IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 21–1068
Submitted February 23, 2022—Filed April 15, 2022
IOWA SUPREME COURT ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY BOARD,
Appellee,
vs.
JOHN KARL FISCHER,
Appellant.
On appeal from the report of the Iowa Supreme Court Grievance
Commission.
In an attorney disciplinary action, the grievance commission recommends
revocation of the respondent’s license to practice law based on violations of our
attorney ethics rules. LICENSE REVOKED.
Waterman, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all justices
joined.
Tara van Brederode, Crystal Rink (until withdrawal), and Alexis W. Grove,
for appellee. 2
Eashaan Vajpeyi and Melissa Ament of Ball, Kirk & Holm PC, Waterloo,
for appellant. 3
WATERMAN, Justice.
The Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board charged attorney
John Fischer with violating rules of professional conduct. The charges included
misappropriation and conversion of client funds. A panel of the Iowa Supreme
Court Grievance Commission found Fischer violated multiple rules of
professional conduct, including conversion of client funds, and recommended
revocation of his license. The Board requests revocation. Fischer admits certain
violations, denies stealing, and argues for a suspension instead of revocation.
On our de novo review, we determine that Fischer converted client funds without
a colorable future claim, among other violations, and we therefore revoke his
license to practice law in the State of Iowa.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Fischer has been licensed to practice law in Iowa since 1979 and has been
a solo practitioner in Vinton since 2014. He practices primarily in the areas of
trusts and estates, probate, real estate, and tax. In 2012, Fischer received a
private admonishment for improper collection of fees. In 2018, Fischer received
a public reprimand for lack of diligence and failure to communicate with his
clients. The Board’s current complaint arises from Fischer’s representation of
several clients and audits of his trust account. Because we revoke his license for
misappropriation, we truncate our discussion of the other matters. Iowa Sup. Ct.
Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Crum, 861 N.W.2d 595, 604 (Iowa 2015) (“[T]here is
ample evidence in the record to prove Crum misappropriated client funds. 4
Therefore, it is unnecessary for us to address Crum’s other violations.”). We find
the following facts on our de novo review of the record.
A. AlphaGen. AlphaGen Materials Technology, Inc. is an Iowa corporation.
Fischer is a minority owner who has served as a director since its incorporation
in 2008 and also serves as its vice president, secretary, and treasurer as well as
its attorney. In March of 2012, AlphaGen was sued for breach of contract.
Fischer filed an answer for the defendant and remained its counsel of record. In
the months that followed, AlphaGen repeatedly failed to comply with discovery
requests and court orders. After judgment was entered against the defendant,
the plaintiffs pursued debtor’s examinations, and AlphaGen continued to
disobey court orders. A settlement was negotiated, which included Fischer as a
named party. When Fischer, AlphaGen, and AlphaGen’s president failed to honor
the settlement, the plaintiffs filed a second lawsuit to enforce the settlement and
pierce the corporate veil. Fischer was named as a defendant in the second
lawsuit.
The pattern continued with more violations of discovery obligations and
court orders. The court found the defendants, including Fischer, willfully and in
bad faith violated court orders and imposed sanctions that ultimately included
a default judgment. Fischer blamed an unresponsive client but offered no valid
excuse for his personal failure to comply with document requests for records
within his control.
B. Trust Account Audits. Fischer was audited in 2010, 2015, and 2019.
Each audit revealed Fischer and his staff failed to maintain proper records of his 5
client trust account. Some of his client trust accounts had negative balances.
Fischer admits he did not maintain a separate account for each matter. He
recognizes that he is responsible for supervising his staff and failed to “do an
adequate job.” Fischer admits he was “inept” and failed to prepare triple
reconciliations from 2017 to 2019, contrary to his responses to annual client
security commission questionnaires. The 2019 auditor concluded Fischer’s
client trust account was underfunded by $10,042. The client security
commission’s auditors testified they could not determine if Fischer used the
funds for personal use because of the lack of records. Fischer promptly
reimbursed the account in full. For at least six months after the 2019 audit,
Fischer successfully balanced his trust account “to the penny.”
C. Osborn Matter. Josh Osborn and his brother James Osborn own half-
interests in RB Homes, Inc., which built spec homes. In 2011, high winds
damaged the roof of a home they built and sold. The homebuyer’s property
insurer, Travelers Commercial Insurance Company, brought a subrogation
action against the Osborn brothers and RB Homes. Fischer represented the
defendants without a written fee agreement.
In May of 2014, the parties agreed to settle the lawsuit for $15,000. Each
brother agreed to pay half of the settlement, or $7,500, and their share of the
attorney fees. In September of 2014, Josh paid Fischer $9,200. Josh directed
Fischer to pay $7,500 to Travelers for Josh’s share of the settlement and to retain
$1,700 as Josh’s half of the attorney fees. Fischer did not send Travelers a check
for $7,500. Instead, without informing Josh, Fischer used Josh’s settlement 6
money to cover James’s attorney fees and sent Travelers a check for only $6,198.
Travelers never cashed that check, and Fischer ultimately withdrew and spent
that amount himself.
Josh testified at the grievance commission hearing that Fischer never told
him that his payment would be used to cover James’s share of the attorney fees.
Fischer argued Josh was responsible for the entire bill as president of RB Homes.
But when Fischer testified, he admitted to misapplying the money because he
“was mad”:
Q. So you don’t dispute that Josh Osborn directed you to pay $7500 of that check to the opposing party, as they were settlement funds, correct?
A. The 7500, yes.
Q. And so you kept a portion of his settlement funds --
A. As the --
Q. -- for your own attorney fees?
A. Yes, ma’am, as the fee for RB Homes, that’s correct.
Q. But you didn’t have Josh’s permission for that, right?
A. No. No, I was mad.
Q. And so you knew that that wasn’t your money, right?
A. I knew that it was not in accordance with what he had directed me to do. . . . .
....
[Q.] Did you have any agreement or contract in place with Josh Osborn that he would·be responsible for paying his brother’s --
[A.] No.
[Q.] -- attorney’s fees? 7
[A.] No, that was my fault, because I was un -- I was mad.
James’s wife testified the parties never had an understanding that Josh would
pay James’s share. She testified she paid James’s part of the settlement and
attorney fees in cash. Fischer denies receiving full payment from James’s wife
for the Osborn matter. The commission did not find her testimony credible.
In May of 2016, Travelers filed a motion to enforce the settlement. Fischer
personally appeared on July 22 at a hearing on the motion. The district court
granted the motion and ordered the defendants to pay $15,000 before August 31.
Fischer also did not oppose Travelers’ request for final judgment. Fischer did not
inform his clients of the motion, hearing, or judgment. Nearly four years later, in
early 2020, James sold his home and was surprised to learn of the judgment lien
against his property for the $15,000 judgment plus interest and fees. James paid
the $17,990 balance at closing: $2,990 more than the original settlement
amount.
When Josh confronted Fischer about the judgment, Fischer repaid Josh
the $6,198 in several installments. In his letter to Josh enclosed with the last
installment check, Fischer wrote: “This final installment constitutes the full
payment of the insurance check misplaced or allegedly uncashed by the
insurance company sometime between 2014 and 2019. Sorry for any time delay
– still have not received any photocopy of ‘uncashed’ check.” An attorney for
Travelers testified at the grievance commission hearing that his office shredded
the check and it was never cashed. Fischer testified that he did not resist the
entry of judgment for $15,000 because the fact Travelers had not cashed the 8
check was “evidently” told to him. But “[w]hether [he] was mindful of that is a
different subject.” Fischer never repaid Josh for the $1,302 he used to cover
James’s attorney fees.
The Osborn matter was not included in the records reviewed by the auditor
in 2019. Thus, Fischer’s client trust account was underfunded by over $16,000.
Fischer testified he has no colorable future claim to the $7,500, which includes
the $6,198 for the uncashed check to Travelers and the $1,302 he used to cover
James’s attorney fees. Fischer acknowledged: “That was [Josh’s] money, because
[Travelers] didn’t cash the check. I have no colorable claim, but I did not
intentionally convert that to my own use.” Fisher admitted to “taking over $6,000
out from [his] trust account that rightfully belonged to Josh Osborn.”
D. Disciplinary Proceedings. The Board filed a complaint against Fischer
on June 5, 2020. The Board amended the complaint on September 23 to include
the Osborn matter. Fischer admitted most of the factual allegations. The Board
alleged that Fischer’s conduct in the AlphaGen matter violated Iowa Rules of
Professional Conduct 32:3.2 (duty to expedite litigation), 32:3.4(c) (disobeying
rules of tribunal), 32:3.4(d) (frivolous positions on discovery), and 32:8.4(d)
(conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice); his conduct managing his
trust account violated rules 32:1.15(a), 32:1.15(c), 32:1.15(f), 32:5.3(a),
32:5.3(b), 32:5.3(c)(2), and 32:8.4(c), and Client Trust Account Rules
45.2(3)(a)(9), and 45.7(3); and his conduct in the Osborn matter violated Iowa
Rules of Professional Conduct 32:1.4(a)(3) (duty to keep client reasonably
informed), 32:1.15(c) (withdrawal of unearned fees), 32:8.4(b) (criminal act 9
reflecting on lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness, or fitness), and 32:8.4(c)
(misconduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation). Pursuant
to Iowa Court Rule 36.8(1), the Board’s amended complaint specifically alleged
Fischer “misappropriated or converted client funds for personal use without a
colorable future claim to the funds,” and notified Fischer that if conversion is
proven, his law license could be revoked, and that to avoid revocation the burden
is on Fischer to come forward with evidence to establish his colorable future
claim to the funds missing from his trust account.
In April of 2021, the grievance commission conducted its evidentiary
hearing. For the AlphaGen matter, Fischer argued he did not violate rule
32:8.4(d) but conceded he violated the other rules as charged. For the trust
account audit, Fischer did not contest any of the alleged rule violations. For the
Osborn matter, Fisher did not contest that he violated rule 32:1.4(a)(3) but
argued he did not violate rules 32:1.15(c), 32:8.4(b), and 32:84(c). He argued he
did not intentionally disobey court orders in the AlphaGen matter and that he
had a colorable future claim in the Osborn matter. On August 2, the commission
found Fischer violated the rules as alleged by the Board and recommended
Fischer’s law license be revoked. Fischer timely appealed.
In his appeal, Fischer generally accepts the commission’s findings of fact.
Fischer argues the commission erred in concluding his conduct in the AlphaGen
matter violated rule 32:8.4(d), his conduct in the Osborn matter violated rule
32:1.15(c), and in recommending revocation. Fischer denies he misappropriated
client funds and argues he had a colorable future claim to said funds. He 10
requests a suspension in lieu of revocation. The Board urges us to “conclude
that Fischer converted client funds without a colorable future claim” and “revoke
his license to practice law.”
II. Standard of Review.
“We review factual findings of the commission de novo.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y
Disciplinary Bd. v. Widdison, 960 N.W.2d 79, 86 (Iowa 2021); see also Iowa Ct.
R. 36.21(1). “We give respectful consideration to commission findings, especially
when considering credibility of witnesses, but are not bound by them.” Widdison,
960 N.W.2d at 87 (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Said, 953
N.W.2d 126, 142 (Iowa 2021)). “[We] may impose a lesser or greater sanction
than the discipline the grievance commission recommends.” Iowa Ct. R. 36.21(1);
see also Widdison, 960 N.W.2d at 87.
“The Board must prove ethical violations by a convincing preponderance
of the evidence.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Kozlik, 943 N.W.2d 589,
594 (Iowa 2020) (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Mathahs, 918
N.W.2d 487, 489 (Iowa 2018)). “A convincing preponderance of the evidence lies
between the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard in a civil case and the
reasonable-doubt standard in a criminal case.” Id. (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y
Disciplinary Bd. v. Noyes, 936 N.W.2d 440, 442 (Iowa 2019)).
If we conclude an attorney violated a disciplinary rule, we determine the
appropriate sanction by considering “the nature of the alleged violations, the
need for deterrence, protection of the public, maintenance of the reputation of
the bar as a whole, and [the attorney’s] fitness to continue in the practice of law.” 11
Id. at 595 (alteration in original) (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v.
Laing, 832 N.W.2d 366, 367–68 (Iowa 2013)).
III. Analysis.
We begin our review with the Osborn matter. We conclude Fischer
misappropriated $7,500 of Josh’s money that he intended to be used as a
settlement payment and that Fischer had no colorable future claim to those
funds. “Because this determination warrants revocation of his license, it is
unnecessary to discuss his other violations in detail.” Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y
Disciplinary Bd. v. Moran, 919 N.W.2d 754, 759 (Iowa 2018).
Under our professional rules, “[a] lawyer shall deposit into a client trust
account legal fees and expenses that have been paid in advance, to be withdrawn
by the lawyer only as fees are earned or expenses incurred.” Iowa R. Prof’l
Conduct 32:1.15(c). Additionally, “[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to
. . . commit a criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer’s honesty,
trustworthiness, or fitness as a lawyer in other respects.” Id. r. 32:8.4(b). In Iowa,
theft occurs when
[a] person . . . [m]isappropriates property which the person has in trust, or property of another which the person has in the person’s possession or control . . . by using or disposing of it in a manner which is inconsistent with or a denial of the trust or of the owner’s rights in such property, . . . or appropriates such property to the person’s own use, when the owner of such property is known to the person.
Iowa Code § 714.1(2) (2017). “[A] lawyer who commits a theft of funds engages
in conduct involving moral turpitude, dishonesty, and conduct that adversely
reflects on the lawyer’s fitness to practice law.” Kozlik, 943 N.W.2d at 595 12
(quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Den Beste, 933 N.W.2d 251, 254
(Iowa 2019)). A criminal charge or conviction is not required. See, e.g., id.
It is also “professional misconduct for a lawyer to . . . engage in conduct
involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.” Iowa R. Prof’l Conduct
32:8.4(c). The Board must demonstrate that “ ‘the attorney acted with some level
of scienter greater than negligence’ or incompetence.” Kozlik, 943 N.W.2d at 595
(quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Cross, 861 N.W.2d 211, 221 (Iowa
2015)). “Scienter is satisfied where an attorney acted knowingly, intentionally, or
with the aim to mislead.” Id. And “[a]n attorney’s ‘casual, reckless disregard for
the truth’ also establishes sufficient scienter to support a violation of the rule.”
Id. (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Clarity, 838 N.W.2d 648, 656
(Iowa 2013)). We have held that misappropriation of client funds violates both
rule 32:8.4(b) and 32:8.4(c). See, e.g., Kozlik, 943 N.W.2d at 596.
When determining whether a lawyer has misappropriated client funds, “we
have concluded the lack of any relationship between withdrawals and fees
disproved the attorney’s claim the withdrawals were related to the fees.” Id. at
597. “A person’s intent may be inferred from the circumstances.” Id. We
recognize that attorneys have specialized knowledge. Id.
[T]he law takes account of a lawyer’s legal training and experience in assessing his or her state of mind. A lawyer is an adult, a man or woman of the world, not a child. He or she is also better educated than most people, more sophisticated and more sharply sensitized to the legal implications of a situation. The law will make inferences as to a lawyer’s knowledge with those considerations in mind.
Id. (quoting Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Barry, 762 N.W.2d 129, 139
(Iowa 2009)). 13
In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Kozlik, an attorney
served as an administrator of his uncle’s estate. 943 N.W.2d at 591. The attorney
began writing checks to himself, “two or three of the checks were deposited into
his personal checking account and the remainder into his operating account at
his law firm.” Id. at 592. The attorney admitted he wrote the checks but claimed
“he did not know he needed a prior court order when he made the payments”
and “promised to repay all of the unauthorized payments with interest.” Id. at
593. The attorney “denied he had committed the ethical violations charged”
because the board did not prove he “had a mental intent to steal” and, in fact,
he “never had an intent to steal.” Id. at 594. We concluded the board proved by
a convincing preponderance of the evidence that the attorney violated both rule
32:8.4(b) and 32:8.4(c). Id. at 595. We did not find the attorney’s testimony
credible because his allegedly earned fees did not match the checks and his
nearly twenty years as an Iowa estate attorney should have given him the
necessary knowledge of our basic statutory requirements. Id. at 596–97; see also
Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Muhammad, 935 N.W.2d 24, 38 (Iowa
2019) (concluding Muhammad committed an intentional act and explaining “[i]t
could well be, of course, that Muhammad did not realize the ethical implications
of her conduct. Theft by misappropriation, however, is a general intent crime.”).
Similarly, Fischer argues he lacked the requisite intent to misappropriate
the $7,500 from Josh. We are not persuaded. Fischer has not provided a
justification for taking the $7,500. Instead, he admits he did not have the
authorization to use the $7,500 for anything besides payment toward the agreed 14
settlement. Fischer is a seasoned attorney who should have at least looked into
the status of the $6,198 check when Travelers moved for enforcement of the full
$15,000 judgment. Also, he should not have taken the $1,302 from Josh towards
his brother’s fees because he was “mad” and without approval from his client.
Fischer’s arguments that his actions were unintentional and just due to poor
record-keeping do not square with the facts. Fischer did not inform his clients of
Travelers’ motion to enforce the judgment, the hearing, and the judgment against
them for over three years. Fischer did not and has not reimbursed Josh for the
$1,302 used to cover James’s attorney fees. Thus, we conclude Fischer
misappropriated $7,500 of settlement funds he received from Josh Osborn.
IV. Sanction.
The commission and Board recommend revocation. “There is no place in
our profession for attorneys who convert funds entrusted to them.” Iowa Sup. Ct.
Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Guthrie, 901 N.W.2d 493, 500 (Iowa 2017) (quoting Iowa
Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Thomas, 844 N.W.2d 111, 117 (Iowa 2014)).
Normally, “[m]isappropriation of funds held in trust ‘results in revocation, except
in instances in which the attorney had a colorable future claim to the funds or
did not take the funds for personal use.’ ” Kozlik, 943 N.W.2d at 598 (quoting
Iowa Sup. Ct. Att’y Disciplinary Bd. v. Carter, 847 N.W.2d 228, 232 (Iowa 2014)).
“When an attorney converts funds without a colorable future claim, ‘we need not
consider mitigating and aggravating factors that may be present.’ ” Id. at 600 15
(quoting Guthrie, 901 N.W.2d at 500). Under the colorable future claim defense,1
“[a]n attorney in a disciplinary proceeding bears the burden of coming forward
with evidence of a colorable future claim, but the burden to prove conversion
remains with the Board.” Id. at 598 (quoting Carter, 847 N.W.2d at 232–33).
In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Widdison, an audit
revealed “a difference between the client account balances and the check register
balance of $2899.01” and seven stale client accounts. 960 N.W.2d at 95. We
concluded the attorney violated our ethical rules because he “failed to return
unused client funds for over one year after the matters were closed.” Id. However,
we did not believe his “actions demonstrated an intent to enrich himself or to
harm his clients nor do we find that he engaged in intentional misconduct related
to the stale client accounts.” Id. Technical violations “of the client trust account
rules carry a lesser sanction than conversion of client funds.” Id. at 96. Because
his “violations of the client trust account rules were minor, unintentional, and
did not create client harm,” we did not revoke his license. Id. at 96, 98. But see
Kozlik, 943 N.W.2d at 598, 600 (revoking the attorney’s license to practice law
because it was implausible for him to have a colorable claim of almost $30,000
of fees when the estate capped fees at just over $9,000 and his “unauthorized
1In Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Parrish, we determined that “when
a lawyer takes client funds provided for a special purpose, the future claim of right defense is inapplicable.” 925 N.W.2d 163, 179 (Iowa 2019). Although the colorable claim defense is no longer available when an attorney misappropriates client funds designated for a specific purpose, such as a settlement payment, Parrish was decided after Fischer had misappropriated the settlement funds. In any event, Fischer failed to show he had a colorable future claim to the $7,500 he converted. 16
payments to himself did not at all correlate to the fees he allegedly earned or the
expenses he allegedly incurred”).
Unlike the unintentional math errors in Widdison, Fischer intentionally
converted $1,302 within days of receiving payment from Josh because he “was
mad.” He later converted $6,198 when he knew Travelers never cashed the check
for that amount. Fischer for over three years intentionally refrained from
informing his clients about Travelers’ motion to enforce the settlement and
resulting judgment. Fischer’s misappropriation caused additional client harm:
James had to pay $2,990 more for the settlement and Josh paid more than his
share of legal fees. Fischer had no justification to use the $7,500 for anything
other than payment on the settlement agreement. And throughout the
disciplinary process Fischer was unable to identify a legitimate reason to justify
his admitted withdrawal of the $6,198. We conclude the Board has demonstrated
by a convincing preponderance of the evidence that Fischer’s misappropriation
was an intentional act of theft, not a technical violation, and revocation is the
appropriate sanction.
V. Disposition.
We revoke Fischer’s license to practice law in the State of Iowa. All costs
of this proceeding are assessed against him. Iowa Ct. R. 36.24(1). He must
comply with the notification and other requirements of Iowa Court Rule 34.24(1).
Under our rules, Fischer “may apply for readmission after a period of at least five
years.” Kozlik, 943 N.W.2d at 600; see Iowa Ct. R. 34.25(7). To be readmitted, 17
Fischer must show he is “of good moral character” and “worthy of readmission
to the bar.” Iowa Ct. R. 34.25(9).
LICENSE REVOKED.