Shaw C. J.
delivered the opinion of the Court. The principal question in this case is, whether the pauper, Levi Maynard, had his legal settlement in the defendant town. It is conceded that he once had his legal settlement in that town ; and such settlement still remains, unless he has acquired one elsewhere. It is contended by the defendants, that he acquired a settlement in East Sudbury in the 12th mode provided by St. 1793, c. 34, § 2, by a residence of ten years, paying taxes five years out of that term.1
[4]*4Here the facts show, that Maynard resided in East Sudbury from April 8, 1818, to April 18, 1828, being in fact more than ten years, and that during that period he paid taxes more than five years. It further appears that from May 19th to June 16th 1818, the pauper was confined in the limits of the prison at Concord, being committed on an execution for debt; which period of 28 days, if deducted from the whole period of the pauper’s residence in East Sudbury, will reduce it to a period less than ten years. The question therefore is, whether, whilst a person is actually receiving assistance as a pauper, in a town other than that which is chargeable with his support, he can be said to have a residence, within the true meaning of the statute.
This statute has received a judicial construction in the case of East Sudbury v. Waltham, 13 Mass. R. 462, precisely applicable to this question. It is there held, that a residence within the meaning of the statute, is not a merely personal residence or domicile in a town, under any and all circumstances. Whilst a person is actually supported as a pauper, by a town, liable to his support, although resident in another town, he cannot at the same period be deemed to have such residence there, as, if continued for ten years, would give him a settlement. This the Court are of opinion is the sound and true construction of the statute ; and were it otherwise, a person might be living as a pauper, at the expense of one town, and at the same time be acquiring a settlement in another.2
This principle is decisive of the present case. During the period that Maynard was in gaol at Concord in 1818, he was relieved, either by that town or by the gaoler. The town of Sudbury were then liable for his support, and upon application did reimburse the sum so paid, as they were bound to do. During that period therefore he was supported by the defendants as a pauper. The time indeed was short, hut being deducted from the term of his alleged residence in the plaintiff town, will reduce the time below ten years, and of course prevent his acquiring a settlement in that town by residence.1
[5]*52. The other point presented by the report, upon the question of damages, is one of more difficulty. The facts upon this part of the case are, that a part of the supplies for which this action was brought, were furnished to Maynard and his family, after the expiration of the ten years, in October 1828. This sum was paid by East Sudbury to Concord, upon notice and demand, under a supposition at the time, that the settlement of the pauper was in East Sudbury. Notice was given by East Sudbury to Sudbury, within three months from the time that the money was paid by the former to Concord ; but not, as we are to infer from the argument, within three months from the time that the relief was given by the latter town to the paupers.
The question is, whether East Sudbury by paying to the town of Concord, although under a belief that the former was liable for the support of the pauper, when in fact he had not his legal settlement in that town, can maintain an action against the town of his settlement. It would certainly be attended with great inconvenience if such were the law. It would lead to circuity of action and increased litigation. It would encourage laxity, negligence and delay among overseers, in ascertaining the settlement of paupers, where great vigilance, activity and promptness are of the first public importance. Still the question depends mainly, if not wholly, upon the construction of the statute.2 St. 1793, c. 59, § 9.
[6]*6The objection is two-fold : —
1. Because the defendant town cannot be liable to the plain tiff town, for the relief of a person, though a settled inhabitant of the former, unless he comes within the description of “persons residing or found therein, not belonging thereto, but having lawful settlements in other towns or districts, when they fall into distress and stand in need of immediate relief.”
2. Because the inhabitants of a town are liable only for expenses incurred within three months next before notice given to the town.
One general observation may be made in regard to the ha bility of towns for the support of paupers, which is, that towns as such are under no natural or moral obligation to provide relief for the poor; that the duty is of mere positive obligation, created and charged upon them by the statute ; and that the nature and extent of such obligation are limited and controlled by the statute, and by the provisions of those statutes by which actions and other remedies against towns are given.1
In regard to the first ground of objection, the statute provides only, that towns shall afford immediate relief to persons found and residing therein, having lawful settlements in other towns ; the expenses whereof, incurred within three months next before notice, may be sued for and recovered by the town incurring the same, against the town where the pauper had his settlement. In the present case no such expense was incurred by the plaintiff town. Maynard did not fall into distress there, and therefore they were not bound to provide for him on that ground ; nor had he his settlement therein, and therefore they were not liable to reimburse those who had relieved his necessities in Concord. . The circumstance that they believed themselves liable and paid under such belief, can make no difference, as it does not bring the case within the letter or spirit of the statute, by force of which alone an action can be maintained against a town.
The case of Marlborough v. Rutland, 11 Mass. R. 483, cited for the plaintiffs, is quite distinguishable. There indeed [7]*7the pauper first became chargeable to Marlborough whilst residing in Spencer, and Marlborough paid Spencer the expense thus incurred. But the paupers were afterwards removed to Marlborough, and were supported there, and afterwards at the expense of Marlborough they were supported in Spencer. Had Marlborough recovered of Rutland any part of the sum paid by the former to Spencer, it would have been an authority for the present case. But this was not attempted. The paupers were actually supported as such in Marlborough, before they were placed at board in the town of Spencer, and so were chargeable to that town, as being therein and in actual distress. The only point ruled in that case was, that a town actually chargeable by force of the statute, may furnish the relief in another town, without impairing their remedy over. This does not touch the present case.2
2.
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Shaw C. J.
delivered the opinion of the Court. The principal question in this case is, whether the pauper, Levi Maynard, had his legal settlement in the defendant town. It is conceded that he once had his legal settlement in that town ; and such settlement still remains, unless he has acquired one elsewhere. It is contended by the defendants, that he acquired a settlement in East Sudbury in the 12th mode provided by St. 1793, c. 34, § 2, by a residence of ten years, paying taxes five years out of that term.1
[4]*4Here the facts show, that Maynard resided in East Sudbury from April 8, 1818, to April 18, 1828, being in fact more than ten years, and that during that period he paid taxes more than five years. It further appears that from May 19th to June 16th 1818, the pauper was confined in the limits of the prison at Concord, being committed on an execution for debt; which period of 28 days, if deducted from the whole period of the pauper’s residence in East Sudbury, will reduce it to a period less than ten years. The question therefore is, whether, whilst a person is actually receiving assistance as a pauper, in a town other than that which is chargeable with his support, he can be said to have a residence, within the true meaning of the statute.
This statute has received a judicial construction in the case of East Sudbury v. Waltham, 13 Mass. R. 462, precisely applicable to this question. It is there held, that a residence within the meaning of the statute, is not a merely personal residence or domicile in a town, under any and all circumstances. Whilst a person is actually supported as a pauper, by a town, liable to his support, although resident in another town, he cannot at the same period be deemed to have such residence there, as, if continued for ten years, would give him a settlement. This the Court are of opinion is the sound and true construction of the statute ; and were it otherwise, a person might be living as a pauper, at the expense of one town, and at the same time be acquiring a settlement in another.2
This principle is decisive of the present case. During the period that Maynard was in gaol at Concord in 1818, he was relieved, either by that town or by the gaoler. The town of Sudbury were then liable for his support, and upon application did reimburse the sum so paid, as they were bound to do. During that period therefore he was supported by the defendants as a pauper. The time indeed was short, hut being deducted from the term of his alleged residence in the plaintiff town, will reduce the time below ten years, and of course prevent his acquiring a settlement in that town by residence.1
[5]*52. The other point presented by the report, upon the question of damages, is one of more difficulty. The facts upon this part of the case are, that a part of the supplies for which this action was brought, were furnished to Maynard and his family, after the expiration of the ten years, in October 1828. This sum was paid by East Sudbury to Concord, upon notice and demand, under a supposition at the time, that the settlement of the pauper was in East Sudbury. Notice was given by East Sudbury to Sudbury, within three months from the time that the money was paid by the former to Concord ; but not, as we are to infer from the argument, within three months from the time that the relief was given by the latter town to the paupers.
The question is, whether East Sudbury by paying to the town of Concord, although under a belief that the former was liable for the support of the pauper, when in fact he had not his legal settlement in that town, can maintain an action against the town of his settlement. It would certainly be attended with great inconvenience if such were the law. It would lead to circuity of action and increased litigation. It would encourage laxity, negligence and delay among overseers, in ascertaining the settlement of paupers, where great vigilance, activity and promptness are of the first public importance. Still the question depends mainly, if not wholly, upon the construction of the statute.2 St. 1793, c. 59, § 9.
[6]*6The objection is two-fold : —
1. Because the defendant town cannot be liable to the plain tiff town, for the relief of a person, though a settled inhabitant of the former, unless he comes within the description of “persons residing or found therein, not belonging thereto, but having lawful settlements in other towns or districts, when they fall into distress and stand in need of immediate relief.”
2. Because the inhabitants of a town are liable only for expenses incurred within three months next before notice given to the town.
One general observation may be made in regard to the ha bility of towns for the support of paupers, which is, that towns as such are under no natural or moral obligation to provide relief for the poor; that the duty is of mere positive obligation, created and charged upon them by the statute ; and that the nature and extent of such obligation are limited and controlled by the statute, and by the provisions of those statutes by which actions and other remedies against towns are given.1
In regard to the first ground of objection, the statute provides only, that towns shall afford immediate relief to persons found and residing therein, having lawful settlements in other towns ; the expenses whereof, incurred within three months next before notice, may be sued for and recovered by the town incurring the same, against the town where the pauper had his settlement. In the present case no such expense was incurred by the plaintiff town. Maynard did not fall into distress there, and therefore they were not bound to provide for him on that ground ; nor had he his settlement therein, and therefore they were not liable to reimburse those who had relieved his necessities in Concord. . The circumstance that they believed themselves liable and paid under such belief, can make no difference, as it does not bring the case within the letter or spirit of the statute, by force of which alone an action can be maintained against a town.
The case of Marlborough v. Rutland, 11 Mass. R. 483, cited for the plaintiffs, is quite distinguishable. There indeed [7]*7the pauper first became chargeable to Marlborough whilst residing in Spencer, and Marlborough paid Spencer the expense thus incurred. But the paupers were afterwards removed to Marlborough, and were supported there, and afterwards at the expense of Marlborough they were supported in Spencer. Had Marlborough recovered of Rutland any part of the sum paid by the former to Spencer, it would have been an authority for the present case. But this was not attempted. The paupers were actually supported as such in Marlborough, before they were placed at board in the town of Spencer, and so were chargeable to that town, as being therein and in actual distress. The only point ruled in that case was, that a town actually chargeable by force of the statute, may furnish the relief in another town, without impairing their remedy over. This does not touch the present case.2
2. Upon the other part of the statute we are of opinion, tnat tne notice to be given, is notice of the expenses incurred for relief given within three months from the time that such relief is given, and not three months after the time of payment for supplies afforded at an anterior period ; otherwise, the beneficial intent of the statute, that the town ultimately liable shall have early notice of their liability, would be defeated.1
On both grounds therefore the Court are of opinion, that the plaintiffs cannot recover for that portion of their demand consisting of the money paid to Concord, and therefore that the verdict is to be reduced by deducting the sum of $ 73-48, and that judgment be entered on the verdict as thus amended. [10]*10remedy was an application to the mayor and aldermen for an abatement. St.. 1821, c, 109, § 8, 11 ; Osborn v. Danvers, 6 Pick. 98 ; Little v. Greenleaf, 7 Mass. R. 240. That course has been pursued, and the mayor and aldermen have made a decision against the plaintiff upon the merits. If they had jurisdiction, their decision is final. That they had jurisdiction in regard to the real estate, will not be denied ; and the defendants contend that they had jurisdiction in regard to the personal; for it must be inferred from the plaintiff’s letter, that he had personal property in Boston liable to be there taxed, as stock in trade, &c. otherwise he must have intended to evade taxation at Medford, and the Court will not presume a fraud. Gray v. Kettell, 12 Mass. R. 161.