Morton J.
afterward drew up the opinion of the Court.
The whole difficulty in the case arises from the double capacity with which the towns of this Commonwealth are invested. All the towns originally acted, and some of them still continue to act, not only as towns but also as parishes, performing with the same organization, and by the same officers, both municipal and parochial duties. Hence it frequently becomes difficult to determine when they act in the one capacity and when in the other. Very often the only criterion is the character of the act done. If it be an act falling within the [323]*323province of a town, it is deemed municipal; if within the province of a parish, it is deemed parochial. It formerly was usual, and even now is not very infrequent, to have only one series of records, in which are indiscriminately blended acts and votes of both characters.
The land in question was, when sold, undoubtedly the property of Ludlow, but whether it held it in its municipal or its parochial character, is the question which we are now to decide. These two characters, in all legal inquiries, must be kept distinct, and should no more be confounded than if they were two separate corporations. Their powers and duties are not only different, but quite dissimilar. And the union of the two capacities in one corporate entity by the consequent blending of their votes and proceeding, tends to lead to the confusion of legal principles.
A town, by its incorporation, becomes invested with the powers and subject to the duties and liabilities of a parish. These continue until a legal separation is effected. This generally in a short time is rendered expedient, by the union of some of the inhabitants to other religious societies, thus making the legal voters in the two cases different. When all the inhabitants of a town assume the character of a parish by organizing as such, or by becoming members of other religious societies, the parochial functions of the town cease.
The town of Ludlow continued to act in this double capacity from its first incorporation in 1774, till December 1835, when an attempt was made to give to it the separate organization of a parish. If this attempt was a successful one, it divested the town of its parochial character and transferred all its parochial powers, property and liabilities to the newly organized body. Or rather it constituted a separation of the two functions with their incidents, into two legal beings. But if here was no legal organization of a parish, then the town remains invested with both capacities and is entitled to recover the property, whether it may hold it in the one character or the other.
Some of the inhabitants of Ludlow had from time to time united themselves with other religious societies within and without the territorial limits of the town. The residue re [324]*324mained members of and constituted the first parish They might continue to perform their parochial duties under the town organization, or, if they deemed it more convenient, might organize themselves as a separate corporation, thus making themselves successors of the town in its parochial character.
The St. 1736, c. 10, regulated the manner of calling and conducting parish meetings. But it applied only to existing religious corporations, and did not extend to the primary organization of such bodies. Hence when a new parish or religious society was created, a special legislative provision was deemed necessary to enable it to choose the officers or agents required for the exercise of its corporate functions. Undei this statute, § 2, a justice of the peace was authorized, upon proper application, to call a meeting whenever there was a want of the proper officers, for the purpose, or they should “ unreasonably refuse ” to do it. This provision doubtless applied to towns acting parochially, as well as to parishes, and gave to justices the power to call meetings only in the cases therein specified.
The St. 1811, c. 6, provided for the formation of new re ligious societies and the organization of existing ones, without the intervention of the legislature or the civil magistracy
The St. 1823, c. 106, § 1, without affecting the then existing modes of calling meetings of, and organizing, religious societies, added some new and more liberal provisions on the subject. Oakes v. Hill, 10 Pick. 344; Fisher v. Whitman, 13 Pick. 350. It conferred upon “ any justice of the peace ” the general power in all cases where a parish or religious society “ is not organized agreeably to law,” “ upon application therefor, by any ten or more of the legal voters of such parish or religious society, to issue a warrant for calling the first meeting .thereof.” This provision is not only sufficient to extend to the first organization of a parish, which gives to it a separate corporate existence and by severing the parochial from the "municipal powers, destroys the double capacity of the town, but seems to be expressly adapted to and intended for that purpose.
The St. 1834, c. 183, § 6, is a revision, or, more properly, a reenactment of the above section. It is almost a literal [325]*325transcript of it and does not make the slightest alteration of its import. This latter is again revised in the Revised Stat. c. 20, § 26, 27, and 28. Although these sections contain some change of the language and the collocation of the words, yet we think the construction is the same, except that the application may be made by five instead of ten voters.
More than ten of the qualified voters of the parish in Ludlow applied to a magistrate of the county, to issue a warrant, which he accordingly did, directed to one of the applicants, who made service thereof. And in pursuance of it a meeting was holden and the usual parish officers were chosen. This was the proper mode of organizing a parish. The warrant was sufficient. The article, “ To choose a clerk and other necessary and usual parish officers,” gave the requisite notice of what officers might be chosen, and necessarily presented to the meeting the option to choose or to refuse to choose them. The service was in the manner then usual, and was made long enough before the time appointed for the meeting. We are therefore of opinion that the parish was lawfully organized.
Although the eleventh amendment of our constitution and our recent legislation, have made important alterations in our laws concerning religious societies and the support of public worship, and nearly destroyed the distinction between territorial and poll parishes, yet the principles of corporate identity and succession remain unchanged. The parish having come into legal existence succeeded to all the parochial property in the possession of the town.
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Morton J.
afterward drew up the opinion of the Court.
The whole difficulty in the case arises from the double capacity with which the towns of this Commonwealth are invested. All the towns originally acted, and some of them still continue to act, not only as towns but also as parishes, performing with the same organization, and by the same officers, both municipal and parochial duties. Hence it frequently becomes difficult to determine when they act in the one capacity and when in the other. Very often the only criterion is the character of the act done. If it be an act falling within the [323]*323province of a town, it is deemed municipal; if within the province of a parish, it is deemed parochial. It formerly was usual, and even now is not very infrequent, to have only one series of records, in which are indiscriminately blended acts and votes of both characters.
The land in question was, when sold, undoubtedly the property of Ludlow, but whether it held it in its municipal or its parochial character, is the question which we are now to decide. These two characters, in all legal inquiries, must be kept distinct, and should no more be confounded than if they were two separate corporations. Their powers and duties are not only different, but quite dissimilar. And the union of the two capacities in one corporate entity by the consequent blending of their votes and proceeding, tends to lead to the confusion of legal principles.
A town, by its incorporation, becomes invested with the powers and subject to the duties and liabilities of a parish. These continue until a legal separation is effected. This generally in a short time is rendered expedient, by the union of some of the inhabitants to other religious societies, thus making the legal voters in the two cases different. When all the inhabitants of a town assume the character of a parish by organizing as such, or by becoming members of other religious societies, the parochial functions of the town cease.
The town of Ludlow continued to act in this double capacity from its first incorporation in 1774, till December 1835, when an attempt was made to give to it the separate organization of a parish. If this attempt was a successful one, it divested the town of its parochial character and transferred all its parochial powers, property and liabilities to the newly organized body. Or rather it constituted a separation of the two functions with their incidents, into two legal beings. But if here was no legal organization of a parish, then the town remains invested with both capacities and is entitled to recover the property, whether it may hold it in the one character or the other.
Some of the inhabitants of Ludlow had from time to time united themselves with other religious societies within and without the territorial limits of the town. The residue re [324]*324mained members of and constituted the first parish They might continue to perform their parochial duties under the town organization, or, if they deemed it more convenient, might organize themselves as a separate corporation, thus making themselves successors of the town in its parochial character.
The St. 1736, c. 10, regulated the manner of calling and conducting parish meetings. But it applied only to existing religious corporations, and did not extend to the primary organization of such bodies. Hence when a new parish or religious society was created, a special legislative provision was deemed necessary to enable it to choose the officers or agents required for the exercise of its corporate functions. Undei this statute, § 2, a justice of the peace was authorized, upon proper application, to call a meeting whenever there was a want of the proper officers, for the purpose, or they should “ unreasonably refuse ” to do it. This provision doubtless applied to towns acting parochially, as well as to parishes, and gave to justices the power to call meetings only in the cases therein specified.
The St. 1811, c. 6, provided for the formation of new re ligious societies and the organization of existing ones, without the intervention of the legislature or the civil magistracy
The St. 1823, c. 106, § 1, without affecting the then existing modes of calling meetings of, and organizing, religious societies, added some new and more liberal provisions on the subject. Oakes v. Hill, 10 Pick. 344; Fisher v. Whitman, 13 Pick. 350. It conferred upon “ any justice of the peace ” the general power in all cases where a parish or religious society “ is not organized agreeably to law,” “ upon application therefor, by any ten or more of the legal voters of such parish or religious society, to issue a warrant for calling the first meeting .thereof.” This provision is not only sufficient to extend to the first organization of a parish, which gives to it a separate corporate existence and by severing the parochial from the "municipal powers, destroys the double capacity of the town, but seems to be expressly adapted to and intended for that purpose.
The St. 1834, c. 183, § 6, is a revision, or, more properly, a reenactment of the above section. It is almost a literal [325]*325transcript of it and does not make the slightest alteration of its import. This latter is again revised in the Revised Stat. c. 20, § 26, 27, and 28. Although these sections contain some change of the language and the collocation of the words, yet we think the construction is the same, except that the application may be made by five instead of ten voters.
More than ten of the qualified voters of the parish in Ludlow applied to a magistrate of the county, to issue a warrant, which he accordingly did, directed to one of the applicants, who made service thereof. And in pursuance of it a meeting was holden and the usual parish officers were chosen. This was the proper mode of organizing a parish. The warrant was sufficient. The article, “ To choose a clerk and other necessary and usual parish officers,” gave the requisite notice of what officers might be chosen, and necessarily presented to the meeting the option to choose or to refuse to choose them. The service was in the manner then usual, and was made long enough before the time appointed for the meeting. We are therefore of opinion that the parish was lawfully organized.
Although the eleventh amendment of our constitution and our recent legislation, have made important alterations in our laws concerning religious societies and the support of public worship, and nearly destroyed the distinction between territorial and poll parishes, yet the principles of corporate identity and succession remain unchanged. The parish having come into legal existence succeeded to all the parochial property in the possession of the town. Whether it was a ministerial fund, or parochial or ministerial land, would, in no way, affect their right to the succession. If the notes in question were parochial property, they vested in the parish and are rightfully held by the defendant as their treasurer and agent. This brings us back to the main question in the case. Were the lands for which the notes were given, held by the town of Ludlow in its municipal or its parochial capacity ?
From the examination of the records it is apparent, that these lands as they were originally held by the town of Springfield were of two kinds and held in different rights, a part of them having been reserved for the support of schools, and a part for the support of the ministry. When the new town was [326]*326incorporated, it was provided in the act of incorporation, that Ludlow “ shall have and hold their share and proportion of all ministry and school lands ” fyc. to be divided and set off according to the amount of tax by them paid.
This provision for the division of the property holden by the former town, between the old and new towns, was not de signed and had no tendency to change the nature or tenure of the property. It all remained subject to the same uses as before, although a part of it might pass to the new corporation. A long time elapsed before any division was made between the two towns. During this period, the legal estate not having been conveyed to the new town agreeably to this provision, necessarily remained in the old one.
In 1802 the two towns enter into an agreement for the settlement of the controversies which had grown out of their separation, and of their respective claims upon each other In this compact, for a consideration named, and for the adjustment of their controversies, the town of Springfield agrees to sell and convey to Ludlow uthe school lot ” so called, lying in Ludlow, and that the First Parish in Springfield, with their minister, shall sell and convey a certain part of “ the ministerial lot ” “ to be to the sole and only use, in trust for the ministry in said town of Ludlow; and not to be appropriated to any other purpose ; unless the said town, with the consent of the minister thereof, shall sell the said lots, and shall vest the proceeds of said sales in other lands within one year from said sales, which shall be conveyed to the above use and trust.”
It is perfectly clear that the parties to this arrangement, intended to make no distinction between these different parcels of property, but to appropriate and dedicate both to ministerial or parochial uses. This agreement was fully executed. The town of Springfield, the First Parish in Springfield and its pastor, and the town of Ludlow in its double capacity, were the parties to it. All their conflicting claims, disputes and controversies were adjusted, by a general compromise. It cannot be doubted that they had the power to make such a compromise. Under the act of incorporation, the town of Springfield had authority to convey a certain portion of its school land ; the minister and parish had power to convey a portion of their [327]*327ministerial land ; the town of Ludlow might relinquish a portion of each to get a good title to the residue. And it is not easy to perceive why they might not release their claim to one kind of the estate, that they might receive a conveyance of the other. If, in the adjustment of disputes between the two towns, Ludlow, for a sufficient consideration, had released their whole claim to both kinds of estate, the release would have been valid. The fact that they released their claim to school lands, can have no tendency to invalidate or in any manner affect the conveyance to them of ministerial lands.
In execution of the agreement between the two towns Springfield conveyed to Ludlow a lot or tract of land which, as they recite, “ the said town of Springfield had appropriated, sequestered and laid out as a school lot” “to be appropriated by said town of Ludlow to the use of the ministry in said town, and to no other use or purpose. To have and to hold to the said inhabitants of said town of Ludlow for the sole and only use and benefit and interest of the ministry in said town of Ludlow, and not to any other use or purpose forever.” The first parish and its pastor use substantially the same language in making a conveyance of “the ministry lot.” This language leaves no doubt of the intention of the parties. This conveyance was expressly by vote accepted by Ludlow, which must have been a parochial act, and was in pursuance of the previous assent of the town in its municipal capacity.
If the town of Ludlow was willing to have all the land which was to be conveyed, granted and appropriated to the use of the parish, and the parish was willing to receive it, why might not the town of Springfield thus convey it to the parish ? But whatever might have been the general powers of these corporations, we find in point of fact, that the town of Springfield did convey their school lot to Ludlow, for the use of the parish, that Ludlow did accept of the conveyance, that the conveyance was made in pursuance of an agreement or compromise to which Ludlow, in both characters of a town and a parish, as well as Springfield, had given their assent; and that this has been acquiesced in for more than thirty years. Whether any of these corporations transcended their legal authority or not, it is now too late to disturb their acts. The lapse of time has [328]*328shed its healing influences upon the transaction, and if any infirmities existed, has cured them.
In relation to-the conveyance of the “ ministry lot,” there can be no doubt. It was originally ministerial land ; it was conveyed and accepted as such, and unquestionably passed to the use of the parish.
Both lots of land were principally applied to parochial purposes. The occasional departures from such use can have no effect upon the nature of the estate. We think there can be no doubt that it vested in the parish and not in the town. Whether it became ministerial or parochial property, viz. whether the fee vested in the parish, or in the minister of the parish and his successors, we have not deemed it necessary to determine.
It is true that if it was of the latter description, a good title could be made only by the cooperation of the minister and parish. The town, acting of necessity in its parochial character, did actually convey the estate, by deeds containing the usual covenants of warranty. They had an interest which would pass by the conveyance, and the title would be good against everybody except the minister of the parish. His ability to interfere, or his actual interference, would not affect the validity of the notes or the right of property in them. The covenants of warranty bound the town in its parochial character, and are now obligatory on the parish. These, with the interest in the estate which passed to the several grantees, constitute a legal and sufficient consideration for the notes.
On the whole, we are of opinion that the organization of the parish in December 1835, was legal and valid ; that the land assigned by Springfield to Ludlow became the property of the latter town in its parochial capacity; that the proceeds of the sale of the land of course vested in the town in the same capacity, and constituted in their hands a ministerial fund ; that the parish, when organized, succeeded to all the parochial property, rights, duties and liabilities of the town, arid consequently became the legal owners of the notes in question, which their appropriate officer rightfully and properly holds.
According to the terms of the report, the verdict must be altered into a general verdict for the defendant,’ and judgment rendered on it
Dewey J. did not sit in the cause.