NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 29 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
IV SOLUTIONS, INC., No. 18-55613
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:17-cv-05615-ODW-SK v.
EMPIRE HEALTHCHOICE MEMORANDUM* ASSURANCE, INC., DBA Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted January 8, 2020 Pasadena, California
Before: WATFORD and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** District Judge.
IV Solutions, Inc. (“IVS”) appeals the district court’s order dismissing its
breach of contract claim with prejudice on statute of limitations grounds. We have
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of the
breach of contract claim, but we reverse its denial of leave to amend and therefore
remand with instructions to grant IVS leave to amend. We affirm the district
court’s rejection of the doctrines of equitable tolling and equitable estoppel.
We review a district court’s dismissal on statute of limitations grounds de
novo, “accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true and drawing all
reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Gregg v. Hawaii, Dep’t of
Pub. Safety, 870 F.3d 883, 886–87 (9th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting TwoRivers v. Lewis, 174 F.3d 987, 991 (9th Cir. 1999)). De
novo review also applies to “a decision granting a motion to dismiss with
prejudice, i.e., without leave to amend.” Schmier v. U.S. Court of Appeals for
Ninth Circuit, 279 F.3d 817, 824 (9th Cir. 2002). “The district court’s decision
regarding equitable tolling is ‘generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion, unless
the facts are undisputed, in which event the legal question is reviewed de novo.’”
Hensley v. United States, 531 F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Santa
Maria v. Pac. Bell, 202 F.3d 1170, 1175 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other
grounds by Socop-Gonzalez v. INS, 272 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc)). And
we review a district court’s decision on equitable estoppel for an abuse of
discretion. See O’Donnell v. Vencor Inc., 466 F.3d 1104, 1109 (9th Cir. 2006) (per
curiam).
2 Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of IVS, the complaint sufficiently
alleges that the breach of contract claim is founded upon a written instrument.
Thus, the district court correctly determined that IVS’s breach of contract claim is
subject to a four-year statute of limitations. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337. The
district court also correctly concluded that, based on the allegations in the
complaint, IVS’s breach of contract claim is barred by the statute of limitations.
The parties’ contract didn’t specify a time for Empire HealthChoice
Assurance, Inc.’s (“Empire’s”) performance, so the parties agree that California
Civil Code section 1657 determines when Empire needed to perform, and in turn
when the statute of limitations started running. Section 1657 specifies that a party
must generally perform within a reasonable time, but if the party’s act can be
“done instantly--as, for example, if it consists in the payment of money only--it
must be performed immediately upon the thing to be done being exactly
ascertained.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1657.
Though the district court relied exclusively on the reasonable time provision
in section 1657—an issue the parties did not brief—we conclude that IVS’s claim
is untimely under either the reasonable time provision or the immediate payment
provision, given the allegations pleaded in the complaint.
Applying the immediate payment provision under section 1657, we can
reasonably infer from the complaint that Empire’s obligation to pay was
3 ascertainable by October 4, 2012, at the latest, because the alleged agreement
provided that Empire would pay “IVS’s billed charges.” So Empire was required
to immediately pay at that time under section 1657. Empire’s failure to pay on that
date was a breach, and the statute of limitations started running. See Cochran v.
Cochran, 66 Cal. Rptr. 2d 337, 340 (Ct. App. 1997). Thus, as pleaded, IVS’s
breach of contract claim brought in June 2017 was barred by the statute of
limitations.
Likewise, for IVS’s claim to be timely under the reasonable time period
approach, the breach must have occurred, at the earliest, on June 23, 2013, four
years before IVS filed its complaint. At that time, over nine months had passed
since IVS provided its last treatment. IVS’s complaint does not allege any facts
that would make Empire’s failure to pay reasonable by that point in time.
While either approach supports the district court’s conclusion, the district
court should have allowed IVS to amend its complaint. Empire argues that leave
to amend is improper because it would be clearly futile. We disagree.
“Dismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear, upon de
novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” Polich v.
Burlington N., Inc., 942 F.2d 1467, 1472 (9th Cir. 1991). On the limited record, it
is not clear “beyond doubt that amendment of the complaint would be futile.” Ctr.
for Biological Diversity v. Veneman, 394 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2005). IVS
4 may be able to allege additional facts in an amended complaint that show, in the
health insurance context, its breach of contract claim is not barred by either
provision of section 1657.1 See, e.g., IV Solutions, Inc. v. Connecticut Gen. Life
Ins. Co., 2015 WL 12843822, at *11 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 29, 2015). IVS was denied
even one chance to amend its complaint, and it had no opportunity below to
address the district court’s basis for dismissal. Without oral argument, the district
court dismissed with prejudice IVS’s claim on a ground that Empire did not raise
and neither party briefed. Moreover, the district court offered no reason why IVS
should be denied leave to amend.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 29 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
IV SOLUTIONS, INC., No. 18-55613
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:17-cv-05615-ODW-SK v.
EMPIRE HEALTHCHOICE MEMORANDUM* ASSURANCE, INC., DBA Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted January 8, 2020 Pasadena, California
Before: WATFORD and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** District Judge.
IV Solutions, Inc. (“IVS”) appeals the district court’s order dismissing its
breach of contract claim with prejudice on statute of limitations grounds. We have
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of the
breach of contract claim, but we reverse its denial of leave to amend and therefore
remand with instructions to grant IVS leave to amend. We affirm the district
court’s rejection of the doctrines of equitable tolling and equitable estoppel.
We review a district court’s dismissal on statute of limitations grounds de
novo, “accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true and drawing all
reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Gregg v. Hawaii, Dep’t of
Pub. Safety, 870 F.3d 883, 886–87 (9th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting TwoRivers v. Lewis, 174 F.3d 987, 991 (9th Cir. 1999)). De
novo review also applies to “a decision granting a motion to dismiss with
prejudice, i.e., without leave to amend.” Schmier v. U.S. Court of Appeals for
Ninth Circuit, 279 F.3d 817, 824 (9th Cir. 2002). “The district court’s decision
regarding equitable tolling is ‘generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion, unless
the facts are undisputed, in which event the legal question is reviewed de novo.’”
Hensley v. United States, 531 F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Santa
Maria v. Pac. Bell, 202 F.3d 1170, 1175 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other
grounds by Socop-Gonzalez v. INS, 272 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc)). And
we review a district court’s decision on equitable estoppel for an abuse of
discretion. See O’Donnell v. Vencor Inc., 466 F.3d 1104, 1109 (9th Cir. 2006) (per
curiam).
2 Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of IVS, the complaint sufficiently
alleges that the breach of contract claim is founded upon a written instrument.
Thus, the district court correctly determined that IVS’s breach of contract claim is
subject to a four-year statute of limitations. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337. The
district court also correctly concluded that, based on the allegations in the
complaint, IVS’s breach of contract claim is barred by the statute of limitations.
The parties’ contract didn’t specify a time for Empire HealthChoice
Assurance, Inc.’s (“Empire’s”) performance, so the parties agree that California
Civil Code section 1657 determines when Empire needed to perform, and in turn
when the statute of limitations started running. Section 1657 specifies that a party
must generally perform within a reasonable time, but if the party’s act can be
“done instantly--as, for example, if it consists in the payment of money only--it
must be performed immediately upon the thing to be done being exactly
ascertained.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1657.
Though the district court relied exclusively on the reasonable time provision
in section 1657—an issue the parties did not brief—we conclude that IVS’s claim
is untimely under either the reasonable time provision or the immediate payment
provision, given the allegations pleaded in the complaint.
Applying the immediate payment provision under section 1657, we can
reasonably infer from the complaint that Empire’s obligation to pay was
3 ascertainable by October 4, 2012, at the latest, because the alleged agreement
provided that Empire would pay “IVS’s billed charges.” So Empire was required
to immediately pay at that time under section 1657. Empire’s failure to pay on that
date was a breach, and the statute of limitations started running. See Cochran v.
Cochran, 66 Cal. Rptr. 2d 337, 340 (Ct. App. 1997). Thus, as pleaded, IVS’s
breach of contract claim brought in June 2017 was barred by the statute of
limitations.
Likewise, for IVS’s claim to be timely under the reasonable time period
approach, the breach must have occurred, at the earliest, on June 23, 2013, four
years before IVS filed its complaint. At that time, over nine months had passed
since IVS provided its last treatment. IVS’s complaint does not allege any facts
that would make Empire’s failure to pay reasonable by that point in time.
While either approach supports the district court’s conclusion, the district
court should have allowed IVS to amend its complaint. Empire argues that leave
to amend is improper because it would be clearly futile. We disagree.
“Dismissal without leave to amend is improper unless it is clear, upon de
novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any amendment.” Polich v.
Burlington N., Inc., 942 F.2d 1467, 1472 (9th Cir. 1991). On the limited record, it
is not clear “beyond doubt that amendment of the complaint would be futile.” Ctr.
for Biological Diversity v. Veneman, 394 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2005). IVS
4 may be able to allege additional facts in an amended complaint that show, in the
health insurance context, its breach of contract claim is not barred by either
provision of section 1657.1 See, e.g., IV Solutions, Inc. v. Connecticut Gen. Life
Ins. Co., 2015 WL 12843822, at *11 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 29, 2015). IVS was denied
even one chance to amend its complaint, and it had no opportunity below to
address the district court’s basis for dismissal. Without oral argument, the district
court dismissed with prejudice IVS’s claim on a ground that Empire did not raise
and neither party briefed. Moreover, the district court offered no reason why IVS
should be denied leave to amend. We therefore remand to the district court with
instructions to grant IVS leave to amend.
The district court properly determined that equitable tolling does not apply
based on IVS’s allegations. See Cervantes v. City of San Diego, 5 F.3d 1273, 1277
(9th Cir. 1993). The California Supreme Court “has applied equitable tolling in
carefully considered situations to prevent the unjust technical forfeiture of causes
of action, where the defendant would suffer no prejudice.” Lantzy v. Centex
Homes, 73 P.3d 517, 523 (Cal. 2003). And “[i]n each prior instance, the brevity of
the literal limitations period would otherwise have caused forfeiture of a cause of
1 We express no opinion on whether the proposed amendments in IVS’s briefs would save its breach of contract claim.
5 action, or other undue hardship, despite the plaintiff’s diligent efforts to pursue his
claim in a correct and orderly way.” Id. at 529.
Here, the allegations do not support that an “unjust technical forfeiture”
would result absent equitable tolling. IVS had four years to bring its breach of
contract claim. And even after IVS received Empire’s unequivocal denial it still
had over two years to file a timely suit. Thus, the allegations fail to show that
equitable tolling possibly applies.
We also affirm the district court’s rejection of equitable estoppel. Equitable
estoppel does not apply when the plaintiff has ample time to sue within the
statutory period after the conduct that has induced it to forbear suing ends. See,
e.g., Mills v. Forestex Co., 134 Cal. Rptr. 2d 273, 298 (Ct. App. 2003). And in
California a little more than five weeks is sufficient time to file suit. See
Lobrovich v. Georgison, 301 P.2d 460, 464 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1956). Here, the
conduct that allegedly induced IVS to delay its suit ceased when Empire
unequivocally denied the claim in June 2014. At that time IVS still had over two
years to timely bring its suit, which was more than ample time.
The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.