJHS side during the game. Do not wander around;” 19 • “Be respectful of other students and adults attending the game;” 20 • “Unacceptable behaviors” include “Disruptive or unruly behavior,” “Foul or 21 abusive behavior or obscene gestures,” and “Rudeness to fellow fans or [LJHS] 22 personnel.” 23 C. La Jolla High School’s October 13, 2023 Football Game 24 On October 13, 2023, Plaintiff attended a LJHS home football game against Morse 25 High School (“MHS”), another District school. Compl. ¶ 16; Luna Decl. ¶ 9. Plaintiff did 26 not have warrior eyeblack on his face when he arrived at the game. Compl. ¶ 18. As the 27 game progressed, a friend put warrior eyeblack on Plaintiff’s face. Id. ¶ 20. Plaintiff wore 28 it for about fifteen-to-thirty minutes before leaving the game. Id. ¶ 22. 1 D. Report and Investigation of Race-Related Misconduct at La Jolla 2 High School’s October 13, 2023 Football Game 3 On October 17, 2023, MHS’s principal contacted Podhorsky to relay a report she 4 received from MHS’s cheer coach. Podhorsky Decl. ¶ 6; Luna Decl. ¶ 10. According to the 5 cheer coach, a group of particularly young boys on MHS’s side of the field—at least one 6 of whom had a lot of black paint on his face—uttered racial slurs like “nigga” this and 7 “nigga” that while another said “you can say” it. See Podhorsky Decl. ¶ 6; Luna Decl. 8 ¶ 10. The group of boys made these comments where MHS cheerleaders, students, and fans 9 could see and hear them. Luna Decl. ¶ 10. LJHS staff reviewed surveillance video from 10 that night and identified at least one student who had a lot of black paint on his face while 11 on MHS’s side of the field. Podhorsky Decl. ¶ 6. They also saw that it was not on his face 12 until two hours into the game. Id. LJHS staff did not recognize the student, so they 13 forwarded the surveillance video and images to MMS along with the information it had 14 from MHS. Id.; Luna Decl. ¶ 10. MMS took over the investigation. Id. Each administration 15 considered the cheer coach’s report credible and serious. Id. 16 Jennifer Nash, associate principal of MMS, assisted with the investigation. ECF No. 17 15-2, Jennifer Nash’s Declaration (“Nash Decl.”) ¶¶ 2–3. After reviewing the surveillance 18 video and images, MMS staff confirmed it implicated its students. Luna Decl. ¶ 11. It 19 showed Plaintiff’s face covered in a lot of black paint, that it was not put on until two hours 20 into the game, and that it was put on at MHS’s side of the field. Id., Ex. E. Plaintiff then 21 walked in front of MHS’s stands with MHS cheerleaders to his left. Id. MMS staff 22 identified two more of its students with Plaintiff: R.R., who also had a lot of black paint on 23 his face, and B.S., who did not have black paint on his face. Luna Decl. ¶ 11. 24 Based on these findings, Defendant Luna individually met with B.S., R.R., and 25 Plaintiff. Id. ¶ 12. Defendant Luna says he described the preceding report and investigation 26 of race-related misconduct at the game, and gave each student an opportunity to respond. 27 Id. Nobody offered specifics when prompted, he says, but they all wrote statements. Id. 28 B.S. reported that he was with Plaintiff and R.R. while they had black paint on their faces. 1 Id. ¶ 12, Ex. F. R.R., who, like Plaintiff, also had a recent incident for race-related 2 misconduct at school, reported that he had black paint on his entire face and confirmed he 3 was with Plaintiff and B.S. Luna Decl. ¶¶ 12–13, Ex. G. Finally, Plaintiff reported that he 4 had black paint on his face, but not as much as R.R. Luna Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. H. 5 For all these reasons, Defendant Luna determined that Plaintiff and R.R. partook in 6 a hateful incident by going to MHS’s side of the field, wearing significant amounts of black 7 paint on their faces, where at least one of them uttered racial slurs like “nigga” this and 8 “nigga” near MHS students while another encouraged it. Luna Decl. ¶ 13. Defendant Luna 9 concluded that two-day suspensions were needed for each student given the circumstances, 10 including their prior race-related misconduct and the ineffectiveness of earlier corrective 11 measures. Id. ¶¶ 13–14. He documented incident reports in their student records as an 12 “Offensive Comment, intent to harm,” under the category “Hate Incidents – Grades 4-12 13 only.” Id. ¶ 14. Nash supported Defendant Luna’s reasoning and decision. Nash Decl. ¶ 4. 14 In addition, LJHS “shared that neither student is allowed to attend any further LJHS 15 extracurricular activities for the remainder of the year.” Id.; Luna Decl. ¶ 14. 16 E. Plaintiff’s Two-Day Suspension Appealed and Upheld 17 On October 18, 2023, the same day of these meetings, Defendant Luna called R.R. 18 and Plaintiff’s parents to notify them of the suspensions. Luna Decl. ¶ 15. He mailed 19 written notices to the parents. Id., Exs. I, J. He also met with the parents a few days later to 20 discuss the suspensions in person. Compl. ¶ 36; Luna Decl. ¶ 16. 21 Plaintiff’s parents appealed their son’s suspension to the District’s Office of 22 Placement and Appeals. Compl. ¶ 56; ECF No. 1-2, Exs. B, C; Luna Decl. ¶ 17. The appeal 23 was denied. Id. They then filed a complaint with the District’s Office of Compliance, 24 Investigations, and Accountability. Luna Decl., Ex. K. That complaint was also denied. Id. 25 F. Plaintiff’s Complaint and Preliminary Injunction Motion 26 On January 16, 2024, Plaintiff, through his parents, sued Defendant Luna and 27 Defendant Lamont Jackson, the District’s superintendent. See Compl. Plaintiff alleges 28 violations of his rights under the First Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due 1 Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause. See id. In addition to monetary damages, 2 Plaintiff requests two types of relief: (1) Enjoin Defendants from keeping any “sanction” 3 against him “on account of his constitutionally protected speech,” including “removing 4 J.A.’s sporting-event ban”1 and “expunging” all “references to the incident in question” 5 like the two-day suspension from his “school records;” (2) “Declare that the disciplinary 6 actions taken against J.A. for this incident violate J.A.’s rights under the First and 7 Fourteenth Amendments.” See id. at 18 (emphases added). 8 That same day, Plaintiff moved this Court to preliminarily award his injunctive 9 relief, again, solely “on account of his constitutionally protected speech.” See Mot. at 13.2 10 Defendants filed an Opposition (“Opp.”) to Plaintiff’s Preliminary Injunction Motion, and 11 Plaintiff filed a Reply (“Reply”). ECF Nos. 13, 16. Defendants also filed evidentiary 12 objections to the declarations filed in support of the Reply.3 ECF No. 17. 13
14 15 1 Defendant Luna states that the sporting-event ban was LJHS prohibiting Plaintiff and R.R. from attending “any further LJHS extracurricular activities for the remainder of the 16 year” starting October 2023. See Luna Decl. ¶ 14; Nash Decl. ¶ 4, Ex. A. Plaintiff remained 17 free to participate in and attend sporting events at other District schools, including MMS, after his two-day suspension. Instead, Plaintiff’s parents withdrew him from MMS and 18 presumably resumed his homeschooling. See Luna Decl. ¶ 4. Conversely, Plaintiff says 19 that Defendant Luna told him he could not attend any District sporting events for the rest of the school year. See Compl. ¶ 61. Regardless of scope, the ban has expired. Accordingly, 20 Plaintiff’s request to lift the sporting-event ban is DENIED AS MOOT. 21 2 The Court emphasizes that Plaintiff’s request for a preliminary injunction is based solely 22 “on account of his constitutionally protected speech,” that is, the First Amendment. 23 See Compl. at 18; Mot. at 13. Opining on the likelihood of any due process or equal protection violations under the Fourteenth Amendment—for which Plaintiff seeks final, 24 declaratory relief—is inappropriate at this stage. The Court therefore limits its merits 25 review for whether a preliminary injunction is warranted to any First Amendment violation.
26 3 “Due to the urgency of obtaining a preliminary injunction at a point when there has been 27 limited factual development, the rules of evidence do not apply strictly to preliminary injunction proceedings.” Herb Reed Enters., LLC v. Fla. Entm’t Mgmt., Inc., 736 F.3d 28 1 II. LEGAL STANDARD 2 An “injunction is a drastic and extraordinary remedy.” Monsanto Co. v. Geertson 3 Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 165 (2010). It “may only be awarded upon a clear showing that 4 the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 5 22 (2008). Under Winter’s preliminary injunction test, a plaintiff must establish that: 6 (1) “he is likely to succeed on the merits,” (2) “he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the 7 absence of preliminary relief,” (3) “the balance of equities tips in his favor,” and (4) “an 8 injunction is in the public interest.” Id. at 20. 9 III. DISCUSSION 10 A. Success on the Merits 11 Success on the merits “is the most important.” Disney Enters., Inc. v. VidAngel, Inc., 12 869 F.3d 848, 856. Plaintiffs must typically show a “likelihood” or “probability” of 13 prevailing. Coffman v. Queen of the Valley Med. Ctr., 895 F.3d 717, 725 (9th Cir. 2018). 14 But under the Ninth Circuit’s “sliding scale” approach, a plaintiff who merely raises 15 “serious questions” on the merits is still entitled to preliminary relief if the other elements 16 are met and the balance of equities “tips sharply in the plaintiff’s favor.” Fellowship of 17 Christian Athletes v. San Jose Unified Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 82 F.4th 664, 684 (9th Cir. 18 2023); see Sierra On-Line, Inc. v. Phoenix Software, Inc., 739 F.2d 1415, 1421 (9th Cir. 19 1984) (defining a “serious question” as having “a fair chance of success on the merits”). 20 21 22 1239, 1250 n.5 (9th Cir. 2013). As such, courts may consider evidence outside the normal 23 rules of evidence, including pleadings, “hearsay,” “exhibits,” and “declarations.” Johnson v. Couturier, 572 F.3d 1067, 1083 (9th Cir. 2009). While “courts may consider 24 inadmissible evidence in the context of a preliminary injunction, this does not mean that 25 evidentiary issues have no relevance to this proceeding. Such issues, however, properly go to weight rather than admissibility.” Am. Hotel & Lodging Ass’n v. City of Los Angeles, 26 119 F. Supp. 3d 1177, 1185 (C.D. Cal. 2015). In light of this “relaxed evidentiary standard” 27 for a preliminary injunction proceeding, the Court “need not rule on admissibility” at this stage. Disney Enters., Inc. v. VidAngel, Inc., 224 F. Supp. 3d 957, 966 n.1 (C.D. Cal. 2016). 28 1 1. The First Amendment 2 The “First Amendment guarantees wide freedom in matters of adult public 3 discourse,” but that does not mean that “the same latitude must be permitted to children in 4 a public school.” Bethel Sch. Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675, 682 (1986). The “First 5 Amendment rights of students in the public schools are not automatically coextensive with 6 the rights of adults in other settings” and “must be applied in light of the special 7 characteristics of the school environment.” Hazelwood Sch. Dist. v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 8 260, 266 (1988) (quotation marks omitted). A “school need not tolerate student speech that 9 is inconsistent with its basic educational mission,” for instance, “even though the 10 government could not censor similar speech outside the school.” Id. (quotation marks 11 omitted). “Without limiting any ‘political viewpoint’ or other protected content, schools 12 may insist on ‘civil discourse’ in the school context, thereby teaching and reinforcing ‘the 13 shared values of a civilized order.’ ” Chen ex rel. Chen v. Albany Unified Sch. Dist., 56 14 F.4th 708, 717 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Fraser, 478 U.S. at 685). 15 Moreover, the “school’s regulatory interests remain significant in some off-campus 16 circumstances.” Mahanoy Area Sch. Dist. v. B. L. ex rel. Levy, 594 U.S. 180, 188 (2021). 17 In Mahanoy, it was “held that public schools may regulate some off-campus student speech, 18 but it made clear that public schools have diminished authority to regulate off-campus 19 speech as opposed to on-campus speech.” Chen, 56 F.4th at 719. 20 In addition to verbal and written speech, the First Amendment covers “purely 21 expressive activity” and “conduct with an expressive component.” Anderson v. City of 22 Hermosa Beach, 621 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2010). Examples of purely expressive 23 activities include “music without words, dance, topless dancing, movies, parades with or 24 without banners or written messages,” “tattoos,” and certain “paintings.”4 Id. at 1060–61 25
26 27 4 See White v. City of Sparks, 500 F.3d 953, 956 (9th Cir. 2007) (“So long as it is an artist’s self-expression, a painting will be protected under the First Amendment, because it 28 1 (citations omitted). Such activities can be thought of as inherently expressive, “entitled to 2 full First Amendment protection,” without much showing. See id. at 1059. 3 Conversely, “conduct that can be used to express an idea but does not necessarily do 4 so” is “constitutionally protected only if it is sufficiently imbued with elements of 5 communication,” meaning “that an intent to convey a particularized message is present, 6 and the likelihood is great that the message will be understood by those who view” the 7 conduct. Id. at 1058–59 (citing Spence v. Washington, 418 U.S. 405, 409–11 (1974) (per 8 curiam) (quotation marks and alterations omitted)). This is known as the Spence test. 9 “Burning a flag, burning a draft card, and wearing a black armband can be done for reasons 10 having nothing to do with any expression, and so require an interpretive step to determine 11 the expressive elements of these processes.” Id. at 1061 (citations omitted); see also 12 Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm’n, 584 U.S. 617, 657 (2018) 13 (Thomas, J., concurring in part and in the judgment) (listing additional examples). It is “the 14 obligation of the person desiring to engage in assertedly expressive conduct to demonstrate 15 that the First Amendment even applies.” Clark v. Cmty. for Creative Non-Violence, 468 16 U.S. 288, 293 n.5 (1984). 17 Similar to the Ninth Circuit in Anderson, the Court first categorizes whether the 18 conduct alleged in its case—here, wearing eyeblack on one’s face—is “purely expressive 19 activity” or “conduct that merely contains an expressive component.” Anderson, 621 F.3d 20 at 1059. People can and do wear eyeblack on their faces merely to reduce glare from a 21 playing field’s lights, camouflage in an evening game of hide-and-seek, or passively do 22 what a friend is doing without any intent to express an idea. Because wearing eyeblack on 23 one’s face can be done for reasons having nothing to do with any expression, it is mere 24 25 expresses the artist’s perspective.”); id. at 956 n.4 (“We expressly reserve the question 26 whether all paintings merit First Amendment protection. We are not asked to decide the 27 protection accorded to paintings that are copies of another artist’s work or paintings done in an art factory setting where the works are mass-produced by the artist or others.”). 28 1 conduct with an expressive component that is constitutionally protected only if it passes 2 the Spence test. Plaintiff, then, must show that he intended to convey a “particularized 3 message” through wearing eyeblack on his face during the night in question, and that “in 4 the surrounding circumstances,” the “likelihood was great” that those who viewed it would 5 understand the message. See Spence, 418 U.S. at 410–11; Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 6 404 (1989) (noting the same test).5 7 Plaintiff’s request for an injunction is based solely “on account of his constitutionally 8 protected speech.” See Compl. at 18; Mot. at 13. He also denies making “any race-related 9 comments” during the night in question. See ECF No. 16-1, J.A.’s Declaration (“J.A. 10 Decl.”) ¶¶ 6, 8. Therefore, unless Plaintiff shows there is a likelihood or at least a fair 11 chance that wearing eyeblack on his face that night was expressive conduct, his request for 12 a preliminary injunction fails at the outset. 13
14 15 5 In Hurley, it was noted that “a narrow, succinctly articulable message is not a condition of constitutional protection, which if confined to expressions conveying a ‘particularized 16 message,’ would never reach the unquestionably shielded painting of Jackson Pollock, 17 music of Arnold Schöenberg, or Jabberwocky verse of Lewis Carroll.” Hurley v. Irish- American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Grp. of Bos., 515 U.S. 557, 569 (1995) (omitting 18 citation to Spence). This Circuit suggested that this Hurley note may refer to purely 19 expressive activities, separate and apart from the Spence test. See Anderson, 621 F.3d at 1060. Later, referencing the same Hurley note along with Clark, this Circuit noted that a 20 “viewer need not understand the speaker’s particularized message,” the “message need 21 only be delivered by conduct that is intended to be communicative and, in context, be understood by the viewer to be communicative.” Krishna Lunch of S. Cal., Inc. v. Gordon, 22 797 F. App’x 311, 313 (9th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted). The Court takes these 23 relaxed articulations in account when reasoning below, and notes that other circuits have their own commentary. See, e.g., Church of Am. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan v. Kerik, 356 24 F.3d 197, 205 n.6 (2d Cir. 2004) (“While we are mindful of Hurley’s caution against 25 demanding a narrow and specific message before applying the First Amendment, we have interpreted Hurley to leave intact the Supreme Court’s test for expressive conduct in Texas 26 v. Johnson . . . an activity need not necessarily embody ‘a narrow, succinctly articulable 27 message,’ but the reviewing court must find, at the very least, an intent to convey a ‘particularized message’ along with a great likelihood that the message will be understood 28 1 In this lawsuit, Plaintiff alleges that the message he intended to convey through 2 wearing warrior eyeblack on his face during the LJHS game in question was “spirit” and 3 “support.” See Mot. at 3–4, 8–10. Based on the picture Plaintiff provides of himself that 4 night, the eyeblack covers about half of his face. See Compl. ¶¶ 21–22. Plaintiff argues 5 people would have clearly understood his message because attendees shared eyeblack and 6 other face paint with each other; half of the attendees (a hundred people) wore some sort 7 of face paint; a black security guard and others complimented him on his eyeblack design; 8 he did not utter racial slurs; no one said anything negative or otherwise told him to stop; 9 and people have worn eyeblack during other LJHS football games, including at designated 10 blackout games. See Compl. ¶¶ 18–22; Reply, at 4–6; ECF No. 16-2, Juliet A.’s Declaration 11 (“Juliet A. Decl.”) ¶¶ 8–12, Exs. A–F. 12 Defendants, and the record thus far, undermine the likelihood of Plaintiff’s story. 13 Podhorsky, LJHS’s principal for the last decade, says he attended the entire game and did 14 not see a single fan wearing eyeblack on his or her face. Podhorsky Decl. ¶ 4. He says this 15 is consistent with his experience supervising most of the LJHS varsity football games. 16 Id. ¶ 5. At times students wear small LJ stickers or the like on their cheeks, he explains, 17 but nothing as pronounced as what the players sport. See id. Internet searches reveal that 18 there are photographs of fans wearing black paint on their faces in various designs during 19 other LJHS football games, but nothing as pronounced as the black paint on Plaintiff’s face 20 during the game in question. Compare Juliet A. Decl., Exs. A–F with Luna Decl., Ex. K. 21 Regardless of just how common certain colors and designs of face paint are for fans 22 to wear during LJHS football games, the focus remains on Plaintiff’s conduct during this 23 particular game and how that audience would have understood it. In addition to Podhorsky, 24 Defendant Luna attended most of this game as well. Luna Decl. ¶¶ 8–9. He saw LJHS 25 players, cheerleaders, and fans wear pink in recognition of Breast Cancer Awareness 26 Month, but, like Podhorsky, no fans wearing eyeblack on their faces. Id. ¶ 9. Importantly, 27 after reviewing the surveillance video provided by LJHS, MMS staff only identified 28 Plaintiff and his two friends, R.R. and B.S., as persons of interest. Id. ¶ 11. 1 Plaintiff and his friends, B.S. and R.R., each wrote statements in response to their 2 meetings with Defendant Luna. Luna Decl., Exs. F–H. B.S. wrote that one of his friends— 3 who he does not name—“had a bunch of eyeblack on his face,” but washed it off after B.S. 4 told him “what it meant.” Id., Ex. F. B.S. then wrote that R.R. and Plaintiff had “wings” 5 on their face, “but not that much.” Id. This account is inconsistent with R.R.’s written 6 statement, where he admits that he is the one who had a bunch of eyeblack on his face but 7 then washed it off after he “figured out what it meant.” Luna Decl., Ex. G. R.R. refused to 8 name who put the black paint on his face because he didn’t want to get them in trouble. Id. 9 Plaintiff does not offer much more detail, writing that a friend put black paint on Plaintiff’s 10 face but not as much as R.R.’s face. Luna Decl., Ex. H. Defendant Luna notes that Plaintiff 11 was “defensive” and “not credible” or “forthcoming regarding why he and R.R. had put 12 black face paint on” their faces. Luna Decl. ¶¶ 12–13. Notably, contrary to what Plaintiff 13 alleges in this lawsuit, Plaintiff never claimed he meant to show spirit or support through 14 the black paint on his face at that time. See id. R.R., who does not appeal his two-day 15 suspension, did not claim that he meant to show spirit or support through the black paint 16 on his face either. See Luna Decl., Ex. G; Opp. at 7. 17 Moreover, the District’s Office of Compliance, Investigations, and Accountability 18 denied Plaintiff’s complaint regarding this incident in a thorough opinion. See Luna Decl., 19 Ex. K. There, it specifies reports from a MHS cheer coach and students who saw and heard 20 particularly young boys running around saying “nigga” this and “nigga” that on MHS’s 21 side of the field, you “can say it now,” and someone with a lot of eyeblack on his face 22 yelling “I can say it now.” See id. The surveillance video confirms that the place of this 23 incident matches where Plaintiff and his friends were on MHS’s side of the field and that 24 Plaintiff had eyeblack on about half of his face. See id. 25 It is Plaintiff’s burden to show that the First Amendment applies to his conduct. It is 26 unclear what kind of message, if any, Plaintiff meant to convey in wearing eyeblack on 27 about half of his face during that LJHS football game. Even if part of a message were to 28 convey a sort of spirit or support at the game, Plaintiff stops short of specifying for which 1 team. See Compl. ¶¶ 1, 22, 68 (describing Plaintiff’s conduct as intending to “show spirit 2 for the team,” “show spirit for the football team,” and “show spirit at the Game”); Mot. at 3 3–4, 10 (describing Plaintiff’s conduct as intending to “express spirit and support at a high 4 school football game,” “show spirit at the Game,” and “show spirit and cheer for the 5 team”); J.A. Decl. ¶ 5 (“I asked to have it put on because it looked fun and I wanted to join 6 in showing fan spirit . . . I thought nothing of it.”). LJHS and MMS are next to one another 7 on the very same street with a single cross street separating them, so presumably Plaintiff 8 attended to watch and cheer for LJHS. That, however, is in tension with Plaintiff only 9 having eyeblack put on his face while on MHS’s side of the field towards the end of the 10 game, where he does not appear to watch the game. See Luna Decl. ¶ 13, Ex. E. 11 In any event, under these circumstances, it is not likely that Plaintiff intended to 12 convey a particularized message in wearing eyeblack that night. “With respect to the first 13 requirement—an intent to convey a particularized message—First Amendment protection 14 is only granted to the act of wearing particular clothing or insignias where circumstances 15 establish that an unmistakable communication is being made.” Edge v. City of Everett, 929 16 F.3d 657, 668 (9th Cir. 2019); see, e.g., id. (listing “symbols of ideology in parade,” “a 17 jacket bearing the inscription ‘F— the Draft,’ ” and “black armbands to protest Vietnam 18 War”). Plaintiff wearing eyeblack on about half of his face during the last quarter of LJHS’s 19 October 13, 2023 football game to purportedly show a more or less aimless “spirit” is far 20 from these unmistakable cases. See also Blau v. Fort Thomas Pub. Sch. Dist., 401 F.3d 21 381, 389–90 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding that the plaintiff’s message, “which in this instance 22 amounts to nothing more than a generalized and vague desire to express her middle-school 23 individuality,” is not so particularized to fall “within the umbrella of protection provided 24 by the First Amendment”); Cheadle ex rel. N.C., 555 F. Supp. 3d, 726, 734–35 (W.D. Mo. 25 2021) (noting that “[n]othing in the facts indicate that [the conduct] was associated with a 26 protest against the school or government, a hallmark of expressive conduct”). 27 Assuming Plaintiff’s rather general message of spirit at the game was particularized, 28 that message still seems to have been lost when Plaintiff chose to run around on MHS’s 1 side of the field with his friends. This includes a friend, R.R., who had his entire face 2 blackened. See Luna Decl., Ex. K. MHS students saw, heard, and reported a group of such 3 boys, including the use of racial slurs like “nigga” by at least one of them while another 4 egged him on. See id. 5 Under these circumstances, there being a great likelihood those on MHS’s side of 6 the field would have understood any message conveyed through Plaintiff’s eyeblack is not 7 probable. See Bivens ex rel. Green v. Albuquerque Pub. Sch., 899 F. Supp. 556, 560–61 8 (D.N.M. 1995) (dismissing the plaintiff’s claim “that his wearing of sagging pants is 9 constitutionally protected speech” because he failed to show “a great likelihood that the 10 message would be understood by those who observe the conduct”); id. at 560 (“The 11 wearing of a particular type or style of clothing usually is not seen as expressive conduct.”); 12 Troster v. Pa. State Dept. of Corrs., 65 F.3d 1086, 1092 (3d Cir. 1995) (finding that a state 13 corrections officer “passively wearing the [American] flag patch” on his uniform was not 14 expressive conduct because “[o]bservers might perhaps infer that the wearer is patriotic, 15 but [the plaintiff] put on no evidence that observers would likely understand the patch or 16 the wearer to be telling them anything about the wearers’ beliefs”). 17 Based on the current record, it is not likely that Plaintiff can prevail on the merits of 18 his First Amendment claim, nor are there serious questions about it. It “is possible to find 19 some kernel of expression in almost every activity a person undertakes,” such as “walking,” 20 “meeting one’s friends,” or “coming together to engage in recreational dancing” and other 21 sports,6 “but such a kernel is not sufficient to bring the activity within the protection of the 22 First Amendment.” See City of Dallas v. Stanglin, 490 U.S. 19, 25 (1989). 23
24 25 6 Courts “have generally rejected claims that athletic activities trigger First Amendment protection,” including “spectator sports.” J.T. v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, No. 23-cv- 26 06524-LJC, 2024 WL 3012791, at *9 (N.D. Cal. June 13, 2024); see, e.g., Justice v. Nat’l 27 Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 577 F. Supp. 356, 374 (D. Ariz. 1983) (“Intercollegiate football . . . is primarily a conduct-oriented activity; as such, it is not entitled to the same First 28 1 Without meeting this showing for his alleged First Amendment violation, upon 2 which Plaintiff bases his request for an injunction, preliminary relief cannot be awarded. 3 See Disney Enters., 869 F.3d at 856 (noting that without “serious questions going to the 4 merits,” courts “need not consider the other factors”). Nonetheless, for good measure, the 5 Court continues its analysis. 6 B. Other Winter Factors 7 “Speculative injury does not constitute irreparable injury sufficient to warrant 8 granting a preliminary injunction.” Caribbean Marine Servs. Co. v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 9 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1988). 10 “If the suspension is not removed from his school records,” Plaintiff argues, “it could 11 impact his acceptance into the school of his choice.” Mot. at 11–12; see also Reply at 11 12 (arguing that keeping the two-day suspension on his school record “may make a difference” 13 for acceptance into a high school, college, and other positions beyond). This is speculative. 14 One does not apply to his or her local public high school. One does apply to select private 15 high schools, but Plaintiff has not said he plans to apply to one, only that he and his parents 16 “have been considering” it. See Juliet A. Decl. ¶ 15. Plaintiff has also not established a 17 likelihood that the unspecified institutions or employers he may or may not apply to in the 18 years to come will ask about his middle school records, let alone use his two-day 19 suspension as the reason to deny him. Courts find these types of contingent arguments to 20 be speculative. See S.J.W. v. Lee’s Summit R-7 Sch. Dist., 696 F.3d 771, 779 (8th Cir. 2012) 21 (declining to find irreparable harm when the plaintiffs’ 180-day suspensions from their 22 preferred high school still allowed them to attend an “an accredited school in the same 23 district” and noting that the claims of harm to their “careers in college and beyond” was 24 25 Amendment protection that other more ‘communicative’ forms of entertainment have been 26 afforded.”). Even if there are ways for those watching largely non-expressive sports like 27 football to engage in expressive conduct, there are not serious questions going to whether Plaintiff wearing eyeblack on about half of his face to purportedly express a more or less 28 1 ||“speculative’”); see also George v. Grossmont Cuyamaca Cmty. Coll. Dist. Bd. of 2 || Governors, No. 22-cv-0424-BAS-DDL, 2022 WL 16722357, at *19—20 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 4, 3 || 2022) (noting cases in different contexts and finding the same). 4 Plaintiff's argument that his two-day suspension from MMS constitutes an “ongoing 5 || First Amendment injury” is without merit. See Mot. at 11. Plaintiffno longer attends MMS. 6 || Additionally, Plaintiff fails to show how a two-day suspension from a school he no longer 7 || attends limits his First Amendment rights currently or at any time in the future. 8 Without more, Plaintiff has not shown that irreparable harm is likely to occur absent 9 preliminary injunction. Because of this, his request must also be denied. See □□□□ for the 10 || Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1132 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding that, even under a 11 sliding scale, a failure to show “a likelihood of irreparable injury” prevents the award of a 12 || preliminary injunction). 13 The Court declines to continue its analysis for whether a balance of the equities tips 14 ||sharply in Plaintiff's favor and whether an injunction is in the public interest. Instead, it 15 || simply notes that its findings would largely rely on the issues previously discussed. 16 CONCLUSION 17 “In evaluating the likelihood of success on the merits,” or the other Winter prongs, 18 court does not decide whether the movant will ultimately win.” See Cheadle, 555 F. 19 || Supp. 3d at 732 (quotation marks omitted). Based on the current record, Plaintiff has not 20 ||shown that he is entitled to the drastic and extraordinary remedy of injunctive relief. 21 || Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's Preliminary Injunction Motion. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 ||Dated: September 30, 2024 NO 24 nF 25 Honorable Linda Lopez United States District Judge 27 28
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