InjuryLoans.com, LLC v. Buenrostro

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: March 26, 2021
• Docket: 2:18-cv-01926
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

3 INJURYLOANS.COM, LLC; ADAM ) 4 STOKES, ) ) Case No.: 2:18-cv-01926-GMN-VCF 5 Plaintiffs, ) vs. ) ORDER 6 ) 7 SERGIO BUENROSTRO, et al., ) ) 8 Defendants. ) 9 Pending before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 97), filed by 10 Plaintiffs/Counter-Defendants Injury Loans, LLC (“Injury Loans”) and Adam Stokes 11 (“Stokes”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), regarding Defendant/Counterclaimant Sergio 12 Buenrostro’s (“Buenrostro’s”) Amended Counterclaim, (ECF No. 96). Buenrostro filed a 13 Response, (ECF No. 111), and Plaintiffs filed a Reply, (ECF No. 116). 14 Also pending before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 127), filed by 15 Defendant Citibank, N.A. (“Citi”). Plaintiffs filed a Response, (ECF No. 132), and Citi filed a 16 Reply, (ECF No. 139). 17 For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss and 18 GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Citi’s Motion to Dismiss. 19 I. BACKGROUND 20 This case arises from allegations that Buenrostro misappropriated proceeds of Plaintiffs’ 21 business. (See generally First Am. Compl. (“FAC”), ECF No. 110). Stokes is the owner of 22 Injury Loans, a limited liability company that finances personal injury lawsuits in exchange for 23 loan reimbursement and an interest in subsequent recovery. (Id. ¶¶ 14–16). Plaintiffs employed 24 Buenrostro as an administrator for Injury Loans. (Id. ¶ 17). 25 1 The events giving rise to this action began in 2017 after Stokes sustained a traumatic 2 brain injury that incapacitated him for several months. (Id. ¶ 18). Plaintiffs allege that 3 Buenrostro was not authorized to handle funds for Injury Loans within the scope of his 4 employment. (Id. ¶¶ 46–47). However, Plaintiffs contend that, “[w]hile Stokes was [] 5 incapacitated, Buenrostro ‘sold’ loans belonging to Injury Loans to third parties, intercepted 6 checks from Plaintiffs[’] mail box [sic], deposited these checks with Defendant Citigroup and 7 collected proceeds to which he was not entitled, but which belonged to Injury Loans and/or 8 Stokes.” (Id. ¶ 21). Buenrostro allegedly misrepresented his authority to third parties to sell 9 loans and collect loan proceeds. (Id. ¶¶ 21–23). 10 Plaintiffs allege that Buenrostro facilitated his scheme in a number of ways. First, 11 Buenrostro allegedly drafted a sham profit-sharing contract between himself and Stokes and 12 forged Stokes’s signature thereon. (Id ¶ 24(a)). Second, Buenrostro allegedly forged Stokes’s 13 endorsement on checks made out to Injury Loans. (Id. ¶ 24(b)). Third, Buenrostro allegedly 14 formed a sham LLC, S&S Marketing Consulting (“S&S”), which he registered under the 15 fictitious firm name “Injury Loans.” (Id. ¶ 24(c)). Buenrostro allegedly opened a bank account 16 for S&S at Citi where he would deposit checks made out to Injury Loans. (Id. ¶ 24(d)). 17 Buenrostro allegedly represented to others that he shared the bank account with Stokes and/or 18 “opened it with Stokes’[s] authorization by using Citibank documents purporting to bear 19 Stokes’[s] signature.” (Id. ¶ 24(f)). 20 II. LEGAL STANDARD 21 A. 12(b)(6) 22 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) mandates that a court dismiss a cause of action

23 that fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. 24 Comm’n, 720 F.3d 578, 581 (9th Cir. 1983). When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 25 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, dismissal is appropriate only when the complaint does not 1 give the defendant fair notice of a legally cognizable claim and the grounds on which it rests. 2 See Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). In considering whether the 3 complaint is sufficient to state a claim, the Court will take all material allegations as true and 4 construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See NL Indus., Inc. v. Kaplan, 792 5 F.2d 896, 898 (9th Cir. 1986). 6 The Court, however, is not required to accept as true allegations that are merely 7 conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences. See Sprewell v. Golden 8 State Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). A formulaic recitation of a cause of action 9 with conclusory allegations is not sufficient; a plaintiff must plead facts showing that a 10 violation is plausible, not just possible. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing 11 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). 12 “Generally, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling 13 on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion . . . However, material which is properly submitted as part of the 14 complaint may be considered on a motion to dismiss.” Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard 15 Feiner & Co., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n.19 (9th Cir. 1990) (citations omitted). Similarly, 16 “documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party 17 questions, but which are not physically attached to the pleading, may be considered in ruling on 18 a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss” without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for 19 summary judgement. Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir. 1994). Under Federal Rule 20 of Evidence 201, a court may take judicial notice of “matters of public record.” Mack v. S. Bay 21 Beer Distrib., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986). Otherwise, if the district court considers 22 materials outside of the pleadings, the motion to dismiss is converted into a motion for

23 summary judgement. See Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 925 (9th 24 Cir. 2001). 25 1 If the court grants a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, leave to amend should 2 be granted unless it is clear that the deficiencies of the complaint cannot be cured by 3 amendment. DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992). Pursuant 4 to Rule 15(a), the court should “freely” give leave to amend “when justice so requires,” and in 5 the absence of a reason such as “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the 6 movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue 7 prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of the 8 amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 9 B. Motion to Strike 10 Pursuant to Rule 12(f), a “court may strike from a pleading . . . any redundant, 11 immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” The district court may alternatively strike 12 pleadings under its “inherent power over the administration of its business. It has inherent 13 authority to regulate the conduct of attorneys who appear before it [and] to promulgate and 14 enforce rules for the management of litigation . . . .” Spurlock v. F.B.I., 69 F.3d 1010, 1016 (9th 15 Cir. 1995) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). 16 III. DISCUSSION 17 The Court first addresses Citi’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint before turning to 18 Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss Buenrostro’s Amended Counterclaim. 19 A. Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint, (ECF No. 127) 20 Plaintiffs argue that Citi bears liability for depositing Plaintiffs’ checks into Buenrostro’s 21 account for S&S. The First Amended Complaint asserts claims against Citi for: (1) 22 Negligence/Negligence Per Se; (2) Injunctive Relief; (3) Declaratory Relief; (4) Conversion;

23 (5) Violations of the UCC; and (6) Monies Had and Received. (FAC ¶¶ 66–94, 159–196, ECF 24 No. 110). Citi moves to dismiss the First Amended Complaint for its failure to state a claim 25 upon which relief can be granted. (See Citi’s Mot. Dismiss (“MTD”), ECF No. 127). Citi also 1 argues that Plaintiffs’ claim for money had and received should be stricken. (Id. 17:2–8). The 2 Court addresses each claim below. 3 1. Negligence/Negligence Per Se/UCC Violations1 4 Plaintiffs attempt to assert several negligence theories, which differ only in the alleged 5 source of duty Citi owed to Plaintiffs.2 (See FAC ¶¶ 66–94). Plaintiffs contend that Citi owed 6 them a duty of care arising in common law. (Id. ¶ 88). Plaintiffs also argue that Citi engaged in 7 negligence per se by failing to comply with the terms of the Patriot Act, the Bank Security Act, 8 and associated federal Know Your Customer and Customer Due Diligence regulations. (Id. ¶¶ 9 67, 72–79, 86–87). Finally, Plaintiffs contend that Citi engaged in negligence per se by failing 10 to comply with several provisions of UCC Article 3 as adopted by the Nevada Legislature, 11 specifically NRS 104.3110, 104.3202, 104.3305, and 104.3306. (Id. ¶¶ 67, 90, 187). The Court 12 dismisses each theory of negligence with prejudice. 13 Citi owes no common law duty of care to Plaintiffs. Generally, a bank’s duty of care 14 arises by contract and is therefore limited to its customers. See Mut. Serv. Cas. Ins. Co. v. 15 Elizabeth State Bank, 265 F.3d 601, 616 (7th Cir. 2001) (“But the duty of care is one implied 16 into the agreement between bank and depositor; it is a duty, in other words, that depends upon 17 the existence of a contract.”). To the extent Citi could owe a common law duty of care to 18 Plaintiffs, the duty is supplanted by the UCC. 3 The UCC preempts causes of action “displaced 19 20 1 The Complaint references the above-mentioned UCC sections as bases for duties in negligence and independent causes of action. (Compare FAC ¶ 90) (asserting that Citi engaged in negligence per se by violating NRS 21 104.3110, 104.3202, 104.3306) (with id. ¶¶ 185–189) (alleging the same sections, in addition to NRS 104.3305, provide a cause of action for “Violations of UCC”). The Court groups its analysis of the claims as Plaintiffs 22 offer no distinction between their pure statutory claims and the related negligence per se claims. Both allege that the UCC sections create duties that Citi breached, and the Court therefore treats them identically. 23 2 The alleged breach is Citi’s failure to conduct due diligence when depositing the checks in favor of Buenrostro. 24 (FAC ¶¶ 69–71, 90).

25 3 Even if the UCC does not displace a negligence action against a depositary bank, given that Citi owes no duty to Plaintiffs because Plaintiffs are not Citi customers, Plaintiffs’ common law negligence theory against Citi is not viable. Mut. Serv. Cas. Ins. Co., 265 F.3d at 616. 1 by provisions of this code.” See NRS 104.1103(2). There are two UCC provisions that create 2 causes of action by an employer against a depositary bank to recover instruments fraudulently 3 endorsed by an employee. NRS 104.3405 creates a cause of action in negligence against a 4 depositary bank wherein an employee entrusted with responsibility over the instrument 5 fraudulently endorses the instrument. See NRS 104.3405(2) and cmt. 1. Alternatively, if the 6 employee acted without responsibility, and the employer was not himself negligent in 7 safeguarding the check, then the depositary bank may be liable for conversion. See NRS 8 104.3420 (authorizing conversion theory for negotiable instruments); see also NRS 104.3405 9 cmt. 3 case no. 1 (explaining that a negligence action does not lie against the depositary bank 10 where an employee did not have authorization to receive a check he stole and deposited); NRS 11 104.3406 (explaining employers’ potential comparative negligence). Where, as here, “a 12 collecting bank . . . cashes a check on the unauthorized indorsement of the payee[, that bank] is 13 liable to the payee; . . . [but] it is through an action in conversion, not negligence.” Gil v. Bank 14 of Am., N.A., 42 Cal. Rptr. 3d 310, 314 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006) (analyzing corollary California 15 statute, Cal. Comm. Code § 3420(b)); see also Comm. Standard Ins. Co. v. Tab Constr., Inc., 16 583 P.2d 449, 451 (Nev. 1978) (explaining that Nevada courts look to California law where 17 Nevada case law is silent). 18 Plaintiffs’ negligence per se theories fare no better. Under a theory of negligence per se, 19 a plaintiff must allege that (1) he or she belongs to a class of persons that a statute is intended to 20 protect, (2) the plaintiff’s injuries are the type the statute is intended to prevent, (3) the 21 defendant violated the statute, (4) the violation was the legal cause of the plaintiff’s injury, and 22 (5) the plaintiff suffered damages. Anderson v. Baltrusaitis, 944 P.2d 797, 799 (Nev. 1997).

23 The statutes are not intended to prevent injuries like Plaintiffs’ because the statutes are not 24 preventative in nature; rather, Congress enacted the statutes “to ensure that certain business 25 records assist government agencies in conducting criminal, tax, or regulatory investigations.” 1 Venture Gen. Agency, LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 19-cv-02778-TSH, 2019 U.S. Dist. 2 LEXIS 129032, 2019 WL 3503109, at *6 (C.D. Cal. July 9, 2019) (quoting Martinez-Colon v. 3 Santander Nat’l Bank, 4 F. Supp. 2d 53, 57 (D. Puerto Rico 1998)). Courts appear to have held 4 unanimously that there is no private right of action under the Bank Security Act, Patriot Act, 5 and associated regulations either independently or under a theory of negligence per se. Id. 6 (collecting cases). 7 Likewise, there is no indicia that the provisions of the Nevada UCC Plaintiffs cite as 8 sources of duty authorize rights of action. NRS 104.3110 identifies how banks determine to 9 whom an instrument is initially payable, which may be relevant to competing claims to an 10 instrument but does not itself authorize a cause of action. See Crystaplex Plastics v. 11 Redevelopment Agency, 92 cal. Rptr. 2d 197 (Cal. Ct. App. 2000); Joffe v. United Cal. Bank, 12 190 Cal. Rptr. 443, 450 (Cal. Ct. App. 1983) (explaining the former corollary California 13 provision’s relevance to a breach of warranty claim). NRS 104.3202 indicates when a 14 negotiation of an instrument is effective and may be subject to rescission. As Plaintiffs do not 15 state a claim to recission of the instruments, there is no cognizable explanation for how the 16 statute applies here. NRS 104.3305 describes defenses and claims in recoupment against an 17 obligor. Here, Plaintiffs are not asserting claims against the obligors of the checks; rather, they 18 primarily assert claims against Buenrostro and S&S, the depositors, and Citi, the depositary 19 bank. NRS 104.3306 indicates that persons taking an instrument are subject to claims for the 20 proceeds thereof, but it is “silent as to the types of claims” allowed or “the elements of such 21 claims,” and the provision itself does not create a duty in negligence. See Mut. Serv. Cas. Ins. 22 Co., 265 F.3d at 621. Thus, as Plaintiffs have failed to assert a cognizable theory of negligence,

23 and it appears no set of facts would demonstrate a plausible negligence claim against Citi, the 24 Court dismisses the negligence and “violations of UCC” claims with prejudice. 25 // 1 2. Conversion 2 Plaintiffs contend that Citi is liable for conversion under NRS 104.3420, which extends 3 common law conversion involving personal property to negotiable instruments like checks. 4 (FAC ¶¶ 176–184). Citi moves to dismiss the claim, arguing only that Plaintiffs lack standing 5 because NRS 104.3420(1) expressly exempts claims by a payee “who did not receive delivery 6 of the instrument either directly or through delivery to any agent[.]” (MTD 14:10–14) (quoting 7 NRS 104.3420). Citi contends that because Plaintiffs did not receive the checks, and Plaintiffs 8 allege Buenrostro acted outside the scope of his agency when he took possession of the checks, 9 Plaintiffs are payees who did not receive delivery of the checks. (Id. 14:15–15:27). 10 Citi’s argument is unavailing. A plaintiff takes possession of an instrument if it is 11 delivered to his mailbox. See NRS 104.3420 cmt. 1 (“The payee receives delivery when the 12 check comes into the payee’s possession, as for example when it is put into the payee’s 13 mailbox.”). Here, Plaintiffs allege that Buenrostro took the checks from Plaintiffs’ mailbox 14 before depositing them into the S&S account with Stokes’s forged endorsement. (See FAC ¶¶ 15 178–79).4 Accordingly, Plaintiffs have standing to assert a claim for conversion against Citi, 16 and the Court therefore denies dismissal of the claim. See NRS 104.3420 cmt. 1 (explaining 17 that the statute “covers cases in which a depositary or payor bank takes an instrument bearing a 18 forged indorsement.”). 19 3. Money Had and Received 20 Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint raises a common law claim to money had and 21 received. (FAC ¶¶ 190–96). Citi requests that the Court strike the claim. (MTD 17:1–14). Citi 22

23 4 The instant claim has a similar defect to the Money Had and Received claim discussed below: Plaintiffs failed 24 to allege essential facts in the proposed First Amended Complaint attached to the Motion to Amend and instead raised the allegations in the version of the proposed First Amended Complaint appended to its Reply brief. 25 However, unlike the claim for Money Had and Received, Citi did not move to strike the claim, and the time to so move has now passed. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f)(2) (indicating a motion to strike is timely “either before responding to the pleading or, if a response is not allowed, within 21 days after being served with the pleading.”). 1 notes that pursuant to Local Rule 15-1(a), Plaintiffs attached a proposed First Amended 2 Complaint to their Motion to Amend. (See Mot. Am., ECF No. 66). However, in their Reply 3 brief in support of the Motion to Amend, Plaintiffs submitted a new proposed Amended 4 Complaint without leave of court. (See Ex. 1 to Reply Mot. Am., ECF No. 91-1). The 5 Magistrate Judge granted the Motion to Amend, which—pursuant to the Local Rules— 6 authorized Plaintiffs to submit the proposed Amended Complaint appended to their original 7 Motion, but not the one attached to their Reply. (Order, ECF No. 105); see LR 15-1 (“the 8 moving party must attached to the proposed amended pleading to a motion seeking leave of the 9 court to file an amended pleading . . . . [i]f the court grants leave to file an amended pleading, 10 and unless the court orders otherwise, the moving party must then file and serve the amended 11 pleading.”). Plaintiffs instead filed the proposed Amended Complaint attached to their Reply, 12 which contained the present claim for money had and received; whereas, the proposed amended 13 complaint attached to the Motion to Amend did not. (Compare FAC); (Ex. 1 to Reply Mot. 14 Am. 91-1); (with Ex. 3 to Mot. Am., ECF No. 66-3). Plaintiffs’ tardily proposed amendment 15 did not provide Citi a chance to respond to the new allegations. The Court finds good cause to 16 grant Citi’s request to strike the claim as Plaintiffs never received leave of court to present the 17 claim. See, e.g., Pike v. Hester, No. 3:12-cv-00283-RCJ-VPC, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 150527, 18 2014 WL 5410803, at *5 n.3 (D. Nev. Oct. 23, 2014) (granting the Motion to Strike because 19 filing a different version of the document from the one the court approved “ignore[d] the 20 confines of the Court’s leave to amend.”); cf. Peter D Holdings, LLC v. Wold Oil Props., LLC, 21 No. 17-CV-212-KHR, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 234029, 2018 WL 10399007, at *1 (D. Wyo. 22 Oct. 4, 2018) (granting leave to amend because a complaint adding a new party, but refraining

23 from changing the allegations therein, was not a “material difference” to the proposed amended 24 complaint). 25 // 1 4. Punitive Damages 2 In the First Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs seek punitive damages against Citi based 3 under their conversion and money had and received claims. (FAC ¶¶ 184, 196). Citi argues 4 that the requests for punitive damages should be stricken or dismissed because neither 5 underlying claim is an intentional tort. (MTD 17:20–18:15). As the Court has stricken the 6 claim for money had and received, the Court addresses whether Plaintiffs have adequately 7 alleged a basis for punitive damages under their conversion theory. 8 In Nevada, punitive damages may only be awarded “where it is proven by clear and 9 convincing evidence that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud or malice, express 10 or implied.” NRS 42.005(1). “‘Oppression’ means despicable conduct that subjects a person to 11 cruel and unjust hardship with conscious disregard of the rights of the person.” NRS 42.001(4). 12 “‘Fraud’ means an intentional misrepresentation, deception or concealment of a material fact 13 known to the person with the intent to deprive another person of his or her rights or property or 14 to otherwise injure another person.” NRS 42.001(2). “‘Malice, express or implied’ means 15 conduct which is intended to injure a person or despicable conduct which is engaged in with a 16 conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others.” NRS 42.001(3). “‘Conscious disregard’ 17 means the knowledge of the probable harmful consequences of a wrongful act and a willful and 18 deliberate failure to act to avoid those consequences.” NRS 42.001(1). “[Conscious disregard] 19 plainly requires evidence that a defendant acted with a culpable state of mind. . . . [A]t a 20 minimum, [it] must exceed mere recklessness or gross negligence.” Countrywide Home Loans, 21 Inc. v. Thitchener, 192 P.3d 243, 255 (Nev. 2008). 22 Here, Plaintiffs have alleged that Citi engaged in tortious conduct, but not conduct rising

23 to the level of oppression, fraud, or malice. (See FAC ¶¶ 176–183). Each standard requires 24 some degree of intentional or willful conduct, but Plaintiffs do not allege that Citi knew of 25 Buenrostro’s scheme and assented to his intent as a co-conspirator. (Id.). Accordingly, given 1 that Plaintiffs have not pleaded a factual basis in support of punitive damages, the Court 2 dismisses Plaintiffs’ request for the relief without prejudice. 3 5. Declaratory/Injunctive Relief 4 Plaintiffs assert claims to declaratory and injunctive relief against all Defendants. (FAC 5 ¶¶ 159–175). Citi notes that the claims are “non-substantive,” and seek only a particular 6 remedy. (See MTD at 5 n.2). However, Citi does not raise reasons to dismiss the claims. (Id.). 7 If the claims provided the only grounds for Citi to remain a party to the action, the Court would 8 need to address whether they should be dismissed against Citi. Given that the Court finds 9 Plaintiffs’ conversion claim may proceed against Citi, the Court need not address the nature of 10 the claims. Citi will remain a party to the action irrespective of whether the declaratory and 11 injunctive relief claims should be treated as independent claims to relief. 12 B. Motion to Dismiss Buenrostro’s Counterclaim, (ECF No. 97)5 13 On May 1, 2019, Buenrostro asserted a Counterclaim against Plaintiffs, which raised an 14 abuse of process claim premised upon Plaintiffs having allegedly initiated this case to distract 15 from law enforcement investigations into their conduct. (See Answer, ECF No. 19). The Court 16 dismissed the Counterclaim without prejudice. (See Order, ECF No. 79). In its Order, the 17 Court explained: 18 Courts applying Nevada law have consistently held that the mere filing of a complaint is insufficient to establish abuse of process. McClatchy, 622 F. Supp. at 19 752; Ging v. Showtime Entertainment, Inc., 570 F. Supp. 1080, 1083 (D. Nev. 1983) (finding that, under Nevada law, the initiation of a lawsuit does not 20 constitute the tortious act required as one of the elements of abuse of process); 21

22 5 Buenrostro asks the Court to certify questions regarding his abuse of process claim to the Nevada Supreme 23 Court, asserting that it must be true that commencement of an action upon fabrications provides a right of action. (Resp. Mot. Dismiss Am. Counterclaim 9:15–14:26, ECF No. 111). The Nevada Supreme Court may answer 24 questions of law “which may be determinative of the cause then pending in the certifying court and as to which it appears to the certifying court there is no controlling precedent in the decisions of the Supreme Court of this 25 state.” Nev. R. App. P. 5. Here, there is precedent regarding abuse of process claims, but Buenrostro is not satisfied with the clarity of its contours. Accordingly, the Court declines to certify Buenrostro’s proposed questions to the Nevada Supreme Court. 1 Rashidi v. Albright, 818 F. Supp. 1354, 1358–59 (D. Nev. 1983) (same); Bricklayers & Allied Craftsmen, Local Union No. 3 v. Masonry and Tile 2 Contractors Ass’n of Southern Nevada, 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18520, at *28 (D. Nev. 1990) (“Plaintiffs must include some allegation of abusive measures taken 3 after the filing of the complaint in order to state a claim.”). By contrast, examples 4 of where abuse of process has occurred include a party filing numerous motions solely for the purpose of coercing a settlement; or a plaintiff initiating a lawsuit 5 without adequate investigation beforehand, without seeking necessary evidence, and knowing that there is no basis for the lawsuit. See McClatchy, 622 F. Supp. at 6 752; Bull v. McCuskey, 615 P.2d 957, 960 (Nev. 1980), abrogated on other 7 grounds by Ace Truck & Equip. Rentals, Inc. v. Kahn, 746 P.2d 132 (Nev. 1987).

8 To state a claim for abuse of process, the claimant must allege two elements: (l) an 9 ulterior purpose by the opposing party other than resolving a legal dispute, and (2) a willful act 10 in the use of the legal process that is “not proper in the regular conduct of the proceeding.” 11 Kovacs v. Acosta, 787 P.2d 368, 369 (Nev. 1990). Liability for abuse of process is not imposed 12 for “the wrongful initiation of criminal or civil proceedings; it is the misuse of process, no 13 matter how properly obtained, for any purpose other than that which it was designed to 14 accomplish.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 682 cmt. a; Lamantia v. Redisi, 38 P.3d 877, 879 15 n.8 (Nev. 2002) (citing the Restatement); see also Golden v. Dungan, 97 Cal. Rptr. 577, 581 16 (Cal. Ct. App. 1971) (affirming dismissal of abuse of process claim based on initiation of an 17 action). Put differently, an ulterior purpose is not alone sufficient; the claimant must allege 18 facts plausibly indicating how the defendant willfully misused legal process to further the 19 improper purpose. See Land Baron Invs. Inc. v. Bonnie Springs Family Ltd., 356 P.3d 511, 519 20 (Nev. 2015) (“the claimant must provide facts, rather than conjecture, showing that the party 21 intended to use the legal process to further an ulterior purpose.”); see, e.g., Posadas v. City of 22 Reno, 851 P.2d 438, 445 (Nev. 1993) (allegedly attempting criminal prosecution to procure 23 defendant’s resignation); Bull, 615 P.2d at 960 (failing to investigate underlying facts before 24 initiating an action, and then maintaining the action despite insufficient evidence, in order to 25 procure a nuisance settlement); Nev. Credit Rating Bureau v. Williams, 503 P.2d 9, 12 (Nev. 1 1972) (filing an excessive attachment in an attempt to force payment of a claim instead of 2 obtaining security for debt); Laxalt v. McClatchy, 622 F. Supp. 737, 752 (D. Nev. 1985) 3 (summarizing Bull by explaining “It was the actions which the lawyer took (or failed to take) 4 after the filing of the complaint which constituted the abuse of process, and not the filing of the 5 complaint itself, which constituted the tort[.]”). 6 Buenrostro has alleged Plaintiffs’ ulterior purpose. Buenrostro contends that Plaintiffs 7 have “maintained this suit on false pretense to deflect [their] own misconduct onto a convenient 8 scapegoat, in an attempt to misdirect or otherwise confuse the myriad of ongoing investigations 9 and suits against Stokes [and Injury Loans].” (Am. Counterclaim ¶¶ 10–11, ECF No. 96). The 10 allegation satisfies the first element of the claim. 11 However, Buenrostro’s allegations are legally insufficient to demonstrate use of process 12 outside the scope of an ordinary legal proceeding to distract from the purported investigations. 13 The bulk of Buenrostro’s allegations concern Plaintiffs’ filing of the Complaint and the 14 allegations therein, but not procedural shenanigans taken to accomplish Plaintiffs’ allegedly 15 improper purpose after initiating this action. (See, e.g., Am. Counterclaim ¶¶ 15–23, 26–31 35, 16 37) (alleging that many of Plaintiffs’ allegations about Buenrostro are factually inaccurate). If 17 the allegations in the Complaint are false, Buenrostro may be able to allege a speech-based tort, 18 but a complaint’s factual allegations are not “process” actionable under an abuse of process 19 theory. Cf. Laxalt, 622 F. Supp. at 752. 20 Buenrostro’s Amended Counterclaim contains two allegations concerning Plaintiffs’ 21 supposed abuse of process: Plaintiffs’ alleged witness intimidation and their initiation of 22 duplicative actions in state court. (Id. ¶¶ 45–59). The former merely asserts that Plaintiffs have

23 intimidated witnesses in this action, which is a legal conclusion and not a plausible factual 24 allegation under Rule 12(b)(6). The latter also fails to support a cause of action for abuse of 25 process because Buenrostro’s non-conclusory factual allegations again concern the initiation of 1 suits but not improper uses of process post-filing. Even if there were sufficient factual 2 allegations about the process used by Plaintiffs, Buenrostro has not alleged the connection 3 between Plaintiffs’ improper use of process and their allegedly unlawful purpose. Accordingly, 4 the Amended Counterclaim is dismissed without prejudice. As Buenrostro has been provided 5 leave to amend but has failed to allege facts that would support an abuse of process theory, and 6 further amendment appears likely futile, the Court declines to again provide leave to amend. 7 Should Buenrostro be able to state a plausible claim, he may move to amend so that the Court 8 may review any proposed amendment before providing leave to file. 9 IV. CONCLUSION 10 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 97), is 11 GRANTED. 12 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Citi’s Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 127), is 13 GRANTED in part and DENIED in part consistent with the foregoing. 14 Dated this 2__5_ day of March, 2021. 15 16 17 ___________________________________ Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge 18 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 19 20 21 22 23 24 25