Virgin, J.
The principal question is, can a town incur expenses in opposing before a legislative committee, a division of its territorial limits. We are clearly of the opinion both upon principle and authority that it cannot.
Towns are created by the statute. The usual act of incorporation simply provides that certain defined territory, with the inhabitants resident thereon, be incorporated into a town by the name designated. In the absence of conditional provisions therein, an act of incorporation becomes imperative and binding whenever it [236]*236takes effect, without any formal acceptance on the part of its inhabitants. It has none of the elements of a contract, or compact, conferring a vested right upon its inhabitants as against the State, that the territorial limits of the town shall continue as when incorporated for any particular period; but it is simply an act of legislation, enacted for the public good, to be amended or repealed only by the sovereign power which created it, whenever and however, under the constitution, it deems the same end may require. The citizens of the town, as such, have ño power to change even its name. Thus created it becomes an institution of the State, established for certain public purposes, and for effecting those purposes, it is invested with certain corporate powers, and is charged with corresponding duties — all either expressly or impliedly provided for in the statutes, and adapted to their peculiar nature. Within the proper scope of these purposes, powers and duties, its corporate acts bind the corporation; while all others being foreign thereto, are without law and of no binding effect. Rumford v. Wood, 13 Mass., 193 ; Hooper v. Emery, 14 Maine, 375 ; Gorham v. Springfield, 21 Maine, 58; Ham v. Sawyer, 38 Maine, 37, 1 Dillon Mun. Corp., §§ 17, et seg.
Among the corporate powers of a town is that of “raising such sums as are necessary for the” purposes specifically enumerated in the statutes; “and for other necessary town charges,” R. S., e. 3, § 35. In this section, if in any, is to be found the authority of Westbrook to incur the expenses sought to be recovered in this action. The raising of money to be expended in opposing the division, not being provided for in totidem verbis, must be considered unauthorized unless it may be included in the general clause —“other necessary town charges.”
The full meaning of this phrase was defined before the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, by C. J. Parker, in Stetson v. Kempton, 13 Mass., 272. The question was whether the town of Eairhaven could raise money to resist the landing of British troops then lying in sight off the coast, threatening to land and lay waste the dwellings and other property of its inhabitants. The court [237]*237say — “none will suppose, that under this form of expression, every tax will be legal which the town should choose to sanction. The proper construction of the terms must be, that in addition to the money" to be raised for the poor, schools, &c., towns might raise such sums as should be necessary to meet the ordinary expenses of the year; such as the payment of such municipal officers as they should be obliged to employ; the support and defence of such actions as they might be parties to; and the expenses they would incur in performing such duties as the laws imposed — as the erection of powder-houses, providing ammunition, making and repairing highways and town-roads and other things of a like nature— which are necessary charges, because the effect of a legal discharge of their corporate duty. The erection of public buildings for the accommodation of the inhabitants, such as town-houses to assemble in, and market-houses for the sale of provisions, may also be a proper town charge, and may come within the fair meaning of the term necessary; for these may be essential to the comfort and convenience of the citizens..... With respect to the defence of any town against the incursions of an enemy in time of war, it is difficult to see any principle upon which that can become a necessary town charge. , It is not a corporate duty to defend the town against an enemy. This is properly the business of the State,” &c.
The construction of this clause came before this court three years after the separation, in Bussey v. Gilmore, 3 Maine, 191, by which a tax for the discharge of a contract between a town and a toll bridge corporation for the free passage of the bridge by the citizens of the town, was held illegal upon the ground that the power to raise money for “necessary charges,” extends only to those expenses which are incident to the discharge of corporate duties. Weston, J., says: “The construction of the statute in relation to the authority of towns to raise, assess and collect money is so clearly stated and so fully illustrated in Stetson v. Kemp ton, that we have little occasion to say more than that we are entirely satisfied with the principles of that case and the deductions there drawn. The court remark that fit is important that it should be [238]*238known that the power of the majority over the property, and even the persons, of the minority, is limited by law to .such cases as are clearly provided for and defined by the statute which describes the powers of these corporations.’ By that decision, this principle did become known; and believing that it is justified, as well from considerations of public policy, as from a sound construction of the law, we have no disposition to modify or change it, if we had the power to do so, which we clearly have not. . . The generality of this phrase has received, in the case before referred to, a reasonable limitation. Without enumerating the objects which this term may be understood to embrace, it may in general be considered as extending to such expenses as are clearly incident to the execution of the power granted, or which necessarily arise in the fulfilment of the duties imposed by law.”
Passing over forty years and several cases relating to this subject decided in the interim, this court as constituted in 1863, in answer to certain questions submitted by the governor, said: “The words ‘other necessary town charges’ do not constitute a new and distinct grant of indefinite and unlimited power to raise money for any purpose whatsoever, at the will and pleasure of the majority. They embrace only all incidental expenses arising directly or indirectly in the due and legitimate exercise of the various powers conferred by statute. While towns may raise money to discharge all liabilities in the performance of their multiplied duties, they cannot (unless new powers are conferred, or an excess of power receives a subsequent legal ratification) transcend their authority and incur expenses in no way arising in its exercise.” Opinion of the Justices, 52 Maine, 598.
So, in Alley v. Edgecomb, 53 Maine, 448, Barrows, J., speaking for the court, said: “Beyond question or controversy, the right of towns to grant or to raise money depends upon authority derived from some statutory provision. Like other corporations, they have no powers that are not either expressly granted or necessarily implied from such as are granted, to enable them to discharge the special functions for which they were created, and such duties as are by law imposed upon them.”
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Virgin, J.
The principal question is, can a town incur expenses in opposing before a legislative committee, a division of its territorial limits. We are clearly of the opinion both upon principle and authority that it cannot.
Towns are created by the statute. The usual act of incorporation simply provides that certain defined territory, with the inhabitants resident thereon, be incorporated into a town by the name designated. In the absence of conditional provisions therein, an act of incorporation becomes imperative and binding whenever it [236]*236takes effect, without any formal acceptance on the part of its inhabitants. It has none of the elements of a contract, or compact, conferring a vested right upon its inhabitants as against the State, that the territorial limits of the town shall continue as when incorporated for any particular period; but it is simply an act of legislation, enacted for the public good, to be amended or repealed only by the sovereign power which created it, whenever and however, under the constitution, it deems the same end may require. The citizens of the town, as such, have ño power to change even its name. Thus created it becomes an institution of the State, established for certain public purposes, and for effecting those purposes, it is invested with certain corporate powers, and is charged with corresponding duties — all either expressly or impliedly provided for in the statutes, and adapted to their peculiar nature. Within the proper scope of these purposes, powers and duties, its corporate acts bind the corporation; while all others being foreign thereto, are without law and of no binding effect. Rumford v. Wood, 13 Mass., 193 ; Hooper v. Emery, 14 Maine, 375 ; Gorham v. Springfield, 21 Maine, 58; Ham v. Sawyer, 38 Maine, 37, 1 Dillon Mun. Corp., §§ 17, et seg.
Among the corporate powers of a town is that of “raising such sums as are necessary for the” purposes specifically enumerated in the statutes; “and for other necessary town charges,” R. S., e. 3, § 35. In this section, if in any, is to be found the authority of Westbrook to incur the expenses sought to be recovered in this action. The raising of money to be expended in opposing the division, not being provided for in totidem verbis, must be considered unauthorized unless it may be included in the general clause —“other necessary town charges.”
The full meaning of this phrase was defined before the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, by C. J. Parker, in Stetson v. Kempton, 13 Mass., 272. The question was whether the town of Eairhaven could raise money to resist the landing of British troops then lying in sight off the coast, threatening to land and lay waste the dwellings and other property of its inhabitants. The court [237]*237say — “none will suppose, that under this form of expression, every tax will be legal which the town should choose to sanction. The proper construction of the terms must be, that in addition to the money" to be raised for the poor, schools, &c., towns might raise such sums as should be necessary to meet the ordinary expenses of the year; such as the payment of such municipal officers as they should be obliged to employ; the support and defence of such actions as they might be parties to; and the expenses they would incur in performing such duties as the laws imposed — as the erection of powder-houses, providing ammunition, making and repairing highways and town-roads and other things of a like nature— which are necessary charges, because the effect of a legal discharge of their corporate duty. The erection of public buildings for the accommodation of the inhabitants, such as town-houses to assemble in, and market-houses for the sale of provisions, may also be a proper town charge, and may come within the fair meaning of the term necessary; for these may be essential to the comfort and convenience of the citizens..... With respect to the defence of any town against the incursions of an enemy in time of war, it is difficult to see any principle upon which that can become a necessary town charge. , It is not a corporate duty to defend the town against an enemy. This is properly the business of the State,” &c.
The construction of this clause came before this court three years after the separation, in Bussey v. Gilmore, 3 Maine, 191, by which a tax for the discharge of a contract between a town and a toll bridge corporation for the free passage of the bridge by the citizens of the town, was held illegal upon the ground that the power to raise money for “necessary charges,” extends only to those expenses which are incident to the discharge of corporate duties. Weston, J., says: “The construction of the statute in relation to the authority of towns to raise, assess and collect money is so clearly stated and so fully illustrated in Stetson v. Kemp ton, that we have little occasion to say more than that we are entirely satisfied with the principles of that case and the deductions there drawn. The court remark that fit is important that it should be [238]*238known that the power of the majority over the property, and even the persons, of the minority, is limited by law to .such cases as are clearly provided for and defined by the statute which describes the powers of these corporations.’ By that decision, this principle did become known; and believing that it is justified, as well from considerations of public policy, as from a sound construction of the law, we have no disposition to modify or change it, if we had the power to do so, which we clearly have not. . . The generality of this phrase has received, in the case before referred to, a reasonable limitation. Without enumerating the objects which this term may be understood to embrace, it may in general be considered as extending to such expenses as are clearly incident to the execution of the power granted, or which necessarily arise in the fulfilment of the duties imposed by law.”
Passing over forty years and several cases relating to this subject decided in the interim, this court as constituted in 1863, in answer to certain questions submitted by the governor, said: “The words ‘other necessary town charges’ do not constitute a new and distinct grant of indefinite and unlimited power to raise money for any purpose whatsoever, at the will and pleasure of the majority. They embrace only all incidental expenses arising directly or indirectly in the due and legitimate exercise of the various powers conferred by statute. While towns may raise money to discharge all liabilities in the performance of their multiplied duties, they cannot (unless new powers are conferred, or an excess of power receives a subsequent legal ratification) transcend their authority and incur expenses in no way arising in its exercise.” Opinion of the Justices, 52 Maine, 598.
So, in Alley v. Edgecomb, 53 Maine, 448, Barrows, J., speaking for the court, said: “Beyond question or controversy, the right of towns to grant or to raise money depends upon authority derived from some statutory provision. Like other corporations, they have no powers that are not either expressly granted or necessarily implied from such as are granted, to enable them to discharge the special functions for which they were created, and such duties as are by law imposed upon them.”
[239]*239In 1873, the court in Massachusetts, in deciding whether a town has the right to pay the expenses of a committee directed by vote of the town to petition the legislature for the annexation of the town to the city of Boston, and to appear with counsel to advocate the annexation, — by Endicott, J., said: “Upon a review of the authorities and upon principle, it is very clear that towns, deriving all their power to raise money and tax their inhabitants from the statutes, must necessarily be confined in their expenditures of money, and the consequent power to tax their inhabitants therefor, to the objects and purposes named in the statutes, and to those other objects and purposes not named, but so connected with and incidental to the objects named, and so directly within the line of their corporate duty and power in the ordinary administration of their affairs as towns, that they may fairly be presumed by necessary implication to be included in the words ‘other necessary charges.’ Such incidental power must spring from some power granted in terms, and relate to a subject matter set forth with distinctness in some portion of the statutes, and be one which is in some way necessary for the town to exercise in carrying out and performing its corporate duties, as an existing body politic. Else it has no power to tax its inhabitants; for the principle of a tax is that it is necessary by reason of a public duty in the town to do something in obedience to and imposed by public law.” Minot v. West Roxbury, Mass. Mss.
Again in 1874, in a very lucid and exhaustive opinion drawn by the same learned judge, the same court reaffirm them decision in Minot v. Roxbury, and declare that they “are clearly of opinion that a town has no corporate duty to defend its boundaries or existence before the legislature, and therefore no right to tax its inhabitants therefor.” Coolidge v. Brookline, Mass. Mss.
The last named case, after a very full examination, also decides that the provision in the statute of Massachusetts similar to our R. S., c. 2, §§ 26, 27 & 28 — providing substantially that petitions to the legislature “affecting the rights of towns” shall not be acted on without notice to the town as therein provided — “cannot be [240]*240held to enlarge existing rights or give to towns any powers or privileges not already possessed. The whole scope of these sections relates to notice, and the phraseology must be construed with reference to that purpose.” The opinion concludes as follows: “We think it is evident that it was the intention of this act that notice should be given to the inhabitants of towns of all petitions affecting their interests for the propose of giving them an opportunity to take proper action, and communicate their wishes on the subject to the legislature. Rut it is not to be presumed from the language of the act that it was intended to arm towns as corporations with the power to raise money to prevent before the legislature, any change in the boundaries, • or rights over their territory, which it is the constitutional duty of the legislature to make, if the public good requires. The legislature might well hesitate to give such power, not only because it might obstruct the action of the legislative body, but be open to great abuse, and obnoxious to a sound public policy.”
In Frankfort v. Winterport, 54 Maine, 250, this court decided that the town, in its corporate capacity, cannot legally raise and expend money for the purpose of sending lobby members to oppose before the legislature a division of the town. This was the question then before' the court requiring and receiving a decision. The remark in the opinion that the court does not wish “to be understood as overruling the doctrine of the case of Batchelder v. Epping, 28 N. H., 534” was foreign to the question and at most a dictum. The next succeeding sentence that “undoubtedly all corporations and towns, as quasi corporations, may use all lawful means to advance or protect their rights before any legally constituted tribunal, and for that purpose may employ agents or attorneys, but are restricted to a reasonable number,” we now hold to be sound law provided the word rights has the signification hereinbefore indicated. R. S., c. 3, § 1; Knowlton v. Plantation, No. 4, 14 Maine, 20. Thus understood, we reaffirm the decision; but so far as the opinion may be considered as indicating the view that a town may raise money to pay even an attorney for [241]*241appearing before a committee of tbe legislature to oppose a division of the town, we think, for the reason stated, and upon the authorities cited, it cannot be sustained.
The votes of the town in relation to the building of the bridge were passed March 20, 1871. They took effect from their date. Bigelow v. Hillman, 37 Maine, 52. What was their effect? Under article three the town simply declared its determination to build such a bridge as would accommodate the public travel, and constituted their selectmen, eo nomine, agents. Under article four, the town authoi’ized their agents “ to raise such sums of money, by loan, as is necessary, in their judgment, to meet the expenses of building a good, substantial bridge.”
It cannot be seriously contended that these votes of themselves created any debt, liability or cause of action against Westbrook. They simply made it possible for their agents to create a liability, by subsequent action within their scope. The contract made between their agents and Blodgett & Curry on March 30, 1871, by virtue of the authority granted by the votes, created the liability of the town. Prior to that time the act of incorporation of the defendant town had taken effect. Judgment for defendants.
Appleton, C. J., Walton, Dickerson, Barrows and Peters, JJ., concurred.