107 T.C. No. 3
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
IVAN A. JASKO AND JUDITH L. JASKO, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 5553-95. Filed August 20, 1996.
Ps' principal residence was destroyed by fire. They recovered insurance proceeds based on replacement cost, resulting in a gain. Ps incurred legal fees in obtaining recovery of those proceeds and claimed a deduction for the amount of those fees paid during the taxable year. Ps assert that the insurance policy was held for the production of income so that the deduction is allowable under sec. 212(1), I.R.C. Held, under the origin of claim doctrine, Ps' residence was the source of their gain and the legal fees represented capital expenditures constituting a reduction in their gain and not currently deductible under sec. 212(1), I.R.C.
L. Randolph Harris, for petitioners.
Allan D. Hill, for respondent. - 2 -
OPINION
TANNENWALD, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in
petitioners' 1992 Federal income tax in the amount of $6,225.
The issue is whether petitioners may deduct legal fees paid
during 1992 and incurred as a result of a dispute with their
insurance carrier over the replacement cost of their residence,
which had been destroyed by fire.
All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in
effect for the year in issue.
All the facts have been stipulated. The stipulation of
facts and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this
reference.
At the time their petition was filed, petitioners resided in
Piedmont, California.
On October 20, 1991, petitioners' then principal residence
in Oakland, California, (the Oakland Hills residence) was
destroyed by a firestorm. Petitioners had lived in that
residence continuously from the time they purchased it in 1967
until its destruction. The residence was not held either for
rental or sale during 1991.
At the time of its destruction, the residence and its
contents were insured against fire loss by Republic Insurance
Company (Republic). The insurance policy provided that, in the
event of a loss, petitioners were to receive the replacement cost
of the residence. - 3 -
On November 20, 1991, Republic made an interim payment to
petitioners in an amount based on its adjuster's determination
that the actual cash value of the home was $110 per square foot.
During 1991, petitioners engaged the services of McInerney &
Dillon, P.C., Attorneys at Law (McInerney & Dillon), to resolve a
conflict with Republic as to replacement cost. During 1991,
petitioners also hired a firm to draw plans for their home and to
estimate the replacement cost of the Oakland Hills residence.
Such replacement cost was estimated to be $921,994.
On September 16, 1992, Republic increased its estimate of
replacement cost to $200 per square foot and made a further
payment to petitioners based on this estimate.
The terms of the Republic policy provided for a form of
arbitration in the event of a dispute over the replacement cost
of insured property. Pursuant to that procedure, petitioners and
Republic each chose an appraiser, and the two appraisers chose an
umpire. An appraisal hearing ensued over replacement cost, and a
decision was reached that the replacement cost of the home was
$825,000. During September 1993, Republic issued its check in
full satisfaction of the remaining balance due upon petitioners'
insurance claim.
In pursuing their claim with Republic, petitioners incurred
legal fees with McInerney & Dillon of $71,044.61 during 1991,
1992, and 1993. Petitioners paid $25,000 of that amount during - 4 -
1992, which they claimed as a miscellaneous deduction on their
1992 return.
At the outset, we note that we have no direct evidence that
petitioners realized taxable gain, i.e., an excess of the
insurance proceeds over cost, from their receipt of replacement
cost under the insurance policy. Sec. 1033(a)(2); see Central
Tablet Manufacturing Co. v. United States, 417 U.S. 673, 676
(1974); Tobias v. Commissioner, 40 T.C. 84, 95 (1963). However,
neither party has suggested that a gain is not involved herein,
and we think that the existence of a gain is a permissible
premise upon which to base our analysis and decision herein.1
The issue before us is whether petitioners are entitled to
deduct the $25,000 legal fees under section 212(1) which provides
in pertinent part:
In the case of an individual, there shall be allowed as a deduction all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year--
(1) for the production or collection of income;
Respondent contends that petitioners' home was not held for
the production of income and, thus, the legal fees incurred by
petitioners were incurred to recover a loss, not for the
production of income, and are therefore not deductible.
1 No gain was reported on petitioners' 1992 return based on the payment received in that year. It appears that petitioners were waiting until the expiration of the applicable period in which to replace the residence without current recognition of gain. See sec. 1033(a)(2). - 5 -
Petitioners concede that their residence was not held for the
production of income but contend that the insurance policy should
be separated from the ownership of the residence and that, in
this context, their expenses to recover full replacement cost of
their residence fall within the purview of section 212(1).
The initial element in determining deductibility is the
application of the "origin of the claim" doctrine articulated by
the Supreme Court in United States v. Gilmore, 372 U.S. 39
(1963), and applied in Woodward v. Commissioner, 397 U.S. 572
(1970), and United States v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 397 U.S. 580
(1970).
We are not prepared to accept petitioners' argument that we
separate the insurance policy and the dispute thereunder from
petitioners' ownership of the residence, which was concededly a
capital asset not held for the production of income. The policy
was designed to reimburse petitioners against economic loss
arising from the occurrence of defined contingencies, represented
by the amount necessary to replace the residence. See, e.g.,
Allied Fidelity Corp. v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 1068, 1074 (1976),
affd. 572 F.2d 1190 (7th Cir. 1978). But for the residence and
the fire, the insurance policy would be meaningless. Under such
circumstances, the residence is the origin of the situation that
caused petitioners to incur the legal fees. Compare Wagner v.
Commissioner, 78 T.C. 910 (1982), where we refused to separate a
lawsuit seeking adjustment of the purchase price of stock from - 6 -
the earlier sale of the stock. See also Mosby v. Commissioner,
86 T.C. 190, 198 (1986); cf. Neely v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934,
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107 T.C. No. 3
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
IVAN A. JASKO AND JUDITH L. JASKO, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 5553-95. Filed August 20, 1996.
Ps' principal residence was destroyed by fire. They recovered insurance proceeds based on replacement cost, resulting in a gain. Ps incurred legal fees in obtaining recovery of those proceeds and claimed a deduction for the amount of those fees paid during the taxable year. Ps assert that the insurance policy was held for the production of income so that the deduction is allowable under sec. 212(1), I.R.C. Held, under the origin of claim doctrine, Ps' residence was the source of their gain and the legal fees represented capital expenditures constituting a reduction in their gain and not currently deductible under sec. 212(1), I.R.C.
L. Randolph Harris, for petitioners.
Allan D. Hill, for respondent. - 2 -
OPINION
TANNENWALD, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in
petitioners' 1992 Federal income tax in the amount of $6,225.
The issue is whether petitioners may deduct legal fees paid
during 1992 and incurred as a result of a dispute with their
insurance carrier over the replacement cost of their residence,
which had been destroyed by fire.
All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in
effect for the year in issue.
All the facts have been stipulated. The stipulation of
facts and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this
reference.
At the time their petition was filed, petitioners resided in
Piedmont, California.
On October 20, 1991, petitioners' then principal residence
in Oakland, California, (the Oakland Hills residence) was
destroyed by a firestorm. Petitioners had lived in that
residence continuously from the time they purchased it in 1967
until its destruction. The residence was not held either for
rental or sale during 1991.
At the time of its destruction, the residence and its
contents were insured against fire loss by Republic Insurance
Company (Republic). The insurance policy provided that, in the
event of a loss, petitioners were to receive the replacement cost
of the residence. - 3 -
On November 20, 1991, Republic made an interim payment to
petitioners in an amount based on its adjuster's determination
that the actual cash value of the home was $110 per square foot.
During 1991, petitioners engaged the services of McInerney &
Dillon, P.C., Attorneys at Law (McInerney & Dillon), to resolve a
conflict with Republic as to replacement cost. During 1991,
petitioners also hired a firm to draw plans for their home and to
estimate the replacement cost of the Oakland Hills residence.
Such replacement cost was estimated to be $921,994.
On September 16, 1992, Republic increased its estimate of
replacement cost to $200 per square foot and made a further
payment to petitioners based on this estimate.
The terms of the Republic policy provided for a form of
arbitration in the event of a dispute over the replacement cost
of insured property. Pursuant to that procedure, petitioners and
Republic each chose an appraiser, and the two appraisers chose an
umpire. An appraisal hearing ensued over replacement cost, and a
decision was reached that the replacement cost of the home was
$825,000. During September 1993, Republic issued its check in
full satisfaction of the remaining balance due upon petitioners'
insurance claim.
In pursuing their claim with Republic, petitioners incurred
legal fees with McInerney & Dillon of $71,044.61 during 1991,
1992, and 1993. Petitioners paid $25,000 of that amount during - 4 -
1992, which they claimed as a miscellaneous deduction on their
1992 return.
At the outset, we note that we have no direct evidence that
petitioners realized taxable gain, i.e., an excess of the
insurance proceeds over cost, from their receipt of replacement
cost under the insurance policy. Sec. 1033(a)(2); see Central
Tablet Manufacturing Co. v. United States, 417 U.S. 673, 676
(1974); Tobias v. Commissioner, 40 T.C. 84, 95 (1963). However,
neither party has suggested that a gain is not involved herein,
and we think that the existence of a gain is a permissible
premise upon which to base our analysis and decision herein.1
The issue before us is whether petitioners are entitled to
deduct the $25,000 legal fees under section 212(1) which provides
in pertinent part:
In the case of an individual, there shall be allowed as a deduction all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year--
(1) for the production or collection of income;
Respondent contends that petitioners' home was not held for
the production of income and, thus, the legal fees incurred by
petitioners were incurred to recover a loss, not for the
production of income, and are therefore not deductible.
1 No gain was reported on petitioners' 1992 return based on the payment received in that year. It appears that petitioners were waiting until the expiration of the applicable period in which to replace the residence without current recognition of gain. See sec. 1033(a)(2). - 5 -
Petitioners concede that their residence was not held for the
production of income but contend that the insurance policy should
be separated from the ownership of the residence and that, in
this context, their expenses to recover full replacement cost of
their residence fall within the purview of section 212(1).
The initial element in determining deductibility is the
application of the "origin of the claim" doctrine articulated by
the Supreme Court in United States v. Gilmore, 372 U.S. 39
(1963), and applied in Woodward v. Commissioner, 397 U.S. 572
(1970), and United States v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 397 U.S. 580
(1970).
We are not prepared to accept petitioners' argument that we
separate the insurance policy and the dispute thereunder from
petitioners' ownership of the residence, which was concededly a
capital asset not held for the production of income. The policy
was designed to reimburse petitioners against economic loss
arising from the occurrence of defined contingencies, represented
by the amount necessary to replace the residence. See, e.g.,
Allied Fidelity Corp. v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 1068, 1074 (1976),
affd. 572 F.2d 1190 (7th Cir. 1978). But for the residence and
the fire, the insurance policy would be meaningless. Under such
circumstances, the residence is the origin of the situation that
caused petitioners to incur the legal fees. Compare Wagner v.
Commissioner, 78 T.C. 910 (1982), where we refused to separate a
lawsuit seeking adjustment of the purchase price of stock from - 6 -
the earlier sale of the stock. See also Mosby v. Commissioner,
86 T.C. 190, 198 (1986); cf. Neely v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934,
954-955 (1985).2 That the insurance proceeds produced a gain in
and of itself is insufficient to require a different conclusion.
The existence of that gain, however, raises the question of how
the legal fees should be treated.
It is well established that expenses that are incurred in
either the acquisition or disposition of a capital asset are
nondeductible capital expenditures. Sec. 263; see Wagner v.
Commissioner, supra at 915-916. The destruction of petitioners'
residence by the firestorm in effect constituted a disposition of
the residence in return for payment of the proceeds of the
insurance. In this context, the treatment of the legal fees in
condemnation cases provides a useful analogy. A property owner's
expenses incurred to increase a condemnation award are
nondeductible capital expenditures under section 263 that serve
to reduce the amount of the taxable gain. Mosby v. Commissioner,
supra at 196-197; Casalina Corp. v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 694,
703 (1973), affd. per curiam 511 F.2d 1162 (4th Cir. 1975). We
think that petitioners' legal expenses should be accorded the
same treatment since destruction is in a very real sense the
equivalent of an involuntary conversion; in either case, the
taxpayer loses the property. We note that our treatment of the
2 See also Myers v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1988-160. - 7 -
destruction of petitioners' residence as a disposition finds
support in the involuntary conversion provisions of section 1033,
which treat casualties in the same manner as condemnations, and
in the provisions dealing with the limitation of the deduction
for casualty losses under section 165(h), which specify that
personal casualty gains in excess of losses shall be treated as
gains from the sale of the property.
We also note that no part of the gain from such disposition
of petitioners' residence appears on their 1992 return and indeed
may never be includable in income if petitioners take advantage
of the replacement provisions of section 1033, e.g., if
petitioners die before disposing of the replacement home. See
supra note 1. This being the case, the disallowance of the
deduction of the legal fees herein is comparable to the situation
involved in Towanda Textiles, Inc. v. United States, 149 Ct. Cl.
123, 180 F. Supp. 373 (1960), where legal expenses of collecting
insurance proceeds on a building, destroyed by fire during a
section 337 liquidation, were denied.
Petitioners rely heavily on Ticket Office Equipment Co. v.
Commissioner, 20 T.C. 272 (1953), affd. per curiam 213 F.2d 318
(2d Cir. 1954). In that case, the taxpayer was allowed to deduct
legal and adjusters' fees expended to collect insurance when the
taxpayer's building was partially destroyed by fire. The
building was used in the taxpayer's business, and the Court
observed that the expenditures arose in the ordinary course of - 8 -
that business. Furthermore, a loss was involved, a point which
the Court emphasized by observing that the expenses reduced the
amount of the loss and consequently the deduction. Indeed, the
Court suggested that a gain might involve different treatment.
See Ticket Office Equipment Co. v. Commissioner, 20 T.C. at 280
n.6. Finally, it is not without significance that Ticket Office
Equipment long antedated the articulation by the Supreme Court of
the "origin of the claim" doctrine, see supra p. 5. Thus, Ticket
Office Equipment is clearly distinguishable, as is United States
v. Pate, 254 F.2d 480 (10th Cir. 1958), which also involved
business property.
We hold that the legal expenses represent capital
expenditures nondeductible under section 263 and an offset
against the gain represented by the insurance proceeds, none of
which petitioners recognized in the taxable year before us.
Decision will be entered
for respondent.