Invensure Insurance Brokers, Inc.

• Court: United States Bankruptcy Court, C.D. California
• Decided: March 4, 2020
• Docket: 8:19-bk-11889
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 FILED & ENTERED 3 4 MAR 04 2020 5 CLERK U.S. BANKRUPTCY COURT Central District of California 6 BY bolte DEPUTY CLERK 7 8 UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA — Santa Ana Division 10 |} Inre Case No. 8:19-bk-11889-SC 11 |} INVENSURE INSURANCE BROKERS, INC., Chapter 11 12 Debtor. 13 ORDER AND MEMORANDUM 14 DECISION SUSTAINING DEBTOR’S OBJECTION TO CLAIM #5 Hearing to be vacated: 16 Date: March 5, 2020 Time: 11:00 a.m. 17 Place: Courtroom 5C 411 W. Fourth Street 18 Santa Ana, CA 92701 19 20 21 Before the Court is Debtor’s Objection filed October 30, 2019 [Dk. 107] to Claim 22 || No. 5. Proof of Claim (“POC”) No. 5 was filed on September 22, 2019 by Duncan E. 23 || Prince and ERM Insurance Brokers, Inc. (“Claimants” or “Creditors”) for $824,710.93, 24 |/an amount which is comprised of two components: 1) a pre-petition, post-judgment 25 || order entered in State Court on May 14, 2019 of $578,847.58 for expert and attorney’s 26 || fees, and 2) post-judgment interest on that order of $245,863.35. 27 Debtor does not object to the May 14, 2019 post-judgment order of $578,847.58 28 || for expert and attorney’s fees, but objects to Claimants’ purported entitlement to post-

1 || judgment interest of $245,863.35. Claimant specifies in its POC that the $245,863.35 is 2 || based on interest calculated as follows: (1) $245,861.38 is for 10% interest on the May 3 2019 award of $575,252.60 for expert and attorney’s fees beginning from the 4 || February 6, 2015 entry of judgment to the date of the filing of the Bankruptcy, May 16, 5 2019, and (2) $1.97 is for 10% interest on the May 14, 2019 award of $3,595.00 in 6 ||attorney’s fees incurred post-appeal beginning from May 14, 2019 to May 16, 2019. 7 Claimants filed an opposition on November 27, 2019 [Dk. 132]. Debtor replied on 8 || December 5, 2019 [Dk. 137]. On December 12, 2019, the Court conducted a hearing, 9 || with Carol Chow, Esq. appearing on behalf of Debtor, and Andrew Weiss, Esq. 10 appearing on behalf of Claimants. Having carefully considered the arguments raised at 11 ||the hearing and the record as a whole, the Court continued the hearing to March 5, 12 2020, and ordered the parties to jointly submit additional exhibits related to the State 13, || Court litigation and subsequent appeals. Pursuant to a scheduling order entered 14 || January 2, 2020 [Dk. 158], the parties were required to file a joint set of exhibits by 15 || January 31, 2020. 16 The Court has received Creditors’ Unilateral Lodgment of Exhibits filed January 17 ||31, 2020 [Dk. 178] and Debtor’s Additional Exhibits filed February 4, 2020 [Dk. 180], 18 || and notes that the Court’s order requiring joint submittal was not followed, without 19 || good cause. Nonetheless, the Court has reviewed all the pleadings and the docket as a 20 || whole, and finds good cause to vacate the March 5, 2020, hearing, and enter this order. For the reasons set forth fully below, the Court hereby finds that Claimants are 22 || not entitled to post-judgment interest of $245,863.35. Thus, Debtor’s objection is 23 || SUSTAINED and Claim No. 5 is reduced to $578,847.58. In reaching its conclusion, the 24 || Court’s analysis turns on whether post-judgment interest ceased to accrue in light of the 25 Claimants’ execution of an acknowledgment of full satisfaction.! 26 27 {| ——_____—_ ' While the December 12, 2019 hearing centered primarily on the issue of whether the Court of Appeals reversed or 28 || modified the February 6, 2015 judgment, after further consideration and analysis, the Court has determined that reaching such a conclusion would not be dispositive. Rather, the dispositive issue before the Court is whether

1 I. Background 2 On July 1, 2013, Claimants initiated a civil action against Debtor in Superior 3 || Court for the State of California for the County of Orange (“State Court”), captioned 4 || Prince v. Invensure Insurance Brokers, Inc., Case No. 30-2013-00638387-CU-BC-CJC. 5 || Ajudgment in favor of Claimants was entered on February 6, 2015. 6 Pre-Judgment Expert Fees? On February 26, 2015, Claimants submitted their memorandum of costs, which 8 included a request for $134,682.53 in expert witness fees. Debtor filed a motion to tax or 9 || strike costs, which sought a complete reduction of the requested expert fees. Claimants 10 || filed an opposition, and Debtor subsequently filed a reply. In its minute order dated 11 || April 28, 2015, the State Court reduced the requested expert fees by $129,409.58, 12 || awarding only $5,272.95 in requested expert fees. 13 Pre-Judgment Attorney’s Fees 14 On April 10, 2015, Claimants filed a motion seeking $445,843.00 in attorney’s 15 || fees. Debtor objected, and Claimants filed an opposition. The State Court ultimately 16 || decided the issue of attorney’s fees in its May 20, 2015 minute order, denying Claimants’ 17 || motion. 18 Actions Taken During and After Appeal 19 Claimants appealed the State Court’s orders on attorney’s and expert fees, filing a 20 || Notice of Appeal on June 18, 2015.3 The Court of Appeal for the State of California 21 || issued an opinion dated May 18, 2018, which reversed and remanded both issues. Back 22 State Court, Claimants filed a motion for reconsideration which sought reversal of the 23 || reduction of $129,409.58 in expert fees and $815,729.00 in attorney’s fees. The parties 24 25 || ———- interest ceased to accrue on the in light of Claimants’ execution of an acknowledgment of full satisfaction as 26 || opposed to partial satisfaction. * Subsequent to the initial motions and resulting minute orders, the issue of pre-judgment expert fees and attorney’s 27 || fees were collapsed and combined at the appellate level and after remand; however, each is discussed separately herein for ease of reference and clarity. 28 ||} According to the Court of Appeal opinion dated May 18, 2018, both parties filed appeals. However, the issues relevant to this proceeding are limited to Claimants’ appeal.

1 || fully briefed the matters, and the State Court conducted a hearing on May 6, 2019. The 2 Court took the matter under submission and, in its minute order dated May 14, 3 2019, awarded Claimants $129,409.58 in requested expert fees (which amount was in 4 || addition to the originally awarded $5,272.95) and $449,438.00 in requested attorney’s 5 || fees (which amount was the $445,843.00 previously requested and denied and the 6 || $3,595.00 incurred in prosecuting the motion for reconsideration). The Issue Presently before the Bankruptcy Court 8 The issue presently before this Court is whether Claimants are entitled to 9 || $245,863.35 in post-judgment interest on the May 14, 2019 award of attorney's and 10 || expert fees accruing from the dates specified in POC No. 5. 11 II. The Accrual of Interest on State Court Post-Judgment Awards is for State Court Pre-Judgment Costs and Fees stops after 13 execution of an Acknowledgement of Full Satisfaction 14 The issue of accrual of interest is generally straight-forward. Under California 15 || Law, interest in the amount of 10 percent per annum ordinarily begins to accrue on 16 || prejudgment costs and attorney’s fees upon entry of a state court judgment. Lucky 17 || United Properties Inv., Inc. v. Lee, 185 Cal. App. 4th 125, 137-38, 110 Cal. Rptr. 3d 159, 18 (2010), as modified on denial of reh'g (June 28, 2010). 19 “Generally, when a judgment includes an award of costs and fees, the amount of 20 || the award is left blank for future determination. After the parties file their motions for 21 and any motions to tax costs, the trial court holds a post judgment hearing to 22 determine the merits of the competing contentions. When the court's subsequent order 23 setting the final amount is filed, the clerk enters the amounts on the judgment nunc pro 24 || tunc." Bankes v. Lucas, 9 Cal. App. 4th 365, 369, 11 Cal. Rptr. 2d 723, 725 (1992). 25 || “These costs may include attorney fees, if authorized by contract, statute, or law (§ 26 1033.5, subd. (a)(10)). Most costs are obtained by filing a cost memorandum, although 27 || attorney fees require a separate noticed motion (§ 1033.5, subd. (c); Cal. Rules of Court, 28

1 || rule 3.1702)... In other words, the amount of the cost award is incorporated into the 2 ||judgment.” Lucky United Properties Inv., 185 Cal. App. 4th at 137. 8 The State Court judgment entered on February 6, 2015 left a blank space for 4 ||costs. Pursuant to the procedure outlined above, Claimants sought expert fees through a 5 memorandum of cost and attorney’s fees through a separate motion to be incorporated 6 || into the judgment. The foregoing case law would indicate that Claimants are entitled to 7 ||statutory interest running from the date of the original entry of judgment, February 6, 8 || 2015. However, the issue becomes more complicated when, as is the case here, 9 || Claimants execute an acknowledgment of full satisfaction of the original judgment and 10 || are subsequently awarded additional costs and fees after appeal. 11 On June 2, 2015, Claimants executed an acknowledgement of satisfaction, 12 || indicating that the February 6, 2015 judgment was satisfied in full.4 Debtor argues that 13 || the acknowledgement of full satisfaction of the February 6, 2015 judgment bars the 14 || Claimants from accruing any interest.5 While Debtor cited limited authority, the Court 15 || conducted further independent research to obtain a full appreciation of the relevant law® 16 || and legislative history. 17 It is well settled, subject to certain exceptions, that a “satisfaction of judgment is 18 ||the last act and end of the proceedings,” and a parties’ acknowledgment of satisfaction 19 terminate their right to recover additional awards made by the court. Brochier v. 20 || Brochier, 17 Cal. 2d 822, 825-826, 112 P.2d 602, 604 (1941); see also In re Estate of 21 || Baby, 87 Cal. 200, 202-203, (1890). Bo Further, pursuant to Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 685.030, “if a money judgment is 23 || satisfied in full other than pursuant to a writ under this title, interest ceases to accrue on 24 25, * The form executed by Claimants acknowledging satisfaction of judgment included an option for “partial” 26 satisfaction; however, the form was completed so as to indicate “full” satisfaction. > Claimants did not address the legal merit of the argument raised in Debtor’s objection that entry of the 27 || acknowledgement of full satisfaction of judgment terminated Claimants’ entitlement to interest in its opposition or orally at the December 12, 2019 hearing. 28 For an excellent understanding of the law on accord and satisfaction in California, see Bankruptcy Judge Christopher Klein’s decision, Jn re Dragnea, 609 B.R. 239 (Bank. E.D. Cal 2019).

1 date the judgment is satisfied in full.” A trial court may order restitution, upon 2 ||appropriate motion, where a judgment was paid during a pending appeal, and then the 3 ||judgment was reversed. Selby Constructors v. McCarthy, 91 Cal. App. 3d 517, 527, 154 4 || Cal. Rptr. 164, 170 (1979). However, that is not the circumstance before the Court in this 5 ||instance. Claimants did not file a notice of appeal until June 18, 2015, several weeks 6 || after executing a full satisfaction of judgment.7 Further, there is no evidence to indicate 7 the satisfaction of judgment has been set aside by appropriate proceedings for 8 || proper cause or otherwise vacated. Brochier, 17 Cal. 2d at 825-826. 9 Pursuant to the plain language of Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 685.030, and California 10 || decisional authority, this Court finds that Claimants’ execution of the full satisfaction of 11 ||judgment stopped any accrual of interest on the post-judgment award.® Thus, Claimants 12 |/are not entitled to any post-judgment interest on the award of attorney’s and expert fees 13 || entered on May 14, 2019. 14 III. While the Court’s ruling on the effect of Full Satisfaction ends 15 the discussion, without that final determination, Accrual of 16 Interest would depend on whether the Appellate Decision was a 17 “Reversal” or “Modification” of the State Court Judgment 18 In the unlikely event that the Court’s application of the law above relating to the 19 || effect of executing an acknowledgment of full satisfaction of judgment is overturned by 20 || any means, whether the May 18, 2018 decision by the Court of Appeals constituted a 21 || reversal or modification would govern the amount of interest, if any, to which Claimants 22 || are entitled. 23 24 || ——_—_o_@ée_ecqe 7 Claimants, orally at the December 12, 2019 hearing, acknowledged that the entry of full satisfaction of the 25 || judgment occurred before any appeal was filed. Claimants argue in their Opposition that costs incurred during an appeal are treated differently than prejudgment 26 || costs in order to justify accrual of interest on its $3,595.00 attorney’s fees award. However, the Court notes that the $3,595.00 in attorney’s fees were not related to costs incurred at the appellate level, but rather were incurred in 27 || prosecuting the motion for reconsideration at the trial court. “[T]rial court awards of costs and fees incurred on appeal do not constitute separate judgments. Rather, they are incorporated into the original trial court judgment as 28 || are all other awards of costs and fees.” Lucky United Properties Inv., Inc. v. Lee, 213 Cal. App. 4th 635, 654, 152 Cal. Rptr. 3d 641, 657 (2013), as modified on denial of reh'g (Feb. 26, 2013).

1 “When a judgment is modified upon appeal, whether upward or downward, the 2 sum draws interest from the date of the entry of the original order, not from the 3, || date of the new judgment. On the other hand, when a judgment is reversed on appeal 4 ||the new award subsequently entered by the trial court can bear interest only from the 5 || date of entry of such new judgment. Whether an order by an appellate court is a 6 || modification or a reversal depends on the substance and effect of that order.” Chodos v. 7 || Borman, 239 Cal. App. 4th 707, 712-13, 190 Cal. Rptr. 3d 889, 893-94 (2015) (citing 8 || Snapp v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 60 Cal. 2d 816, 821, 36 Cal. Rptr. 612, 615 (1964)) 9 || (emphasis added). 10 An appellate court order is “a reversal in the legal sense” when it reverses the trial | □

11 || court and remands an issue to the trial court for further hearing and factfinding 12 necessary to the resolution of the issue forming a basis for appeal. Stockton Theatres, 13, || Inc. v. Palermo, 55 Cal. 2d 439, 441, 444, 11 Cal. Rptr. 580, 581-583 (1961). 14 || Furthermore, when an appellate court determines that the trial court lacks authority to 15 || award damages at the point that the award is made, a reversal on appeal is a substantive 16 || reversal. Chodos, 239 Cal. App. 4th at 713. 17 Both parties rely on Stockton Theatres, Inc. v. Palermo. This case is the seminal 18 || case which teaches how to distinguish whether an appeallate decision operates as a legal 19 || modification or a reversal, and illustrates what a court may consider when seeking to 20 such a distinction. In Stockton, the plaintiff obtained a judgment and both sides 21 || appealed. The appellate court increased the amount of the judgment and expressly 22 ordered that the plaintiff recover costs on appeal. After issuance of the remitter, the 23 || plaintiff filed a memorandum of costs, which included $6,980.49 attributable to the cost 24 || surety bond. The trial court awarded all costs except for those attributable to the 25 surety bond, as reflected in its December 17, 1954 order. The plaintiff successfully 26 || appealed the disallowance of the $6,980.49. The reviewing court reversed and 27 || remanded to the trial court, holding that the plaintiff is entitled to the costs of the surety 28 || bond to the extent that the surety bond was reasonably necessary to preserve appellate

1 rights. The appellate court found that this was a legal reversal, as it had been 2 determined that bond premiums were recoverable but there had not been a hearing on 3 || the necessity for such a bond and neither party had presented evidence on that issue. 55 4 2d at 439—441. 5 In Stockton, after the hearing at which both parties offered evidence, the trial 6 || court concluded the bond was not necessary and again denied the item of cost of the 7 ||surety bond pursuant to an order dated April 12, 1957. The plaintiffs appealed again, 8 || and were again successful. The appellate court concluded that the evidence presented at 9g || the trial court level prior to the appeal supported a finding of necessity for the bond as a 10 || matter of law, and the trial court simply made an incorrect finding. The trial court's 11 || order was reversed with directions to allow the bond premium as a cost on appeal. 12 || Despite the appellate order being termed a reversal, this was deemed a legal 13 || modification. Id. at 439—444. 14 Following the remand, the trial court in Stockton allowed the costs of the surety 15 || bond pursuant to an order dated January 20, 1959. The trial court made its order 16 || effective from the date of its entry. This meant that the award was to bear interest only 17 || from that date, January 20, 1959, and not from the date that the costs were originally 18 taxed, December 17, 1954. The plaintiff moved to vacate the order, and the motion was 19 || denied. The plaintiffs appealed yet again. The appellate court concluded that interest 20 ||should have been awarded from the date of the trial court order finding the bond 21 || unnecessary and denying it as an item of costs (the April 12, 1957 order), but not from 22 || the original entry of judgment (the December 17, 1954 order). Id. at 439—444 23 The Stockton opinion noted that although the appellate court’s order reversing 24 || the trial court’s April 12, 1957 order finding that the bond was not necessary “was 25 couched in terms of a reversal with directions, it had the legal and practical effect of 26 || modifying the original award.” The court went on to explain that when the trial court 27 entered its January 20, 1959 award allowing the costs of the surety bond, the trial court, 28 || pursuant to directions from the appellate court, was necessarily deciding that not only

1 || was such item recoverable, but that it should have been recoverable as of April 12, 1957. 2 2 Where the appellate court issues a so-called ‘reversal’ with directions, based 4 solely on the record then before the appellate court, with no remaining issues to be 5 || determined, and no further evidence necessary to be obtained by the trial court, it is in 6 || fact and in law, a modification. Snapp, 60 Cal. 2d at 820. 7 IV. The Court of Appeals decision on Expert Fees was a Reversal, 8 while its decision on Attorney’s Fees was a Modification 9 In order to fully analyze the issue of whether the Court of Appeal’s May 18, 2018 10 || decision amounts to a legal modification or reversal of the State Court’s orders, this 11 || Court must look separately to the substance and effect of the two issues which were the 12 || subject of appeal and post-judgment award: pre-judgment expert and attorney’s fees. 13 Pre-Judgment Expert Fees 14 Turning first to the matter of expert fees, this Court finds that the Court of Appeal 15 || decision was a legal reversal. 16 The State Court’s April 28, 2015 minute order reduced the requested expert fees, 17 || citing only one reason for the reduction: “the first § 998 offer is ambiguous and the 18 second § 998 offer only applied to the complaint.” This Court notes that the § 998 issue 19 || was only one of multiple objections which were raised in the pleadings, but the finding 20 || made at the state court level would result in a categorical disallowance. The Court of 21 || Appeal acknowledged this fact as well, noting in its opinion that “[Debtor] raises several 22 || other issues with respect to recovery of expert fees, but we deem those best decided by 23 || the trial court in the first instance.” It is regrettable that the April 28, 2015 minute order 24 || does not indicate whether the State Court considered all arguments before it, or stopped 25 || at the preliminary § 998 analysis. If the § 998 issue was the sole basis for denial even 26 || after the State Court considered the other arguments raised, then the Court of Appeal’s 27 ||reversal of the State Court’s §998 finding would have the practical and legal effect of a 28 || “modification” because no further factfinding would be required to resolve the issue on

1 |} remand. However, the Court cannot reach this conclusion by looking at the language of 2 ||the order itself. 3 Given the ambiguity, this Court looks to the events that occurred after remand at 4 trial court level. Both parties fully briefed the matter of expert fees, providing 5 || significant evidence in support of their positions despite addressing generally the same 6 || issues raised before the appeal. Additionally, the State Court gave both parties the 7 || opportunity for oral argument by conducting the May 6, 2019 hearing. While the parties 8 not address the substantive arguments regarding the expert fees at the hearing, 9 || there is still no indication that the State Court had, at the time of its April 28, 2015 10 || minute order, addressed the balance of the arguments beyond the § 998 issue, which 11 |}included, but were not limited to, the improper inclusion of fees related to a federal 12 || action, the necessity of depositions and other testimony, and Claimants’ alleged failure 13 || to properly disclose billing rates. Even the Court of Appeals in its opinion seems to 14 || qualify that the § 998 issue may not be dispositive after remand, citing the other initial 15 arguments raised at the trial court level. 16 Given that there is no clear indication otherwise, this Court must take the Court 17 Appeal’s reversal and remand literally, and find that its decision dated May 8, 2018 18 ||amounted to a reversal in the legal sense. When it reversed and remanded the issue to 19 ||the State Court, it was under the circumstances that further hearing and factfinding 20 || necessary to the resolution of the issue forming a basis for appeal might be required. 21 Pre-Judgment Attorney’s Fees 99 As to attorney’s fees, this Court finds that the Court of Appeal’s decision was a 23 || modification. 24 The May 20, 2015 minute order denied Claimants’ motion for attorney’s fees 25 || because “the cause of action under Penal Code § [5]o2 is not inextricably linked to the 26 || cause of action for theft of trade secrets to allow recovery of intermingled attorneys’ fees. 27 || The evidence does not allow the court to allocate fees to the § 502 cause of action.” Also, 28 || before the court at the time of that ruling was one other argument: that the court should

1 || use its discretion to not award fees. The Court of Appeal found only that apportionment 2 || was unnecessary and did not address the matter of the State Court’s discretion to 3 || disallow the attorney’s fees on any other basis. However, unlike the matter of expert fees 4 || above, the Court of Appeals made no qualifying statement indicating that additional 5 arguments had been raised or were left to be decided upon. 6 Once again, the May 20, 2015 minute order does not indicate whether the State 7 Court considered all arguments before it, or stopped at the § 502 analysis. Looking to 8 events that occurred after remand, the Court notes that both parties fully briefed the 9 matter in state court, providing significant evidence in support of their pleadings. 10 || However, Debtor notably abandoned the argument that the State Court use its 11 || discretion not to award fees. Rather, Debtor argued that the motion was untimely, that 12 || Claimants should be limited to the original amount of fees requested9, and that the 13 || motion lacked sufficient evidence to support at least $381,518.00 of the $812,134.00 in 14 || attorney’s fees sought. The State Court held a hearing on May 6, 2019, giving the parties 15 ||the opportunity for oral argument, but the parties did not discuss anything specific to 16 || the topic of attorney’s fees. 17 Given the fact that the Court of Appeal made no qualifying statements about 18 || remaining issues to be considered on remand by the State Court, but had done so in the 19 ||same opinion with regard to expert fees, and bolstered by Debtor’s abandonment of its 20 discretion argument and the language of the State Court in awarding the amount of 21 ||attorney’s fees as “requested in the original motion,” this Court finds it likely that, but 22 the § 502 issue which was clarified on remand, the State Court’s May 20, 2015 23 minute order would have resulted in an award for Claimants of $445,843.00 in 24 || attorney’s fees, the amount requested in the original motion. Despite the full briefing by 25 ||the parties, no new evidence to be obtained by the State Court on remand would have 26 || affected the May 20, 2015 minute order. Therefore, the Court of Appeal’s decision dated 27 28 light of the Court of Appeal’s holding on apportionment, Claimants sought $812,134.00 in attorney’s fees in its motion for reconsideration, instead of the $445,843.00 originally requested before the appeal.

1 || May 18, 2018 had the practical and legal effect of a “modification,” as no additional 2 || factfinding after the reversal was required to resolve the issue. 3 Therefore, this Court finds that if the Claimants had not executed a full 4 || satisfaction of judgment, the Court of Appeals decision on expert fees was a legal 5 || reversal and interest should accrue from the entry of the new judgment, May 14, 2019, 6 || while the Court of Appeals decision on pre-judgment attorney’s fees was a modification, 7 ||and so interest should accrue from the date of the original judgment, February 6, 2015. 8 || If Claimants had not executed a full satisfaction of the original judgment, the total 9 ||amount of Claimant’s post judgment interest would be reduced from $245,863.35 to 10 || $190,624.96.1° 11 V. Conclusion 12 The Court hereby finds that Claimants are not entitled to interest on the May 14, 13 || 2019 judgment as the execution of an acknowledgement of full satisfaction of judgment 14 ||stopped the accrual of any future interest. Thus, the Debtor’s objection is SUSTAINED, 15 the March 5, 2020, hearing is hereby vacated. 16 ITISSO ORDERED. | 17 ### 18 19 20 21 22 ftvt □□□ 23 Date: ____ March 4, 2020 fom 24 U.S. Bankruptcy Court 25 66 Ob This sum is calculated by adding: (1) $70.91 is for 10% interest on the May 14, 2019 award of $129,409.58 for 27 || expert fees beginning from a May 14, 2019 entry of judgment to the date of the filing of the Bankruptcy, May 16, 2019, (2) $190,552.08 is 10% interest on the May 14, 2019 award of $445,843.00 for attorney’s fees beginning from 28 || February 6, 2015 to May 16, 2019, and (3) $1.97 is 10% interest on the May 14, 2019 award of $3,595.00 in attorney’s fees incurred post-appeal beginning from May 14, 2019 to May 16, 2019. 12