OPINION
BARKER, J.
In this workers’ compensation action, the employee, Carolyn Sue Ivey (plaintiff), filed a claim for relief based upon a chronic mental disorder that arose after she was robbed at gunpoint while working at a convenience store. The trial court found that the plaintiff is permanently and totally disabled, as defined in Tenn.Code Ann. § 50—6—207(4)(B) (Supp.1998), and awarded benefits to be paid until the plaintiff reaches the age of sixty-five.
The employer, Trans Global Gas
&
Oil, Inc. (defendant), appealed the trial court’s decision to the Special Workers’ Compensation Appeals Panel for findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-225(e)(5) (Supp.1998). The Panel affirmed the trial court’s finding that the plaintiff is permanently and totally disabled, but determined that the plaintiff’s injury pertains to her mental faculties as enumerated at Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)(ff). Under that statute, the Panel concluded that the plaintiff is entitled to recover benefits for the scheduled period of four hundred weeks.
The plaintiff, thereafter, filed a motion for full-court review of the Panel’s decision pursuant to Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-225(e)(5)(B). We granted the appeal to address whether the plaintiffs injury pertains to a scheduled member under Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)(ff) and whether she is permanently and totally disabled as defined at Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(4)(B). For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the plaintiffs injury falls within the schedule for mental faculty injuries at section 207(3)(A)(ff). Accordingly, both the trial court and the Panel erred in adjudging the plaintiff as permanently and totally disabled. The judgments of the trial court and the Panel are reversed in that respect.
We affirm the Panel’s decision to treat the plaintiffs mental disorder as a scheduled-member injury under section 207(3)(A)(ff). However, because the plaintiff has not suffered a total loss of her mental faculties, as provided in section 207(3)(A)(ff), we find that she is not entitled to recover benefits for the maximum four hundred week period. Based upon the evidence in this case, we modify the plaintiffs recovery to three hundred weeks.
BACKGROUND
The plaintiff was thirty-nine years old at the time of trial and had been employed at the defendant’s Bread Box Food Store since 1994. Initially, she worked as a clerk operating the convenience store’s
cash register, stocking food shelves, and cleaning the store property. After approximately one year, she was promoted to the position of assistant manager on the 2:30 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. shift. Her work duties remained essentially the same except that she became responsible for paper work, bank deposits, and keys to the store.
On April 3, 1996, while working alone at the store, the plaintiff was robbed by a female assailant who pointed a cocked handgun directly in her face. The plaintiff complied with the assailant’s demands and did not suffer any physical injury during the robbery. Since that time, however, the plaintiff has complained of chronic emotional problems including stress, anxiety, and depression. She has expressed a constant fear that the assailant will return to kill her and is afraid to leave her house unless accompanied by friends or relatives. She also has difficulty concentrating and thinking clearly when around large groups of people and is reluctant to interact with strangers. Although the defendant has offered her several employment opportunities since the robbery, she has not engaged in any gainful employment aside from babysitting a relative’s child in her home for fifty dollars a week.
Approximately one week after the robbery, the plaintiff was referred to Dr. Kelley Walker for psychiatric treatment and evaluation.
Dr. Walker became the plaintiffs primary treating physician between April 11, 1996, and the trial date on December 10, 1997. Dr. Walker testified in her deposition that she initially diagnosed the plaintiff as suffering from an acute adjustment disorder with anxiety. Through both medicine and counseling, she had expected the plaintiff to recover from the emotional trauma and to return to work eventually.
As part of the initial treatment, Dr. Walker encouraged the plaintiff to seek psychotherapy from a list of recommended psychologists.
Dr. Walker testified that psychotherapy offered a potential benefit to the plaintiff during the early acute stages of her emotional injury. The record reflects that the plaintiff went to two psychotherapy sessions under the care of a Dr. Slaven
in April and May of 1996. The plaintiff declined further treatment by Dr. Slaven and told Dr. Walker that the sessions with Dr. Slaven made her feel stupid. Dr. Walker urged the plaintiff to obtain psychotherapy from other psychologists and recommended that she see Dr. Denise Tope. Despite Dr. Walker’s advice, the plaintiff did not pursue additional psychotherapy.
The plaintiffs treatment consisted primarily of medicine and psychiatric counsel
ing from Dr. Walker. Dr. Walker prescribed various anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications for the plaintiff and monitored her condition during their meetings. After several months of evaluation, Dr. Walker noted that the plaintiffs symptoms were becoming chronic. Those symptoms included intense paranoia when in public areas, fear of strangers and crowded places, difficulty sleeping and relaxing, occasional flashbacks and anxiety attacks, and feelings of hopelessness and depression. Dr. Walker opined that the plaintiffs symptoms were all related to the trauma that she experienced from the robbery. Because those symptoms persisted, Dr. Walker ultimately diagnosed the plaintiff with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Dr. Walker testified that during the early stages of the plaintiffs disorder, she encouraged the plaintiff to return to some type of gainful employment.
Dr. Walker opined at that time that subsequent employment would help the plaintiff to rebuild her self-esteem and would instill productivity back into her life. With the assistance of Jane Colvin-Roberson, a case manager hired by the defendant, Dr. Walker discussed options for the plaintiffs gradual return to the work force. The defendant offered the plaintiff several employment options during the summer and fall of 1996, including her previous position at the Bread Box Food Store, similar positions at other nearby convenience stores owned by the defendant, and a position with one of the defendant’s larger grocery stores.
The plaintiff also considered working in maid service for a motel as she had previously done. Nevertheless, she did not return to any form of employment except a part-time babysitting job.
On January 16,1997, Dr. Walker reported to Ms. Colvin-Roberson that the plaintiff had reached maximum medical improvement. Dr. Walker opined that the plaintiff still suffered from post traumatic stress disorder with a moderate permanent clinical impairment. Due to the plaintiffs chronic anxiety and fear of public places, Dr. Walker changed her initial opinion concerning the plaintiffs ability to work. Dr. Walker testified that based upon her most recent evaluations of the plaintiff in the Fall of 1997, she believed that the plaintiff would not be able to sustain meaningful employment outside her home.
Dr. Walker’s opinion was corroborated by Dr. Jerry B. Lemler,
who examined the plaintiff at the request of plaintiffs counsel. Dr. Lemler conducted a ninety-minute interview of the plaintiff on April 15, 1997. Based upon his evaluation and the initial patient report from Dr. Walker, Dr. Lemler diagnosed the plaintiff with post traumatic stress disorder. He characterized her condition as “moderate” under the fourth edition of the American Medical Association (AMA) guidelines, indicating that the plaintiff has some, but not all, useful functioning. Dr. Lemler testified in his deposition that the plaintiffs high anxiety level inhibits her ability to focus and to engage in meaningful social
interaction. As related to employment, Dr. Lemler opined that the plaintiff would be unable to concentrate for any sustained periods of time and would be unable to tolerate ordinary work stresses outside of her home. He concluded that the plaintiff could not engage in gainful employment on a consistent basis.
Over the objection of the defendant’s counsel, both Dr. Lemler and Dr. Walker assessed the plaintiffs mental impairment at fifty percent to the body as a whole. The impairment rating came from an outdated second edition of the AMA guidelines. Both doctors acknowledged that under the current fourth edition of the AMA guidelines, there is no scientifically accepted method for assigning a percentage of impairment to emotional injuries. The fourth edition of the AMA guidelines cautions that the use of percentages for psychological impairments is highly subjective. Nevertheless, both doctors relied upon the second edition of the AMA guidelines, at the request of plaintiffs counsel, to assign a percentage of impairment. The doctors opined that the plaintiffs impairment will most likely persist for the remainder of her life.
Dr. Norman Hankins, a vocational expert, testified by deposition that he evaluated the plaintiff on two separate occasions to assess any vocational disability. Dr. Hankins first interviewed the plaintiff on March 26, 1997. He examined the plaintiffs emotional condition, employment history,
and the initial patient report from Dr. Walker. He found that the plaintiff had no special or transferable vocational skills and that she had been working in manual labor most of her life. He also found that the plaintiff had quit high school after the tenth grade and had never obtained a GED or further education. Dr. Hankins testified that the plaintiff had an average ability to learn and an IQ in the “average” range; however, he assessed her reading and mathematical skills as generally poor for her age. Based upon his findings from the first interview, he rated the plaintiff as forty-eight percent vocationally impaired.
Dr. Hankins reevaluated the plaintiff on December 4, 1997. During the second evaluation, he relied upon the depositions of Dr. Walker and Dr. Lemler and found that the plaintiffs emotional problems had intensified. Dr. Hankins opined that the plaintiff suffered from anxiety and other conditions that would severely limit her ability to perform in gainful employment. He, therefore, concluded that the plaintiff was one hundred percent vocationally impaired.
The trial court reviewed the above evidence and concluded that the plaintiff is permanently and totally disabled. Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-6-207(4)(B) (Supp.1998). The trial court determined that the plaintiffs baby-sitting activity constituted three percent vocational ability, but that the plaintiff is nevertheless totally disabled due to her inability to work in the general market place. The Special Workers’ Compensation Appeals Panel affirmed the trial court’s finding of permanent total disability, but concluded that the plaintiffs recovery should be limited to four hundred weeks under the schedule for mental faculty injuries.
See
Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)(ff). The plaintiff requests this Court to reverse the Panel’s decision and to reinstate the judgment of the trial court.
DISCUSSION
The questions in this appeal are the extent of the plaintiffs vocational disability and whether her injury is to a scheduled member under Tenn.Code Ann. § 50—6—207(3)(A)(ff). The extent of a vocational disability is a question of fact that we review de novo with a presumption of correctness. Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-
225(e)(2);
Collins v. Howmet Corp.,
970 S.W.2d 941, 943 (Tenn.1998). We are not bound by the trial court’s factual findings, but rather examine those findings independently to determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies.
Id.
at 943;
Galloway v. Memphis Drum Serv.,
822 S.W.2d 584, 586 (Tenn.1991). This case also involves questions of law pertaining to the construction of the workers’ compensation statutes and the application of the law to the facts. Our review in that regard is de novo without a presumption of correctness.
Ganzevoort v. Russell,
949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn.1997);
Spencer v. Towson Moving and Storage,
922 S.W.2d 508, 509 (Tenn.1996).
The Workers’ Compensation Act classifies vocational disabilities into four distinct categories, with each category serving a specific compensation goal.
Davis v. Reagan,
951 S.W.2d 766, 767 (Tenn.1997);
Roberson v. Loretto Casket Co.,
722 S.W.2d 380, 383 (Tenn.1986). Those categories are: (1) temporary total disabilities; (2) temporary partial disabilities; (3) permanent partial disabilities; and (4) permanent total disabilities. Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(1)—207(4) (Supp.1998). In this case, we are concerned with the interrelation between permanent total disabilities and the schedule of injuries listed within the statute governing permanent partial disabilities.
The plaintiff received temporary total disability benefits from the defendant until she was released by Dr. Walker to return to work on July 16, 1996. At the conclusion of trial, the trial court awarded benefits to the plaintiff for a permanent total disability based upon the testimony of the plaintiff’s psychiatrists and a vocational expert. The defendant did not present any evidence to refute the testimony of the plaintiffs experts. While the evidence would ordinarily be sufficient to affirm the trial court’s finding of permanent total disability, our analysis in this case is complicated by the schedule of injuries under Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)(a)-(ff).
Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A) governs recovery for permanent partial disabilities and contains the list of seheduled-member injuries. This Court has previously interpreted section 207(3)(A) as follows: “[A]n employee sustaining either a disability to a scheduled member or a disability adjudged both permanent and partial to the body as a whole may be eligible for permanent partial disability benefits.”
Davis,
951 S.W.2d at 767. Benefits for permanent partial disabilities are paid either as scheduled or for a period of time up to four hundred weeks. Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)—207(3)(F).
The Panel reviewed the schedule of injuries under section 207(3)(A) and determined that the plaintiffs injury fell within the schedule at section 207(3)(A)(ff). That section reads, “[f]or the total and permanent loss of the sight of both eyes, or the loss of both arms at the shoulder, or complete and permanent paralysis, or
total and permanent loss of mental faculties,
sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66 2/3%) of the average weekly wages during four hundred (400) weeks.” Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)(ff) (emphasis added). We agree with the Panel’s decision to treat the plaintiffs injury as one pertaining to mental faculties under section 207(3)(A)(ff).
Although this Court has previously upheld workers’ compensation benefits for mental injuries,
the question of whether
those injuries are scheduled under section 207(3)(A)(ff) appears to be one of first impression. The term “mental faculties” is not defined in the workers’ compensation statutes. However, the words “mental” and “faculties” are defined separately in
Black’s Law Dictionary
(6th ed.1990). The word “mental” refers to the mind and includes factors such as cognition, intellect, and emotions, as distinguished from the physical body.
Id.
at 985. The word “faculties” means abilities and powers to perform certain acts and functions.
Id.
at 593.
Relying on those definitions, we conclude that the mental faculties schedule under section 207(3)(A)(ff) was intended to encompass two basic types of injuries. The first type involves mental impairment that results from physical trauma to the brain. An example of this type of injury is where an employee suffers a physical blow to the head, causing a brain injury, while performing a work-related task. With the assistance of expert medical and psychological testimony, the employee can demonstrate the extent of brain damage and how that damage has decreased his or her ability to think and to perform mental operations. The employee’s claim for workers’ compensation benefits would be based, at least in part, on the degree of impaired cognitive functioning.
The second type of mental faculties injury under section 207(3) (A) (ff) involves a mental or emotional disorder that results from a non-physical injury. As this Court has previously discussed in
Gatlin,
injuries that are completely mental in nature are compensable under workers’ compensation when they are caused by an identifiable stressful, work-related event that produces a sudden mental stimulus such as fright, shock, or excessive unexpected anxiety.
See
822 S.W.2d at 591-92. The absence of physical harm or physical trauma does not lessen the possible effects that such injuries can have on both cognitive and vocational abilities.
In this case, for example, the plaintiffs experience from the robbery has severally damaged her emotional well-being and has dominated the way she thinks and conducts herself in public places. Although some evidence indicates that the plaintiff has retained a significant amount of her cognitive functioning,
the evidence also shows that her emotional injury has left her in a state of constant anxiety and has prevented her from thinking rationally about many human interactions. The plaintiffs psychiatrists conducted several standardized tests on the plaintiff to assess the severity of her mental impairment. Both rated the plaintiffs mental injury as “moderate” and testified that her cognitive functioning was below average as a result of the post traumatic stress disorder.
Based upon the expert proof, we conclude that the plaintiffs injury is completely related to her mental faculties and should be adjudicated under section 207(3)(A)(ff).
The remaining question is whether the lower courts properly held that the plaintiff is permanently and totally disabled. Permanent total disability is defined at Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(4)(B) in pertinent part, “[w]hen an injury not otherwise specifically provided for in this chapter, as amended, totally incapacitates the employee from working at an occupation that brings such employee an income,
such employee shall be considered “totally disabled,” and for such disability compensation shall be paid as provided in subdivision (4)(A).... ” Benefits for permanent total disabilities are to be paid by the employer until the employee reaches the age of sixty five. Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(4)(A) (i).
The plaintiff contends that she is permanently and totally disabled under section 207(4)(B) based upon the trial court’s finding that she is unable to return to gainful employment. However, because her injury pertains to a scheduled member under section 207(3)(A)(ff), we conclude that her vocational disability cannot be adjudged as permanent and total under the workers’ compensation laws. This Court has previously held that where an employee’s only injury is to a scheduled member, he or she may receive only the amount of compensation provided for in the statutory schedule.
See Wade v. Aetna Cas. and Sur. Co.,
735 S.W.2d 215, 217 (Tenn.1987). In those cases, the courts are not free to assess the employee’s disability in terms of the body as a whole unless the injuries at issue are not specifically enumerated as scheduled members.
Smith v. Empire Pencil Co.,
781 S.W.2d 833, 837 (Tenn.1989);
Blackburn v. Allied Chem. Corp.,
616 S.W.2d 600, 602 (Tenn.1981);
Genesco, Inc. v. Creamer,
584 S.W.2d 191, 194 (Tenn.1979). Therefore, we conclude that the Panel erred in affirming the trial court’s finding of permanent and total disability.
From our research of the workers’ compensation statutes, it is clear that the legislature, at one time, permitted the recovery of total disability benefits for mental faculty injuries.
See
Code 1932, § 6878(e). The definition of total disability, before it was amended, read as follows:
The total and permanent loss of the sight of both eyes, or the loss of both arms at the shoulder, or complete and permanent paralysis, or total and permanent loss of mental faculties, or any other injury which totally incapacitates the employee from working at an occupation which brings him an income, shall constitute total disability.
Code 1932, § 6878(e). In 1941, the legislature amended the definition of total disability and moved the language in section 6878 into the statute governing permanent partial disabilities. 1941 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch. 90, § 5(c). The injuries listed in section 6878 were included in the schedule of injuries similar to the scheme provided under the current workers’ compensation law.
Compare
1950 Code Supp., § 6878(c) with Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)(ff). The legislative history concerning the amendments is not available.
Wisely or unwisely, the legislature has determined that injuries to an employee’s mental faculties constitute scheduled-member injuries under the statute for permanent partial disabilities. It is not within the courts’ authority to question or judge the wisdom of the statute.
Harrison v. Schrader,
569 S.W.2d 822, 828 (Tenn.1978);
State ex rel. Motlow v. Clark,
173 Tenn. 81, 114 S.W.2d 800, 803 (Tenn.1938);
Hamblen County Educ. Ass’n v. Hamblen County Bd. of Educ.,
892 S.W.2d 428, 432 (Tenn.App.1994),
perm. app. denied
(Tenn.1995). Were we to adopt the plaintiffs position and adjudge her as permanently and totally disabled, we would completely emasculate the language and intent of the statutory schedule.
APPLICATION
Under the unique facts of this case, there is no dispute that the plaintiff has suffered a work-related mental injury that has caused her emotional suffering and has severely diminished her ability to work. However, our legislature has set a high standard for the recovery of benefits under the schedule for mental faculty injuries.
See
Tenn.Code Ann. § 50-6-207(3)(A)(ff). The recovery schedule is capped at four hundred weeks for employees who have totally and permanently lost their mental faculties. The record in this case is clear that, although the plaintiff has suffered a permanent mental injury, she has not totally lost her mental faculties. We must, therefore, conduct a de novo review of the record to determine the appropriate duration of the plaintiffs recovery. The amount of periodic benefits to be paid to the plaintiff has not been disputed in this appeal.
We have thoroughly reviewed the record in this case including the extent of the plaintiffs injury, her age and work history, her educational background, and the availability of any transferable work skills that she could utilize in future employment. The plaintiffs psychiatrists testified that the plaintiffs mental injury was chronic and likely to persist throughout the remainder of her life. Relying on an outdated AMA guideline, the psychiatrists rated the plaintiff as fifty percent anatomically impaired to the body as a whole.
On the separate question of vocational disability, the plaintiffs expert, Dr. Han-kins, testified that the plaintiffs mental injury prevents her from working in jobs that require her to interact with strangers and large groups of people. Dr. Hankins determined that the plaintiff has no specialized work skills and that her limited education greatly reduces the opportunities that she might otherwise have in the labor market. After reviewing the testimony of the plaintiffs psychiatrists, Dr. Hankins concluded that the plaintiff could not engage in employment on a sustained basis. He did not express an opinion on the plaintiffs baby-sitting activities.
In view of the plaintiffs limited job training, education, considerable psychological restrictions, and the lack of transferable job skills, we agree that her ability to earn a living has been severely limited by her mental injury. Nevertheless, we also acknowledge that the plaintiff has successfully worked as a part-time babysitter and could possibly work in other capacities that accommodate her mental disorder. Having reviewed those factors together with the remaining evidence in the record, we conclude that the plaintiffs percentage of vocational disability is seventy-five percent. The duration of the plaintiffs recovery, as provided in Tenn.Code Ann. §
50-
6—207(3)(A)(ff) and 207(3)(D), shall be three hundred weeks.
Costs of this appeal shall be taxed to the plaintiff, Carolyn Sue Ivey, for which execution shall issue if necessary.
ANDERSON, C.J., DROWOTA, HOLDER, JJ., concur.
BIRCH, J., not participating.