Innova Solutions, Inc. v. Baran

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: December 13, 2021
• Docket: 5:17-cv-03674-VKD
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 INNOVA SOLUTIONS, INC., Case No. 17-cv-03674-VKD

9 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART INNOVA 10 v. SOLUTIONS INC.’S MOTION FOR FEES AND COSTS PURSUANT TO 11 THE EQUAL ACCESS TO JUSTICE DONNA P. CAMPAGNOLO,1 ACT, 28 U.S.C. § 2412 12 Defendant. Re: Dkt. No. 88 13

14 I. BACKGROUND 15 In this action, Innova Solutions, Inc. (“Innova”) challenged the United States Citizenship 16 and Immigration Services’ (“USCIS”) decision denying Innova’s I-129 Petition for Nonimmigrant 17 Worker seeking an H-1B visa for its intended beneficiary, Dilip Dodda.2 On August 8, 2019, this 18 Court denied Innova’s motion for summary judgment and granted USCIS’s motion for summary 19 judgment. Innova appealed, and the Ninth Circuit reversed. Having prevailed before the Ninth 20 Circuit, Innova now moves this Court for an award of $148,625 in attorneys’ fees and $1,580.34 21 in costs pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412. USCIS opposes 22 the motion. Upon consideration of the moving and responding papers, as well as the oral 23 arguments presented, the Court grants in part and denies in part Innova’s motion for fees and 24

25 1 Pursuant to Rule 25(d), Donna P. Campagnolo, the Director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services’ California Service Center, is substituted in place of Kathy A. Baran. 26

2 Innova also challenged USCIS’s decisions regarding two other beneficiaries. The Court 27 adjudicated the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment with respect to Mr. Gogumalla. 1 costs.3 2 II. DISCUSSION 3 “‘The clearly stated objective of the EAJA is to eliminate financial disincentives for those 4 who would defend against unjustified governmental action and thereby to deter the unreasonable 5 exercise of Government authority.’” Ibrahim v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 912 F.3d 1147, 6 1166 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Ardestani v. I.N.S., 502 U.S. 129, 138 (1991)). To accomplish that 7 objective, the EAJA provides:

8 Except as otherwise specifically provided by statute, a court shall award to a prevailing party other than the United States fees and 9 other expenses, in addition to any costs awarded pursuant to subsection (a), incurred by that party in any civil action (other than 10 cases sounding in tort), including proceedings for judicial review of agency action, brought by or against the United States in any court 11 having jurisdiction of that action, unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that 12 special circumstances make an award unjust. 13 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). As relevant here, the term “party” includes “any owner of an 14 unincorporated business, or any partnership, corporation, association, . . . or organization, the net 15 worth of which did not exceed $7,000,000 at the time the civil action was filed, and which had not 16 more than 500 employees at the time the civil action was filed.” Id. § 2412(d)(2)(B)(ii). Any fee 17 application must be submitted to the court within 30 days of final judgment in the action and be 18 supported by an itemized statement. Id. § 2412(d)(1)(B). Thus, eligibility for a fee award requires 19 that (1) the party seeking fees is a “prevailing party”; (2) the party seeking fees meets the 20 employee and net worth requirements; (3) the fee application is timely filed and properly 21 supported; (4) the government’s position was not “substantially justified”; and (5) no “special 22 circumstances” make an award unjust. See Ibrahim, 912 F.3d at 1167 (citing Comm’r, I.N.S. v. 23 Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 158 (1990)). 24

25 3 All parties expressly consented that all proceedings in this matter may be heard and finally adjudicated by a magistrate judge. 28 U.S.C. § 636(c); Fed. R. Civ. P. 73. Review of the Ninth 26 Circuit’s docket indicates that the Ninth Circuit’s formal mandate was entered on March 11, 2021. See Innova Sols. v. Baran, Case No. 19-16849, Dkt. No. 67. Both sides have confirmed that apart 27 from resolving Innova’s present motion for fees and costs, no further action is required by this 1 In the present case, the first, third, and fifth factors are not at issue. USCIS opposes the fee 2 request on the grounds that (1) Innova has not shown, as a threshold matter, that it has fewer than 3 500 employees and that its net worth is less than $7 million; and (2) USCIS’s position was 4 substantially justified. USCIS also argues that even if Innova is entitled to an award, it has not 5 demonstrated that this case warrants EAJA fees at enhanced rates, and its claimed fees are 6 otherwise excessive.4 7 A. Whether Innova Is Eligible for a Fee Award 8 Under the EAJA’s definition of “party,” USCIS argues that Innova is not eligible for a fee 9 award because it had more than 500 employees and its net worth exceeded $7,000,000 at the time 10 the civil action was filed. See 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(B)(ii). As the party seeking fees, Innova 11 has the burden of establishing its eligibility for an award. Love v. Reilly, 924 F.2d 1492, 1494 (9th 12 Cir. 1991). 13 With its moving papers, Innova submitted the declaration of Umadevi Ramachandran, who 14 states that she is Innova’s “authorized representative” and attests that on June 27, 2017 when this 15 action was filed, Innova “had approximately 144 employees and a net worth of $1,054,381.” Dkt. 16 No. 88-2. In its reply, Innova clarified that Ms. Ramachandran is its Senior Manager of Human 17 Resources (see Dkt. No. 94 at 1; see also Dkt. No. 64-1 at 2, 13, 22, 28, 32, 29, 42, 44). 18 Additionally, Innova submitted what its counsel represents to be Innova’s 2017 federal tax return 19 showing that in 2017 Innova had total assets of $19,227,095 and total liabilities of $18,172,714, 20 leaving a net worth of $1,054,381. See Dkt. No. 94-1 at ECF 13. Although USCIS does not 21 dispute that net worth is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets (see Dkt. No. 92 22 at 10), it remains skeptical of Innova’s stated net worth because Innova’s documentation focuses 23 on the company’s domestic operations and does not account for Innova’s foreign affiliates. 24 Innova indisputably has foreign affiliates, including operations in India. However, Innova 25 maintains that it is the sole party before this Court and that USCIS is improperly treating different 26 Innova entities as a single entity for purposes of the EAJA. Innova’s counsel submits what he 27 1 represents to be articles of incorporation showing that Innova is a separate entity from Innova Pvt. 2 Ltd. in India. See Dkt. Nos. 94-4, 94-5. 3 At oral argument, USCIS acknowledged that the EAJA is silent regarding whether “party” 4 includes affiliates of the party to the action and informed the Court that there is no caselaw on 5 point. While there was some informality in Innova’s submission of its reply evidence, which was 6 not supported by any declaration, those documents tend to corroborate Ms. Ramachandran’s 7 declaration regarding Innova’s net worth at the time this action was filed. Absent authority or 8 evidence from USCIS indicating that this Court properly could or should consider the financial 9 condition of Innova’s affiliates for purposes of evaluating whether Innova is eligible for a fee 10 award, on the record presented the Court finds that Innova satisfies the requirements of a “party” 11 under 24 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(B)(ii). 12 B. Whether the Government’s Position Was Substantially Justified 13 USCIS bears the burden of showing that its position was substantially justified on the law 14 and the facts. Ibrahim, 912 F.3d at 1167. “Substantially justified does not mean ‘justified to a 15 high degree,’ but rather ‘justified in substance or in the main’—that is, justified to a degree that 16 could satisfy a reasonable person.’” Gonzales v. Free Speech Coalition, 408 F.3d 613, 618 (9th 17 Cir. 2005) (quoting Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988)). “Put another way, 18 substantially justified means there is a dispute over which ‘reasonable minds could differ.’” Id. 19 (quoting League of Women Voters of Cal. v. FCC, 798 F.2d 1255, 1260 (9th Cir. 1986)); see also 20 Ibrahim, 912 F.3d at 1167 (“To establish substantial justification, the government need not 21 establish that it was correct or ‘justified to a high degree’—indeed, since the movant is established 22 as a prevailing party it could never do so—but only that its position is one that ‘a reasonable 23 person could think it correct, that is, [that the position] has a reasonable basis in law and fact.’”) 24 (quoting Pierce, 487 U.S. at 565, 566 n.2)). 25 “When evaluating the government’s ‘position’ under the EAJA,” courts “consider both the 26 government’s litigation position and the ‘action or failure to act by the agency upon which the 27 civil action is based.’” Ibrahim, 912 F.3d at 1168 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B)). “Thus, 1 agency’s conduct, and the other toward the government’s attorneys’ conduct during litigation.” Id. 2 In determining whether the government’s position was substantially justified, courts should not 3 take a piecemeal approach, but should instead consider the totality of the circumstances and 4 examine the record as a whole and make a single finding. Id. at 1153. 5 In the present action, the parties disputed whether Innova established that Mr. Dodda 6 would perform a “specialty occupation” under any one of the four criteria under 8 C.F.R. 7 § 214.2(h)(4)(iii)(A). With respect to the first criterion, the parties disagreed over the 8 interpretation of the “computer programmer” description in the Occupational Outlook Handbook 9 (“OOH”)—namely, whether language that “most” computer programmers have a bachelor’s 10 degree means that a bachelor’s degree “normally” is required for such work. See Dkt. Nos. 61, 11 62.5 USCIS argues that its decision and litigation position were substantially justified because the 12 issue presented on the first criterion was one on which reasonable minds could differ. Here, the 13 government points to the absence of any circuit authority and the very few district court decisions 14 (reaching different conclusions) available at the time this matter was litigated before this Court. 15 Additionally, USCIS argues that substantial justification for its position is evidenced by this 16 Court’s order granting summary judgment in the agency’s favor. Innova maintains that neither the 17 agency’s decision nor the government’s litigation position could be substantially justified in view 18 of the Ninth Circuit’s conclusion that USCIS’s decision was arbitrary and capricious. 19 Objective indicia, including the novelty of the issue involved and the view of other courts 20 on the merits, may be relevant, although not necessarily dispositive on the issue of substantial 21 justification. Gonzales, 408 F.3d at 618 (citing Pierce, 487 U.S. at 568). Additionally, the fact 22 that a government agency did not prevail on its position is not dispositive of the question whether 23 it was substantially justified. See, e.g., Pierce, 487 U.S. at 569 (“Conceivably, the Government 24 could take a position that is not substantially justified, yet win; even more likely, it could take a 25 position that is substantially justified, yet lose.”); Gonzales, 408 F.3d at 620 (“As the district court 26

27 5 The parties also disputed whether Innova met its burden to establish any of the three remaining 1 correctly recited the law, that the government lost ‘does not raise a presumption that its position 2 was not substantially justified.’”) (quoting Kali v. Bowen, 854 F.2d 329, 334 (9th Cir. 1988)). 3 Generally, courts should not rely on hindsight in assessing whether the government’s position was 4 substantially justified. See Gonzales, 408 F.3d at 620 (“By putting undue weight on the Supreme 5 Court’s holding on the merits, the district court seemed to rely on hindsight, rather than an 6 assessment of the reasonableness of the government’s position at the time of the litigation.”). 7 Nevertheless, where the Ninth Circuit finds that an agency’s decision was not supported by 8 substantial evidence, that is “a ‘strong indication’ that the ‘position of the United States’ in this 9 matter was not substantially justified.” Thangaraja v. Gonzales, 428 F.3d 870, 874 (9th Cir. 10 2005). “Indeed, it will be only a ‘decidedly unusual case in which there is substantial justification 11 under the EAJA even though the agency’s decision was reversed as lacking in reasonable, 12 substantial and probative evidence in the record.’” Id. (quoting Al-Harbi v. I.N.S., 284 F.3d 1080, 13 1085 (9th Cir. 2002)). 14 In the present action, the Ninth Circuit found that USCIS’s position with respect to the 15 OOH was arbitrary and capricious, thus providing a “strong indication” that the government’s 16 position, both at the agency level and in the litigation, was not a matter on which reasonable minds 17 could differ. Thangaraja, 428 F.3d at 874. Indeed, the Ninth Circuit found that USCIS’s 18 “reasoning is beyond saving,” stating that “[t]here is no ‘rational connection’ between the only 19 source USCIS cited, which indicated most computer programmers have a bachelor’s degree and 20 that a bachelor’s degree is typically needed, and USCIS’s decision that a bachelor’s degree is not 21 normally required.” Innova Sols., Inc. v. Baran, 983 F.3d 428, 432 (9th Cir. 2020). Regardless of 22 this Court’s view of the merits, a conclusion that USCIS’s position was substantially justified is 23 foreclosed by the Ninth Circuit’s explicit findings. 24 Moreover, unlike Gonzales, where the district court placed “undue” weight on a 25 subsequent Supreme Court decision (following disagreement among the district court, several 26 circuit courts and within the Ninth Circuit panel), there is no such record before this Court in this 27 matter. Although there were varying decisions among a few district courts at the time this matter 1 policy had been in effect for only about two years before the matter was adjudicated by this Court. 2 USCIS has not shown that the present action is the “decidedly unusual case” in which there is 3 substantial justification for its position, notwithstanding reversal of the agency’s decision. 4 Thangaraja, 428 F.3d at 874. Accordingly, USCIS has not demonstrated that its position was 5 substantially justified. 6 C. Amount of Fee Award 7 Innova seeks $148,625 in attorneys’ fees and $1,580.34 in costs, which includes work 8 performed by three attorneys at a rate of $450 per hour (with attorney travel time billed at $200 9 per hour) and the work of a paralegal at $100 per hour. See Dkt. No. 88-1. USCIS does not 10 oppose a cost-of-living adjustment to the EAJA statutory rate,6 but nonetheless argues that an 11 enhanced rate is not warranted and that Innova’s claimed fees are excessive. 12 1. Requested Enhanced Hourly Rate 13 The EAJA provides that the amount of fees awarded “shall be based upon prevailing 14 market rates for the kind and quality of the services furnished”; however, fees shall not be 15 awarded at a rate of more than $125 per hour, “unless the court determines that an increase in the 16 cost of living or a special factor, such as the limited availability of qualified attorneys for the 17 proceedings involved, justifies a higher fee.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A). In the Ninth Circuit, 18 three requirements must be satisfied before a court may award fees above the statutory maximum: 19 (1) “the attorney must possess distinctive knowledge and skills developed through a practice 20 specialty”; (2) “those distinctive skills must be needed in the litigation”; and (3) “those skills must 21 not be available elsewhere at the statutory rate.” Love, 924 F.2d at 1496. 22 a. Distinctive Knowledge and Skills 23 Innova has demonstrated that its counsel David Sturman and David Wulkan possess 24 specialized skills in the field of immigration law. Mr. D. Sturman avers that he has practiced 25 6 USCIS calculated fees at the statutory rate, with a cost-of-living adjustment, based on the 26 annually adjusted rates in the Ninth Circuit’s schedule. See https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/attorneys/statutory-maximum-rates/. Putting aside that Innova 27 contends that fees should be awarded at an enhanced rate, at the motion hearing Innova confirmed 1 immigration law exclusively for over forty years, with twenty-five years of experience in federal 2 district and circuit courts, as well as strong familiarity with the H-1B adjudication process and 3 statutory and regulatory scheme. Dkt. No. 88-3. Additionally, he notes that he has been an active 4 member of the Los Angeles County Bar Immigration Section and the American Immigration 5 Lawyer Association. Id. Mr. Wulkan, who is also a member of the American Immigration 6 Lawyer Association, states that he has practiced immigration law exclusively for seven years, with 7 experience preparing approximately 1,000 H-1B petitions and familiarity with the statutory, 8 regulatory and policy requirements for such petitions. Dkt. No. 88-4. 9 Innova has not demonstrated that attorney Jonathan Sturman has distinctive knowledge and 10 skills developed through a practice specialty. Mr. J. Sturman’s declaration is vague regarding his 11 skills and experience. See Dkt. No. 88-5. He does not say how long he has been practicing law 12 generally or immigration law specifically; however, California bar records and this Court’s 13 admission records indicate that he obtained his California law license in December 2016 14 (approximately six months before the present action was filed) and became a member of the bar of 15 this Court a year later in December 2017 (approximately six months after the action was filed). 16 Therefore, he had been licensed to practice law for only about two years at the time of the 17 summary judgment hearing in Mr. Dodda’s case. Mr. J. Sturman states that he has been practicing 18 exclusively in the immigration field, “focus[ing] on federal litigation involving complex 19 immigration matters, and regularly responding to lengthy requests for additional evidence from 20 USCIS.” Id. He points to two other H-1B cases that appear to have been litigated at 21 approximately the same time as the present matter. In one of those cases, he is identified as co- 22 counsel with David Sturman and Mr. Wulkan; in the other, he served as co-counsel with David 23 Sturman. See Dkt. No. 88-5 (citing Eva Care Grp., LLC v. Baran, No. CV 17-4250-DMG (JPRx), 24 2018 WL 6071008 (C.D. Cal. May 23, 2018) and Innova Sols., Inc. v. Baran, No. 18-cv-09732 25 DDP (RAOx), 2019 WL 5748215 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2019)). Nevertheless, the nature and extent 26 of Mr. J. Sturman’s involvement in those other matters and the degree of experience he may have 27 gained is unclear. Finally, Innova also relies on the declaration of another practitioner, Lea 1 few years, she believes that he has “a deep understanding and expertise in both employment-based 2 immigration and federal litigation.” Dkt. No. 88-7. 3 The statutory exception for enhanced rates “refers to attorneys having some distinctive 4 knowledge or specialized skill needful for the litigation in question—as opposed to an 5 extraordinary level of the general lawyerly knowledge and ability useful in all litigation.” Pierce, 6 487 U.S. at 572. Moreover, all attorneys are expected “to be experts of their own cases and their 7 clients’ litigation goals.” Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Winter, 543 F.3d 1152, 1159 8 (9th Cir. 2008) (concluding that junior attorneys did not have sufficiently distinctive skills in 9 environmental law merely by participating in a companion case before the same court, involving 10 similar legal and factual issues, on behalf of nearly identical client and against the same agency, 11 but that other junior attorneys with publications, public speaking and outside research and 12 committee work did have sufficiently distinctive skills in environmental law). On this record, the 13 Court is unable to find that Jonathan Sturman has distinctive skills developed through a practice 14 specialty necessary for an award of EAJA fees at an enhanced rate. His work therefore will be 15 compensated at the EAJA statutory rate, with a cost-of-living adjustment. See Thangaraja, 428 16 F.3d at 876-77 (“Appropriate cost-of-living increases are calculated by multiplying the $125 17 statutory rate by the annual average consumer price index figure for all urban consumers (‘CPI- 18 U’) for the years in which counsel’s work was performed[.]”) (citing Sorenson v. Mink, 239 F.3d 19 1140, 1148 (9th Cir. 2001)). Fees for Mr. J. Sturman’s travel time will be awarded at the 20 requested rate of $200/hour, which is below the EAJA statutory rate for the relevant periods in 21 question. 22 The remainder of the discussion will focus on the work of Messrs. Wulkan and David 23 Sturman. 24 b. Necessary for the Litigation 25 For purposes of awarding fees at an enhanced rate, it is not sufficient for counsel to have 26 specialized skill. Innova must show how its attorneys’ specialized skill or knowledge was 27 necessary for the work performed in this action. Although the Ninth Circuit has observed that “a 1 rate,” Rueda-Menicucci v. I.N.S., 132 F.3d 493, 496 (9th Cir. 1997), it has declined to adopt a “per 2 se rule that the practice of immigration law should be classified as a specialty similar to practicing 3 patent law.” Thangaraja, 428 F.3d at 876 (internal quotations omitted). Thus, “immigration law 4 expertise, by itself,” does not justify an award based on enhanced hourly rates, “without a showing 5 that the attorneys possess distinctive knowledge or specialized skill necessary to this litigation[.]” 6 Nadarajah v. Holder, 569 F.3d 906, 913 (9th Cir. 2009). “Where such qualifications are 7 necessary and can be obtained only at rates in excess of the [statutory] cap, reimbursement above 8 that limit is allowed.” Pierce, 487 U.S. at 572. 9 Innova argues that a fee award based on an enhanced hourly rate of $450 is justified, 10 claiming that there is limited availability of qualified attorneys with the requisite skills and 11 experience to litigate the present action. The respective declarations of Messrs. D. Sturman and 12 Wulkan are somewhat conclusory. Mr. D. Sturman testifies to his belief that there is a shortage of 13 qualified and available attorneys with federal litigation experience and knowledge of the H-1B 14 adjudications process “in the Los Angeles area,” stating that most practitioners focus on 15 administrative proceedings. Dkt. No. 88-3. Mr. Wulkan states that based on discussions with 16 other attorneys in the American Immigration Lawyers Association, “there is a shortage of 17 qualified attorneys who can litigate employment-based immigration cases.” Dkt. No. 88-4. 18 Nevertheless, Innova also submits the declarations of two other practitioners who attest that the 19 present matter required employment-based immigration expertise, as well as strong familiarity 20 with the underlying administrative process and federal court practice. Dkt. Nos. 88-6, 88-7. Both 21 practitioners also aver that even on a nationwide level, immigration law attorneys with such 22 knowledge and experience are rare. Dkt. Nos. 88-6, 88-7. USCIS has presented no evidence to 23 the contrary. 24 Additionally, at the hearing on the present motion, Innova’s counsel argued that this action 25 was complex and required thorough knowledge of the H-1B administrative process, as well as 26 knowledge of USCIS’s interpretation of its regulations and how that interpretation changed over 27 time. Here, Innova points in particular to the March 31, 2017 USCIS memorandum PM-602- 1 rescinded its prior guidance on H-1B computer-related positions (see Dkt. No. 62-1)—a position 2 that Innova notes the agency has since reversed in light of the Ninth Circuit’s decision in this 3 action. 4 While USCIS does not deny that Innova’s counsel secured a significant result in this 5 matter, it argues that the record does not demonstrate that the issues presented required the kind of 6 “distinctive knowledge” or “specialized skill” contemplated by Pierce, or “‘knowledge of . . . 7 particular, esoteric nooks and crannies of immigration law . . . needed to give the alien a fair shot 8 at prevailing,’” Thangaraja, 428 F.3d at 876 (quoting Muhur v. Ashcroft, 382 F.3d 653, 656 (7th 9 Cir. 2004)). 10 Ultimately, the matter turned on USCIS’s interpretation of the OOH and the agency’s own 11 regulations, which the Ninth Circuit found to be unambiguous and capable of resolution based on 12 a “common sense reading” of the regulatory language. See Innova Sols., Inc., 983 F.3d at 433 & 13 n.9. As noted above, however, this litigation concerned a relatively recent change in the agency’s 14 policy regarding H-1B petitions and interpretation of the OOH, and the issues therefore required 15 something more than straightforward application of substantial evidence and H-1B standards. 16 Accordingly, Innova has demonstrated that Messrs. Wulkan and David Sturman have distinctive 17 knowledge and skills that were necessary to this litigation. 18 2. Hours 19 Although Innova has established entitlement to an enhanced rate for the work of Messrs. 20 Wulkan and David Sturman, it “must also show that the requested enhanced rates are ‘in line with 21 those [rates] prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably 22 comparable skill, experience and reputation.’” Nadarajah, 569 F.3d at 916 (quoting Blum v. 23 Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 & n.11 (1984)). “Generally, the relevant community is the forum in 24 which the district court sits.” Barjon v. Dalton, 132 F.3d 496, 500 (9th Cir. 1997). 25 Whether calculating attorney’s fees under California or federal law, courts follow the 26 lodestar approach. “The most useful starting point for determining the amount of a reasonable fee 27 is the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly 1 Teachers Ass’n. v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782 (1989). The party seeking an award of 2 fees should submit evidence supporting the hours worked and rates claimed. Id. 3 Innova “bears the burden of establishing entitlement to an award and documenting the 4 appropriate hours expended[.]” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. USCIS has “a burden of rebuttal that 5 requires submission of evidence to the district court challenging the accuracy and reasonableness 6 of the hours charged or the facts asserted by the prevailing party in its submitted affidavits.” 7 Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1397-98 (9th Cir. 1993). “Where the documentation of 8 hours is inadequate, the district court may reduce the award accordingly.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 9 433. A district court should also exclude from the lodestar fee calculation any hours that were not 10 “reasonably expended,” such as hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary. 11 See id. at 433-34; see also Chalmers, 796 F.2d at 1210 (“Those hours may be reduced by the court 12 where documentation of the hours is inadequate; if the case was overstaffed and hours are 13 duplicated; if the hours expended are deemed excessive or otherwise unnecessary.”). 14 Although Innova has submitted attorney declarations attesting to the reasonableness of the 15 requested $450 enhanced hourly rate in the Los Angeles area and on a purported “national basis,” 16 Innova has not offered any evidence of the rate prevailing in the Northern District of California 17 (the relevant forum) for attorneys of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation. See 18 Dkt. Nos. 88-3, 88-4, 88-6, 88-7. Nevertheless, in the Ninth Circuit’s 2009 decision in Nadarajah, 19 enhanced rates of $500/hour and $335/hour for attorneys with approximately 15 and 10 years of 20 experience, respectively, were noted to be below prevailing rates in the San Francisco Bay Area at 21 that time. See Nadarajah, 569 F.3d at 917-18. Additionally, Nadarajah indicates that an hourly 22 rate of $100 for Innova’s paralegal is reasonable. See id. at 918. More recently, a court in this 23 district approved hourly rates of $590, $600 and $625 for attorneys with extensive experience in a 24 complex and time-sensitive juvenile asylum matter involving the intersection of Special 25 Immigrant Juvenile Status, constitutional law and federal jurisdiction statutes. See Primero 26 Garcia v. Barr, 484 F. Supp. 3d 750, 756 (N.D. Cal. 2020). Notwithstanding the lack of forum- 27 based evidence from Innova, the Court finds that the requested enhanced $450 hourly rate 1 skill and experience. 2 USCIS contends that Innova’s claimed hours are excessive, arguing that counsel’s work on 3 Innova’s summary judgment briefing was duplicative. Additionally, USCIS argues that time spent 4 by a paralegal formatting and filing briefs and preparing tables of contents and authorities should 5 not be compensated, as those are purely clerical tasks. 6 Having reviewed the record, the Court finds that the hours spent by the attorneys in this 7 matter generally are reasonable. However, there are multiple entries in the submitted time sheets 8 that include block billing, not as to the task performed, but with respect to the attorneys 9 performing a single identified task. For example, in an entry for December 4, 2018, the time 10 sheets reflect that all three attorneys together spent a total of 2.25 hours “discuss[ing] strategy re 11 opposition/reply brief.” Dkt. No. 88-1 at 3. Because all three attorneys are grouped together in 12 this single entry, the Court infers that the total time in question is 2.25 hours and not 2.25 hours 13 per attorney. As there is no clear indication of the actual time each attorney may have spent on the 14 identified activity, the Court concludes that the fairest way to apportion the claimed time is to 15 divide the total hours evenly among the identified attorneys for each task and apply the applicable 16 rate to the apportioned time. The Court will otherwise award fees for the claimed hours without 17 reduction. 18 As for the claimed 12.75 hours of work performed by paralegal Jaye O’Brien, purely 19 clerical tasks generally are not recoverable in a motion for attorneys’ fees and should instead be 20 subsumed in normal overhead costs. See Nadarajah, 569 F.3d at 921 (“Apparently, the 21 government contends that the filing, transcript, and document organization time was clerical in 22 nature and should have been subsumed in firm overhead rather than billed at paralegal rates. This 23 contention has merit.”). Based on Innova’s submitted time sheets, the Court agrees that many of 24 the described tasks appear to be more clerical than legal in nature, with many entries noting that 25 the paralegal “formatted and filed” various documents. See Dkt. No. 88-1. Innova claims that 26 these paralegal hours were “billed at a significantly reduced rate” and are not clerical because the 27 time entries “represent the time for checking the cites and preparing the indexes, table of cases and 1 || nature. See Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 0.10 (1989) (noting that work that is legal (not 2 || clerical) and capable of bemg performed by a paralegal includes “factual investigation, including 3 || locating and interviewing witnesses; assistance with depositions, interrogatories, and document 4 |] production; compilation of statistical and financial data; checking legal citations; and drafting 5 || correspondence.”). However, Innova’s representations as to the nature of the billed paralegal tasks 6 || are not entirely accurate. For example, Innova claims 0.25 hours spent on October 18, 2018 7 || “[flormat[ing] and fil[ing] Jomt Status Report,” which correlates to a status report (Dkt. No. 58) 8 || with one page of substantive text (omitting the case caption, signature blocks and certificate of 9 || service) and contains no indices, table of cases, or legal citations whatsoever. Additionally, the 10 || Court agrees that the challenged September 19, 2019 time entry for 0.25 hours for “[c]onvert[ing] 11 || Notice of Appeal & Exhibits to PDF and Fil[ing] on ECF” is purely clerical and should be 12 || deducted from Innova’s total award. The Court therefore deducts a total of 0.5 hours of paralegal 13 || time as clerical in nature. Innova will be awarded a total of $1,225 for the paralegal’s work. 14 In sum, the Court awards fees at an enhanced rate of $450/hour for the work of Messrs. 3 15 || David Sturman and Wulkan: at EAJA statutory fees (with a cost-of-living adjustment) for the a 16 || work of Mr. Jonathan Sturman, plus Jonathan Sturman’s travel time at $200/hour; and $100/hour 2 17 || for the paralegal’s work as follows: 18 _Atormey/Parategat | Rate | Hours | Tota

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1 Attorney/Parategat | Rate | Hours, | Total | 892,008.11 3 As noted above, the government has not stated any objection to Innova’s itemized 4 || statement of costs (Dkt. No. 88-1 at ECF 7), which the Court has reviewed and finds reasonable. > || I. CONCLUSION 6 Based on the foregoing, Innova’s motion for EAJA fees and costs is granted in part and 7 || denied in part as follows: Innova is awarded $92,008.11 in fees and $1,580.34 in costs for a total 8 || award of $93,588.45. 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10 |} Dated: December 13, 2021 11 a 6& 2 2 ign, Me □□□□□□ VIRGINIA K. DEMARCHI United States Magistrate Judge

So 15

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