RodmáN, J.
The only question presented by the appeal is this: In which class, A or C, do the named legatees fall for the -purpose of determining the rate of tax to- be paid on the properties they received under Mrs. Minishls will?
The answer as to. be found by an interpretation and application of the appropriate statutes, G.S. 105-2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 to tire admitted facts.
G.S. 105-4, iso far as here pertinent, reads: “ (a) Where the person . . .' entitled to any 'beneficial interest in such property shall be the lineal issue, or lineal ancestor, or 'husband or wife of the person who died possessed of such property aforesaid, or stepchild of the person who -died possessed of such property aforesaid, or child adopted by the decedent . . . at the following rates'oif tax . . . (Then-follows a tabulated rate based on values.) (fo) The persons mentioned in this olasis shall be entitled to the following exemptions: Widows-, ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00), each child under -twenty-one years of age, five thousand dollars ($5,000.00); .all other beneficiaries mentioned in this section,'two-thousand dollars ($2,000.00) each: Provided, a grandchild or grandchildren shall be allowed .the single exemption or pro rata part of the exemption of the parent, when the parent of 'any one grandchild or group of grandchildren is deceased or when the parent is living and does not share in the estate: Provided, that any part of the exemption not applied to the share of the parent may .be applied to- the share of a grandchild or .group of .grandchildren of such parent. The same rule shall apply to the taking under a will, and also in case of a specific legacy or devise . .
.”
G.S. 105-5, captioned “Rate of tax- — Class B,” provides: “Where the person or persons entitled to any beneficial interest in such property shall be ¡the brother or ¡sister or descendant of the brother or sister, or shall be the uncle or »aumt by blood of a person who died possessed aforesaid, at the following rates of tax . . .”
G.S. 105-6, entitled “Rate of tax — Olaiss C,” provides: “Where the person or persons entitled to any beneficial interest in such property shall be in any other degree of relationship or collateral consanguinity than> is hereinbefore stated, or shall be a stranger in blood to the person who 'died possessed as aforesaid, or shall be a body politic or corporate, at the following rates of tax . . .”
Legislative intent is the -test to be applied where a statute classifies persons for the purpose of measuring their tax liability.
Sale v. Johnson, Commissioner of Revenue,
258 N.C. 749, 129 S.E. 2d 465;
Canteen Service v. Johnson, Comr. of Revenue,
256 N.C. 155, 123 S.E. 2d 582;
Shue v. Scheidt, Comr. of Motor Vehicles,
252 N.C. 561, 114 S.E. 2d 237;
Watson Industries v. Shaw, Comr. of Revenue,
235 N.C. 203, 69 S.E. 2d 505.
Interpretation is of course unnecessary where the words used are so plain and unambiguous that no doubt can exist as to legislative intent and the proper 'application of the statutory language to a particular factual situation; but when the words used leave reasonable doubt as to what .the Legislature intended with respect to a particular factual situation, it is proper to look to legislative history, judicial interpretation of prior ¡statutes -dealing with the question, and the changes, if any, ¡made following a particular interpretation.
Insurance Co. v. Johnson, Comr. of Revenue,
257 N.C. 367, 126 S.E. 2d 92;
Cab Co. v. Charlotte,
234 N.C. 572, 68 S.E. 2d 433.
By clear and express language, if the property had been given to Mrs. Sutton or Mrs. Ingram, parents- of the legatees, their tax liability would be computed at the rate charged to .class A beneficiaries. Does this classification extend to their .children? Plaintiff says .the answer should be yes. Defendant siays it should be no.
Defendant would deny A ¡classification to. anyone other than those named in sub-sec. (a), G.S. 105-4, thereby confining .the 'Classification to lineal issue or stepchild or adopted child. He would ignore the provisions of .subsec. (b).
That subsection grants exemptions to “the persons mentioned in .this ■class.” What class? Manifestly the language refers to clase A beneficiaries. No exemptions are -allowed to class B or class C beneficiaries. The exemptions allowed class A beneficiaries are “each child under twenty-one years of age, five thousand dollars ($5,000.00); all other
beneficiaries mentioned 'in .this section, two thousand dollars ($2,-000.00) each . . .” If defendant’s reasoning is correct, the Legislature intended to prevent a testator from conferring equal benefits on stepchildren and natural children. The natural, if under twenty-one, would gat a $5,000 exemption; but the stepchild, if oif like age, could not get that exemption. He would be limited to $2,000. We do not believe tire Legislature intended to torce ¡the testator to draw a distinction between his children, whether they .are stepchildren or natural children. Especially is this so when, by sulbsac. (a), it has expressly authorized him to accord them equality.
The first proviso in ©ubsec. (b) permitting grandchildren to take the exemption a parent would ¡have taken iis of course limited to. the children of a natural child, because a stepchild does not, under our statutes of descent and 'distribution, succeed to the estate of hiis stepparent. A stepchild can take only by will. To protect the stepchildren as well as .the natural children- who may take, not by descent but by will of the person last seized, the Legislature said: “The same rule shall apply to the taking under .a will, and also, in case of a specific legacy or devise.” Doe® not this language mean that -a stepparent, instead of giving to a stepchild who would be entitled to an exemption, -might give -to ■the child of .a stepchild without depriving the ¡legatee of the exemption hi® .parent could claim? Certainly this is a reasonable -interpretation of the language used.
If ¡a husband -died, leaving -a widow -and a stepchild, child of the widow, and devised all, or substantially all, of hi© property to hiis, widow, would ábe be limited to- a $10,000 exemption or could she claim an exemption of $15,000 — $10,000 for herself and $5,000 for her minor ¡cihild? The last -proviso of isubsec. (b) would, we think, entitle the widow tool-aim an exemption of $15,000; but defendant’s interpretation would limit her exemption to $10,000.
Our present .inheritance ¡statute had its origin in. c. 9, P.L. 1901. That Act gave al-1 ¡who acquired -property as the -result of ¡the death of another’ an exemption of $2,000. It fixed five -classes of beneficiaries, each to be taxed at a different rate. The first class, now class A, was composed of “lineal issue or -lineal ancestor, brother or sister.” Property passing to a wife -or ¡husband or for religious, charitable, -or educational purposes was exempt from taxation.
The next session of the Legislature enlarged the first class of beneficiaries so as to include- those who. “.stood- in -the relation of .child to the .person Who died possessed . . .” c. 247, P.L. 1903.
■ The language of these acts carried forward in ¡subsequent -revenue acts was interpreted in
S. v. Bridgers,
161 N.C. 246, 76 S.E.
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RodmáN, J.
The only question presented by the appeal is this: In which class, A or C, do the named legatees fall for the -purpose of determining the rate of tax to- be paid on the properties they received under Mrs. Minishls will?
The answer as to. be found by an interpretation and application of the appropriate statutes, G.S. 105-2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 to tire admitted facts.
G.S. 105-4, iso far as here pertinent, reads: “ (a) Where the person . . .' entitled to any 'beneficial interest in such property shall be the lineal issue, or lineal ancestor, or 'husband or wife of the person who died possessed of such property aforesaid, or stepchild of the person who -died possessed of such property aforesaid, or child adopted by the decedent . . . at the following rates'oif tax . . . (Then-follows a tabulated rate based on values.) (fo) The persons mentioned in this olasis shall be entitled to the following exemptions: Widows-, ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00), each child under -twenty-one years of age, five thousand dollars ($5,000.00); .all other beneficiaries mentioned in this section,'two-thousand dollars ($2,000.00) each: Provided, a grandchild or grandchildren shall be allowed .the single exemption or pro rata part of the exemption of the parent, when the parent of 'any one grandchild or group of grandchildren is deceased or when the parent is living and does not share in the estate: Provided, that any part of the exemption not applied to the share of the parent may .be applied to- the share of a grandchild or .group of .grandchildren of such parent. The same rule shall apply to the taking under a will, and also in case of a specific legacy or devise . .
.”
G.S. 105-5, captioned “Rate of tax- — Class B,” provides: “Where the person or persons entitled to any beneficial interest in such property shall be ¡the brother or ¡sister or descendant of the brother or sister, or shall be the uncle or »aumt by blood of a person who died possessed aforesaid, at the following rates of tax . . .”
G.S. 105-6, entitled “Rate of tax — Olaiss C,” provides: “Where the person or persons entitled to any beneficial interest in such property shall be in any other degree of relationship or collateral consanguinity than> is hereinbefore stated, or shall be a stranger in blood to the person who 'died possessed as aforesaid, or shall be a body politic or corporate, at the following rates of tax . . .”
Legislative intent is the -test to be applied where a statute classifies persons for the purpose of measuring their tax liability.
Sale v. Johnson, Commissioner of Revenue,
258 N.C. 749, 129 S.E. 2d 465;
Canteen Service v. Johnson, Comr. of Revenue,
256 N.C. 155, 123 S.E. 2d 582;
Shue v. Scheidt, Comr. of Motor Vehicles,
252 N.C. 561, 114 S.E. 2d 237;
Watson Industries v. Shaw, Comr. of Revenue,
235 N.C. 203, 69 S.E. 2d 505.
Interpretation is of course unnecessary where the words used are so plain and unambiguous that no doubt can exist as to legislative intent and the proper 'application of the statutory language to a particular factual situation; but when the words used leave reasonable doubt as to what .the Legislature intended with respect to a particular factual situation, it is proper to look to legislative history, judicial interpretation of prior ¡statutes -dealing with the question, and the changes, if any, ¡made following a particular interpretation.
Insurance Co. v. Johnson, Comr. of Revenue,
257 N.C. 367, 126 S.E. 2d 92;
Cab Co. v. Charlotte,
234 N.C. 572, 68 S.E. 2d 433.
By clear and express language, if the property had been given to Mrs. Sutton or Mrs. Ingram, parents- of the legatees, their tax liability would be computed at the rate charged to .class A beneficiaries. Does this classification extend to their .children? Plaintiff says .the answer should be yes. Defendant siays it should be no.
Defendant would deny A ¡classification to. anyone other than those named in sub-sec. (a), G.S. 105-4, thereby confining .the 'Classification to lineal issue or stepchild or adopted child. He would ignore the provisions of .subsec. (b).
That subsection grants exemptions to “the persons mentioned in .this ■class.” What class? Manifestly the language refers to clase A beneficiaries. No exemptions are -allowed to class B or class C beneficiaries. The exemptions allowed class A beneficiaries are “each child under twenty-one years of age, five thousand dollars ($5,000.00); all other
beneficiaries mentioned 'in .this section, two thousand dollars ($2,-000.00) each . . .” If defendant’s reasoning is correct, the Legislature intended to prevent a testator from conferring equal benefits on stepchildren and natural children. The natural, if under twenty-one, would gat a $5,000 exemption; but the stepchild, if oif like age, could not get that exemption. He would be limited to $2,000. We do not believe tire Legislature intended to torce ¡the testator to draw a distinction between his children, whether they .are stepchildren or natural children. Especially is this so when, by sulbsac. (a), it has expressly authorized him to accord them equality.
The first proviso in ©ubsec. (b) permitting grandchildren to take the exemption a parent would ¡have taken iis of course limited to. the children of a natural child, because a stepchild does not, under our statutes of descent and 'distribution, succeed to the estate of hiis stepparent. A stepchild can take only by will. To protect the stepchildren as well as .the natural children- who may take, not by descent but by will of the person last seized, the Legislature said: “The same rule shall apply to the taking under .a will, and also, in case of a specific legacy or devise.” Doe® not this language mean that -a stepparent, instead of giving to a stepchild who would be entitled to an exemption, -might give -to ■the child of .a stepchild without depriving the ¡legatee of the exemption hi® .parent could claim? Certainly this is a reasonable -interpretation of the language used.
If ¡a husband -died, leaving -a widow -and a stepchild, child of the widow, and devised all, or substantially all, of hi© property to hiis, widow, would ábe be limited to- a $10,000 exemption or could she claim an exemption of $15,000 — $10,000 for herself and $5,000 for her minor ¡cihild? The last -proviso of isubsec. (b) would, we think, entitle the widow tool-aim an exemption of $15,000; but defendant’s interpretation would limit her exemption to $10,000.
Our present .inheritance ¡statute had its origin in. c. 9, P.L. 1901. That Act gave al-1 ¡who acquired -property as the -result of ¡the death of another’ an exemption of $2,000. It fixed five -classes of beneficiaries, each to be taxed at a different rate. The first class, now class A, was composed of “lineal issue or -lineal ancestor, brother or sister.” Property passing to a wife -or ¡husband or for religious, charitable, -or educational purposes was exempt from taxation.
The next session of the Legislature enlarged the first class of beneficiaries so as to include- those who. “.stood- in -the relation of .child to the .person Who died possessed . . .” c. 247, P.L. 1903.
■ The language of these acts carried forward in ¡subsequent -revenue acts was interpreted in
S. v. Bridgers,
161 N.C. 246, 76 S.E. 827, de
cided in December 1912. It was there held by a divided Court that the $2,000 exemption applied ito .all beneficiaries. 'Chief Justice Clark and Justice Walker dissented from this conclusion, but the Court was unanimous in its holding that daughters-in-law were within the language, “stood in the relation of child to the person who died seized.”
The Eevenue Act of 1913, ratified in March, e. 201, P.L. 1913, added to those -included in the first class “husband or wife.” It further said: “The persons mentioned in this class, except -as is hereinafter otherwise provided, shall be entitled to -an exemption of two- thousand dollars ($2,000) each:
Provided,
grandchildren shall be allowed only the single exemption of the child they represent:
Provided,
a widow shall be entitled to an exemption of ten thousand dollars and each child under twenty-one years of age to an exemption of five thousand dollars.”
Brothers and sisters were stricken from the first class and put in the second class. Only those in the first class were allowed an exemption.
The Revenue Act of 1915, c. 2&5, P.L. 1915, .struck from the list of first class beneficiaries those who “stood in the relation of -child to the person last possessed,” ¡and inserted in lieu thereof the words “adopted child.” It reduced the classes from five to three, the present number. These changes were .apparently made in response to- the decision of this Court,
In re Inheritance Tax,
168 N.C. 352, 84 S.E. 360.
In 1921, c. 34, the Legislature enlarged the first class- -beneficiaries so us to include “son-in-law or daughter-in-law -or stepchild of the person who died possessed of .such -property aforesaid, or .any person -to who-m the decedent -stood in the -mutually acknowledged relation of a parent, and who -began such -relationship at -or before -such person’s fifteenth ■birthday, and whose relationship was continuous from such age until the date of the decedent’s death.”
The Legislature,-by the Revenue Act-of 1925, c. 101, P.L. 1925, added to the -proviso- giving -a grandchild the exemption -his parent would have taken this phrase: “and the -same rule -shall -apply to the taking under a will and .also- in case of specific legacy or devise.”
This amendment would appear to be superfluous if limited to natural grandchildren — they had 'been provided for in the previous provision— but essential to permit -stepgrandchildren to take ¡the exemption.
The Revenue Act of 1927, -c. 80, rewrote subsec. (a) to- read a-s now appears in -G.S. 105-4. It .added the last .proviso- -to- subsec. (b). There has, .as 'affecting the decision in this case, been no- material amendment since 1927.
We think a -reading -of the entire inheritance tax statute shows that .the Legislature -did not use the word “grandchildren” in a technical or
resrbr'i:oted seinise, Owens v. Munden, 168 N.C. 266, 84 S.E. 257, but intended to place ihi's eihiidreni, natural, step, or ndopibed, in the same category. Our interpretation `of the language used as it appeains in the present `statute is stiresmgtthened and fortified by `an examination of preceding statutes imp.oisinig theró~taaiice taxes. In Re Bousman's Estate, 44 P. 2d 1038.
Reversed.