Isaac v. Brown

205 F. App'x 873
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedNovember 13, 2006
DocketNo. 05-4406-pr
StatusPublished
Cited by3 cases

This text of 205 F. App'x 873 (Isaac v. Brown) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Isaac v. Brown, 205 F. App'x 873 (2d Cir. 2006).

Opinion

SUMMARY ORDER

Petitioner-Appellant Darrel Isaac appeals from a judgment of the District Court denying his petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Isaac contends that the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court unreasonably applied clearly established Supreme Court law under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), in affirming his criminal conviction for two counts of robbery in the first degree, two counts of robbery in the second degree, and one count of resisting arrest, see People v. Issac, 265 A.D.2d 190, 696 N.Y.S.2d 142 (1999).1 Isaac argues in the alternative that the Appellate Division’s affirmance was an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented. For substantially the reasons stated by the District Court, we affirm.

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the factual background and procedural history of this case, described in full in the District Court opinion, see Isaac v. Greiner, No. 01 Civ. 2178(PKC), 2005 WL 1713036, at *1-3 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2005).

We review de novo the District Court’s denial of Isaac’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus. See, e.g., Messiah v. Duncan, 435 F.3d 186, 196 (2d Cir.2006). “[W]ith respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings,” a writ of habeas corpus shall not be granted unless the State court adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,” id. § 2254(d)(2). An “unreasonable application” of Supreme Court precedent occurs when the State court’s decision is not just “incorrect or erroneous” but “objectively unreasonable.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520-21, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct,” and the petitioner bears “the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” Id. § 2254(e)(1).

Batson established a three-step “framework for the evidentiary inquiry into whether a peremptory challenge [to a prospective juror] is race-based” and there[876]*876fore an equal protection violation. McKinney v. Artuz, 326 F.3d 87, 97 (2d Cir.2003); see Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-98, 106 S.Ct. 1712. The first step of the Batson inquiry requires the objecting party to “make a prima facie showing of circumstances that generate an inference that the relevant panelist was stricken on improper grounds.” Messiah, 435 F.3d at 194; see Batson, 476 U.S. at 96-97, 106 S.Ct. 1712. If the trial court determines that a prima facie showing has been made, the party who offered the challenge must provide “a race-neutral explanation for striking the panelist.” Messiah, 435 F.3d at 195; see Batson, 476 U.S. at 97, 106 S.Ct. 1712. Finally, the trial court must make an “ultimate determination of the issue of discriminatory intent based on all the facts and circumstances.” United States v. Alvarado, 923 F.2d 253, 256 (2d Cir.1991). Isaac, who is black, claims that the Appellate Division’s affirmance was in error because the trial court skipped all three steps with respect to defense counsel’s objection to the prosecutor’s peremptory challenge of a black alternate juror. We disagree.

Although it is true that the trial court interrupted Isaac’s counsel and did not permit her to articulate a prima facie showing of discrimination upon the prosecutor’s peremptory challenge, the District Court correctly concluded, Isaac v. Greiner, No. 01 Civ. 2178(PKC), 2005 WL 1713036, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. July 19, 2005), that a trial court may move directly to “step three” when a race-neutral reason for the challenge is offered. See Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 359, 111 S.Ct. 1859,114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991) (plurality opinion). Isaac’s contention that the trial court relied upon its own race-neutral rationale for the challenge without the benefit of comment by the prosecutor does not withstand scrutiny. The prosecutor provided the race-neutral reason even before Isaac’s counsel objected. The prosecutor had challenged the same juror for cause after learning that the juror’s brother had been arrested and that the juror believed his brother had been falsely accused. The court reserved judgment on the challenge for cause but later denied it, asking the prosecutor “[a]re you exercising a peremptory on [the juror]?” The prosecutor answered “yes.” The court then reminded the prosecutor that the juror had not said that his brother’s treatment would make him an unfair juror, to which the prosecutor responded “[b]ut he alleges his brother was falsely accused of a crime.” We cannot say that regarding this statement as satisfying Batson’s “step two” is objectively unreasonable. See Burkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995) (a race-neutral reason need not be “persuasive, or even plausible” to satisfy “step two”).

Nor can we say that the way in which the trial court phrased its rejection of defense counsel’s Batson claim is an objectively unreasonable application of Batson’s “step three.” Although the trial court did not allow defense counsel to elaborate on why she believed the prosecutor had “a racial basis” for the challenge, the trial court nevertheless stated: “As far as I am concerned there is no basis for that. There are black jurors on the jury, and I think there is adequate cause for the People to raise the challenge.” We do not require “a talismanic recitation of specific words” in order to satisfy Batson’s requirement that the trial court must rule on the credibility of the race-neutral reason for the peremptory challenge. Galarza v. Keane, 252 F.3d 630, 640 n. 10 (2d Cir.2001) (stating that “step three” might have [877]*877been satisfied if the “trial court had merely stated that it rejected each of’ the Batson claims). It is not objectively unreasonable to interpret the trial court’s words as crediting the race-neutrality of the prosecutor’s reason for the challenge.

Isaac argues also that the trial court’s refusal to allow defense counsel to make any argument in support of her Batson objection renders the Appellate Division’s affirmance of the trial court’s credibility determination an unreasonable application of Batson’s

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Bluebook (online)
205 F. App'x 873, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/isaac-v-brown-ca2-2006.