Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 1 Filed: 02/11/2026
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________
INGEVITY CORPORATION, INGEVITY SOUTH CAROLINA, LLC, Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
BASF CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee ______________________
2024-1577 ______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in No. 1:18-cv-01391-RGA, Judge Richard G. Andrews. ______________________
Decided: February 11, 2026 ______________________
WES EARNHARDT, Cravath Swaine & Moore LLP, New York, NY, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. Also repre- sented by SHARONMOYEE GOSWAMI.
PAUL ALESSIO MEZZINA, King & Spalding LLP, Wash- ington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also repre- sented by ALEXANDER KAZAM, CHRISTOPHER YOOK; BRIAN EUTERMOSER, Denver, CO; THOMAS FRIEL, Palo Alto, CA. ______________________ Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 2 Filed: 02/11/2026
Before LOURIE, PROST, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges. LOURIE, Circuit Judge. Ingevity Corporation and Ingevity South Carolina, LLC (together, “Ingevity”) sued BASF Corporation (“BASF”) in the United States District Court for the Dis- trict of Delaware for infringement of U.S. Patent RE38,844 (“the ’844 patent”). The district court granted summary judgment of invalidity of the asserted claims (1, 4, 11, 18, 19, 24, 43 and 48) of the ’844 patent. See Ingevity Corp. v. BASF Corp., 501 F. Supp. 3d 274 (D. Del. 2020). It later denied both parties’ motions for partial summary judgment on BASF’s antitrust and tortious interference counter- claims and then held a jury trial on those claims. J.A. 39– 43. At trial, the jury found, in relevant part, that Ingevity had engaged in unlawful tying and awarded damages ac- cordingly. J.A. 9087–90, 51–52. The district court subse- quently denied Ingevity’s renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law and motion for a new trial. See Ingevity Corp. v. BASF Corp., No. 18-cv-1391-RGA, 2024 WL 579667 (D. Del. Feb. 13, 2024) (“JMOL Decision”). Ingevity timely appealed. For the following reasons, we affirm In- gevity’s antitrust liability and the corresponding damages award and therefore need not reach the remaining issues raised on appeal. BACKGROUND Ingevity and BASF both manufacture carbon honey- combs, an activated carbon structure that can be used to filter airborne pollutants in a variety of applications. Both companies market carbon honeycombs for use in automo- bile air-intake systems and fuel vapor canisters. Air-in- take products control emissions by filtering incoming air before it enters the engine, while fuel vapor canisters con- trol emissions by capturing gasoline vapors released from a vehicle’s gas tank before they escape into the atmosphere. Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 3 Filed: 02/11/2026
INGEVITY CORPORATION v. BASF CORPORATION 3
Ingevity owns the ’844 patent, which describes and claims systems and methods for reducing emissions from a car’s gas tank. ’844 patent col. 1 ll. 14–23. Specifically, the ’844 patent is directed to a dual-stage fuel-vapor canister system that combines a higher-capacity gas-tank-side ad- sorbent with a lower-capacity vent-side adsorbent. See, e.g., id. at col. 10 ll. 36–44 (claim 1). Notably, carbon hon- eycombs used in air-intake systems do not come within the scope of the ’844 patent, but honeycombs used in fuel vapor canisters do. See JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *2; Ingevity Op. Br. 20. In 2016, BASF began marketing its EvapTrap XC, a carbon honeycomb with dimensions and cell density com- parable to Ingevity’s honeycomb products but produced us- ing different materials and manufacturing processes. In 2018, Ingevity sued BASF, asserting infringement of the ’844 patent by testing and marketing EvapTrap XC. BASF responded by arguing that the patent was not infringed, was invalid on multiple grounds, and was unenforceable due to patent misuse. BASF also brought counterclaims for unlawful tying and exclusive dealing under the federal antitrust laws and tortious interference under Delaware law. As relevant here, regarding its unlawful tying claim, BASF alleged that Ingevity conditioned licenses to the ’844 patent (the tying product) on customers’ agreements to fulfill their honey- comb product needs by exclusively purchasing Ingevity’s unpatented honeycomb products (the tied products) in vio- lation of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 or 2 (1988). The infringing or non-infringing use of Ingevity’s unpatented honeycomb products is the key issue in this appeal, as will be seen hereinbelow. I At summary judgment on patent validity, the district court ruled that Ingevity’s ’844 patent is invalid based on prior invention “by another” under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 4 Filed: 02/11/2026
§ 102(g).1 J.A. 37. Both parties then filed motions for par- tial summary judgment on BASF’s counterclaims. J.A. 39. Ingevity argued that its conduct alleged to be tying and ex- clusive dealing did not violate the antitrust laws because its honeycomb products were “nonstaple goods,” i.e., goods lacking substantial non-infringing uses, and therefore pro- tected from antitrust liability under the patent laws. The district court explained that whether Ingevity’s honey- combs had substantial non-infringing uses beyond the ’844 patent was “a jury issue.” J.A. 41. It observed that while “Ingevity’s records . . . suggest that Ingevity has sold the same articles to others for [non-infringing] uses[,]” Ingevity “says the records are inconclusive, contain mistakes, etc.,” which, to the court, created a “disputed issue of material fact.” Id. Ingevity also asserted immunity under the Noerr-Pen- nington doctrine, which shields certain conduct from anti- trust liability when it involves petitioning the government. J.A. 4291. It argued that its tying conduct merely consisted of “threat[s] to sue [customers] for patent infringement” and nothing more. Id. The district court declined to resolve the immunity issue on the existing record, explaining that it could not decide the matter “more than tentatively” and that a definitive ruling would have to await trial. J.A. 42– 43. The court nevertheless previewed its view, stating that “Noerr-Pennington will [not] help Ingevity if BASF proves the Ingevity product . . . is a staple” because “the Noerr- Pennington doctrine [does not] eradicate[] the boundaries that the Supreme Court has described in similar contexts.”
1 In a separate proceeding, the International Trade Commission ruled that all claims of the ’844 patent as- serted here were invalid on the same ground, and we af- firmed that decision. Ingevity Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, No. 20-1800, 2021 WL 3440786, at *1 (Fed. Cir. July 21, 2021). Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 5 Filed: 02/11/2026
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J.A. 43 (citing Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Rsch., Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 136 (1969) (“[T]he patentee . . . may not con- dition the right to use his patent on the licensee’s agree- ment to purchase, use, or sell, or not to purchase, use, or sell, another article of commerce not within the scope of his patent monopoly.”)). The district court therefore denied both parties’ summary judgment motions. J.A. 39. II BASF’s antitrust and tortious interference counter- claims were then tried to a jury. See J.A. 51–52. The jury heard evidence of unlawful tying, including testimony from Ed Woodcock, president of Ingevity’s automotive-products division, who admitted at trial that “in order to obtain a license [to the ’844 patent,] Ingevity requires that custom- ers buy the honeycombs only from Ingevity.” J.A. 9476. The district court later instructed the jury that “[a] patent owner has the right to control the market” for “nonstaple goods” but “has no right to control the market for” staple goods—those suitable for actual and substantial non-in- fringing uses. J.A. 9032 (Jury Instruction 4.2). The in- struction concluded that if the jury “determine[s] that BASF has not met its burden to prove that the carbon hon- eycombs at issue are staple goods, [the jury] must find for Ingevity on the tying . . . claim[].” Id. The jury found that BASF had proven by a preponderance of the evidence that Ingevity had engaged in the unlawful tying of its ’844 pa- tent licenses to sales of its carbon honeycombs in violation of Sections 1 or 2 of the Sherman Act.2 J.A. 9087. It then
2 The jury also found Ingevity liable on all other counts, including claims of exclusive dealing and tortious interference, and awarded damages accordingly. J.A. 9088–89. The damages amount for unlawful tying, $28,285,714, was larger than any other claim’s damages amount, and the parties agreed that the damages for the Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 6 Filed: 02/11/2026
awarded BASF $28,285,714 in antitrust damages. J.A. 9089. III After the jury entered its verdict but before the district court entered its judgment, the district court directed BASF to submit proposed findings and conclusions of law on Ingevity’s immunity defenses with Ingevity’s responses to follow. J.A. 127. In its response, Ingevity acknowledged that “tying and bad-faith patent enforcement are separate bases for liability,” J.A. 11241, but continued to deny that it had created a tying arrangement. Specifically, Ingevity asserted that it never “told customers they were required to purchase Ingevity’s honeycombs to receive a ‘license’” to the ’844 patent, J.A. 11234, but merely “communicated to customers what does and does not infringe” the patent, J.A. 11229. Because that conduct, Ingevity argued, was limited to communications, it was entitled to immunity un- der the patent laws and Noerr-Pennington. Id. The district court rejected Ingevity’s immunity argument because “the jury found otherwise.” J.A. 47. It explained that the jury was “instructed that it could not find illegal tying if Ingev- ity’s conduct was limited to ‘communications about its pa- tent rights to customers,’” such that it was “straightforward” that “the conduct upon which the jury
other claims were not cumulative. J.A. 9086. Therefore, the total amount of damages was simply the unlawful tying damages amount of $28,285,714 (later trebled to $84,857,142 by the district court, J.A. 51–52). Because we affirm the jury’s unlawful tying findings and the corre- sponding damages, infra Discussion §§ I.A–C, we need not address the other claims on appeal. See Oral Arg. at 12:21–35, Appeal No. 24–1577, available at https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/oral-arguments/24-1577_12 052025.mp3 (Ingevity’s counsel agreeing that the other claims are mooted if we affirm on tying). Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 7 Filed: 02/11/2026
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based its [unlawful tying] finding was not limited to pro- tected communications about [Ingevity’s] patent rights.”3 Id. The court therefore concluded that “neither the Noerr- Pennington doctrine nor the patent laws immunize Ingev- ity’s conduct.” J.A. 46. IV Ingevity then moved for judgment as a matter of law or a new trial. JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *1; J.A. 10590–95 (Ingevity’s excerpted JMOL briefing). As relevant here, Ingevity challenged the jury’s verdict as to unlawful tying under federal antitrust law by asserting a statutory patent misuse defense under 35 U.S.C. § 271(d).4 D.I. 594 at 3. It argued that “a patent holder has a ‘statu- tory right to control nonstaple goods that are capable only of infringing use in a patented invention,’ even if it would ‘suppress competition in the market for an unpatented commodity.’” Id. at 2 (quoting Dawson Chem. Co. v. Rohm
3 Jury Instruction 4.1 provided that “Ingevity has the right under the patent laws to enforce its patents, in- cluding through licensing, through communications about its patent rights to customers and competitors, and through litigation,” as well as a First Amendment right “to file a lawsuit, to threaten litigation, and to communicate with customers about litigation.” J.A. 9031. The jury was further instructed that “[e]vidence of the exercise of such rights cannot form the basis for BASF’s antitrust claims or BASF’s tortious interference claim.” Id. Notably, “Ingevity did not make or renew any objections to Final Jury Instruc- tion 4.1 when the instructions were being finalized.” J.A. 46 n.2. 4 The Joint Appendix excerpts Ingevity’s opening JMOL briefing such that it begins at page 8. For pages 1 to 7, we will directly cite the district court’s docket number, D.I. 594, and the corresponding brief page, as the district court did. Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 8 Filed: 02/11/2026
& Haas Co., 448 U.S. 176, 202, 213 (1980)). On that basis, Ingevity argued that substantial evidence did not support the jury’s staple good finding underlying the unlawful ty- ing verdict. JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *2. It specifically contended that there was no record “evidence that: (1) Ingevity intended its honeycombs to be used out- side of fuel vapor canisters . . . ; (2) anyone actually used Ingevity’s honeycombs in air-intake systems; and (3) any non-infringing uses were substantial.” Id. BASF re- sponded that the jury was properly instructed on the fac- tual question of staple goods and was free to reject Ingevity’s position. J.A. 10611. Alternatively, Ingevity reframed its tying conduct as mere “[c]ommunications about patent rights” in an attempt to obtain immunity under the patent laws and Noerr-Pen- nington. Id. at 10597–98 (citations omitted). Specifically, it argued that “[t]here is no evidence that Ingevity engaged in any alleged tying . . . conduct besides the indisputably immune express or implied statements that Ingevity would enforce its patents against conduct Ingevity believed was infringing.” Id. at 10598; see also id. (“The sum total of what BASF cites as evidence of ‘tying’ consists of Ingevity telling its customers that it did not consider use of Ingev- ity’s adsorbents to be infringing the ’844 [p]atent, but use of competitors’ adsorbents would be.”). The district court rejected both of Ingevity’s argu- ments. First, while “drawing all logical inferences in favor of BASF,” the district court concluded that “there was sub- stantial evidence in the record supporting the jury’s deter- mination that Ingevity’s honeycombs are staple goods” with actual and substantial non-infringing uses. JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *6. The district court ex- plained that the jury could reasonably have found that there were (1) sales of Ingevity’s honeycombs for non-in- fringing uses based on contemporaneous business records reflecting repeated sales for air-intake applications over multiple years, id. at *4; (2) actual non-infringing use Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 9 Filed: 02/11/2026
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based on evidence of repeated purchases for those applica- tions, id. at *5; and (3) substantial non-infringing use based on the volume, practicality, and recurring nature of those uses, without resort to rigid percentage thresholds, id. at *5–6. Because, as the court reasoned, the jury’s “sta- ple good” finding rested on permissible inferences and cred- ibility determinations supported by substantial evidence, it declined to disturb the jury’s verdict on antitrust tying liability and accordingly denied judgment as a matter of law. Id. at *6. Second, the district court rejected Ingevity’s contention that its conduct was immunized by the patent laws and Noerr-Pennington. Id. at *8–9. The court held that “[t]he jury could reasonably have found a classic tying arrange- ment” based on conduct extending beyond protected patent communications; specifically, it pointed to testimony from Woodcock showing that Ingevity conditioned licenses to the ’844 patent on the purchase of its honeycombs. Id. at *9. Thus, because the jury found that Ingevity’s honeycombs were staple goods, the district court explained, they did not have an implied license under the ’844 patent. Id. Moreo- ver, the district court explained that such finding neces- sarily precluded Ingevity’s argument that its conduct could be recast as only patent enforcement activity. Id. The dis- trict court therefore concluded that immunity did not apply and accordingly denied judgment as a matter of law. Id. Separately, Ingevity challenged the jury’s damages award on two grounds. First, it argued that BASF failed to disaggregate damages attributable to unlawful conduct from those caused by lawful patent enforcement. Id. at *6. Second, Ingevity argued that the damages model was spec- ulative, asserting there was insufficient evidence to sup- port the expert’s assumption that BASF would have captured a 50% market share and sold millions of honey- combs despite lacking product certification or prior sales. Id. The court rejected those contentions and explained that BASF needed to show only that Ingevity’s unlawful Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 10 Filed: 02/11/2026
conduct was a material cause of its injury. Id. at *7 (cita- tion omitted). The district court then determined that sub- stantial evidence supported the jury’s damages award and further concluded that the jury reasonably accepted BASF’s expert testimony that disaggregation was imprac- ticable and that the damages model was not speculative. Id. at *7–8. Ingevity timely appealed. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). DISCUSSION Ingevity argues that the district court erred in denying it judgment as a matter of law and challenges the suffi- ciency of the evidence supporting the jury’s finding of un- lawful tying under federal antitrust law.5 It does so by advancing a theory of defense to antitrust liability and, separately, a theory of immunity from antitrust liability. Ingevity also challenges the jury’s antitrust damages award. First, Ingevity asserts a statutory patent misuse de- fense under § 271(d) of the Patent Act supported by the
5 Ingevity also challenges the district court’s sum- mary judgment ruling on patent invalidity, but we need not address that ruling on appeal. As discussed below, we af- firm the jury’s finding of unlawful tying, see infra Discus- sion §§ I.A–B, and the ’844 patent expired on March 18, 2022, J.A. 8023. Accordingly, Ingevity’s appeal of the inva- lidity ruling is dismissed as moot. See Princo Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 616 F.3d 1318, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (un- lawful tying makes the underlying patent “unenforceable”); Praxair, Inc. v. ATMI, Inc., 543 F.3d 1306, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“A determination of unenforceability . . . moots any issue of invalidity.” (citation omitted)). Ingevity’s counsel agreed. See Oral Arg. at 11:39–54. Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 11 Filed: 02/11/2026
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related “staple article” doctrine. See Ingevity Op. Br. 34– 47. It argues that the jury’s verdict was not supported by substantial evidence because BASF failed to show that In- gevity’s honeycombs (the tied product) are staple goods, and, as such, Ingevity has the statutory right under the pa- tent laws to control those nonstaple goods. Id. at 34–35 (citing Rohm & Haas, 448 U.S. at 213). Second, Ingevity argues that its purported tying con- duct is immune from antitrust liability under the patent laws and Noerr-Pennington. Id. at 47–57. It contends that whether or not the jury’s staple goods finding was correct, “such enforcement activities are immune from antitrust li- ability” “[b]ecause Ingevity has the right under the patent laws and the First Amendment to enforce its patents in good faith.” Id. at 48. It further contends that its immun- ity argument holds true “even if Ingevity were mistaken about the scope of its patent rights.” Id. Third, Ingevity argues that the jury’s antitrust dam- ages award should be vacated because BASF failed to dis- aggregate the damages caused by Ingevity’s unlawful conduct from those resulting from its lawful patent enforce- ment and that such disaggregation was required and feasi- ble. Id. at 61–67. We discuss each argument in turn. I We apply our own law with respect to patent law is- sues. Amarin Pharma, Inc. v. Hikma Pharms. USA Inc., 104 F.4th 1370, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2024). For matters not unique to patent law, we apply the law of the regional cir- cuit, here, the Third Circuit. Versata Software, Inc. v. Callidus Software, Inc., 780 F.3d 1134, 1136 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (applying Third Circuit law). The Third Circuit “re- views a grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, ap- plying the same standard as the District Court.” Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 12 Filed: 02/11/2026
Stratechuk v. Bd. of Educ., 587 F.3d 597, 603 (3d Cir. 2009) (citation modified). Likewise, the Third Circuit reviews grants and denials of motions for judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50(b) de novo, Cordance Corp. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 658 F.3d 1330, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2011), but that review remains highly deferential to the jury’s verdict. “[A] jury verdict will not be overturned unless the record is critically deficient of that quantum of evidence from which a jury could have ra- tionally reached its verdict,” Leonard v. Stemtech Int’l Inc., 834 F.3d 376, 386 (3d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted), a standard akin to the familiar sub- stantial evidence standard, Gomez v. Allegheny Health Servs., Inc., 71 F.3d 1079, 1083 (3d Cir. 1995). Finally, the Third Circuit reviews orders on motions “for a new trial for abuse of discretion unless the court’s denial is based on the application of a legal precept, in which case the standard of review is plenary.” Lightning Lube, Inc. v. Witco Corp., 4 F.3d 1153, 1167 (3d Cir. 1993). A We first address Ingevity’s antitrust liability, which was based on the jury’s finding that Ingevity unlawfully tied licenses to its ’844 patent to its unpatented carbon hon- eycomb products in violation of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 or 2. “Tying can support a Sherman Act claim either under § 1, as an unlawful restraint on trade, or under § 2, as an unlawful act of monopolization or attempted monop- olization.” Avaya Inc., RP v. Telecom Labs, Inc., 838 F.3d 354, 397 (3d Cir. 2016) (citing Phillip E. Areeda & Herbert Hovenkamp, Fundamentals of Antitrust Law § 17.01, at 17–13 (4th ed. Supp. 2015); 15 U.S.C. §§ 1–2); see also Ill. Tool Works Inc. v. Indep. Ink, Inc., 547 U.S. 28, 34 (2006). As the Supreme Court has explained in Illinois Tool Works and elsewhere, “the essential characteristic of an Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 13 Filed: 02/11/2026
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invalid tying arrangement lies in the seller’s exploitation of its control over the tying product to force the buyer into the purchase of a tied product that the buyer either did not want at all, or might have preferred to purchase elsewhere on different terms.” 547 U.S. at 34–35 (quoting Jefferson Par. Hosp. Dist. No. 2 v. Hyde, 466 U.S. 2, 12 (1984)). In- deed, “[e]ven if a seller has obtained a monopoly in the ty- ing product legitimately (as by obtaining a patent), courts have seen the expansion of that power to other product markets as illegitimate and competition-suppressing.” Town Sound & Custom Tops, Inc. v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 959 F.2d 468, 475 (3d Cir. 1992). “Tying is defined as selling one good (the tying product) on the condition that the buyer also purchase another, sep- arate good (the tied product).” Id. Under Third Circuit law, to prove an unlawful tying under the Sherman Act, one must show that “(1) a defendant seller ties two distinct products; (2) the seller possesses market power in the tying product market; and (3) a substantial amount of interstate commerce is affected.” Id. at 477. Here, Ingevity’s position rests on a statutory patent misuse defense grounded in 35 U.S.C. § 271(d), which ex- pressly shields conduct that would otherwise be character- ized as tying or exclusionary when it is undertaken to prevent contributory infringement as defined in § 271(c).6 Ingevity Op. Br. 36–38. Section 271(c) limits contributory infringement to the sale of a “material or apparatus . . . es- pecially made or especially adapted for use in an
6 Ingevity’s argument, at least on appeal, does not appear to challenge the “two distinct products” element of the antitrust tying analysis, Town Sound, 959 F.2d at 477, which turns on “the character of the demand for the two items,” and not any “functional relation between them,” Jefferson Parish, 466 U.S. at 19. Instead, Ingevity pro- ceeds solely under § 271(d)’s patent misuse framework. Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 14 Filed: 02/11/2026
infringement . . . and not a staple article or commodity of commerce suitable for substantial noninfringing use,” and § 271(d) correspondingly provides that a patent owner shall not “be denied relief or deemed guilty of misuse or illegal extension of the patent right” by deriving revenue from, en- forcing rights against, or refusing to license such contribu- tory infringement. 35 U.S.C. §§ 271(c), (d). As the Supreme Court explained in Rohm & Haas, those provisions of the Patent Act affirmatively authorize a patentee “to control nonstaple goods that are capable only of infringing use.” 448 U.S. at 213; see also id. at 201 (“A patentee may sell a nonstaple article himself while enjoin- ing others from marketing that same good without his au- thorization.”). Thus, according to Ingevity, where, as here, “a patent owner seeks to control a non-staple article through its patent, there can be no antitrust liability aris- ing from such acts during the patent’s term.” Ingevity Op. Br. 37 (citing Va. Panel Corp. v. MAC Panel Co., 133 F.3d 860, 873 (Fed. Cir. 1997)). To prove that Ingevity, as the patentee, was not enti- tled to control the goods at issue—thus engaging in unlaw- ful tying—BASF needed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the goods have actual and substantial non- infringing uses, i.e., that they are staple goods. See Bio- Rad Lab’ys, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 998 F.3d 1320, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (explaining that the “substantial non- infringing uses” inquiry “focuses on the real way in which the accused product is made, used, and sold”). That is the crux of this appeal controlling the § 271(d) misuse defense. And to be “substantial,” the alleged non-infringing uses may not be “unusual, far-fetched, illusory, impractical, oc- casional, aberrant, or experimental.” Vita-Mix Corp. v. Basic Holding, Inc., 581 F.3d 1317, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Ingevity contends that “BASF failed to adduce any ev- idence meeting those criteria, and the district court’s con- trary order denying Ingevity’s Rule 50(b) motion should be Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 15 Filed: 02/11/2026
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reversed.” Ingevity Op. Br. 38 (emphasis omitted). Specif- ically, Ingevity argues that (1) its records showing sales for non-infringing uses are “typographical errors”; (2) the non- infringing uses are “impossible”; (3) even if accurate, the records are insufficient to prove “actual” non-infringing uses; and (4) 18,000+ non-infringing uses is not a “substan- tial” amount. Id. at 38–47 (citations omitted). We disa- gree. As the district court aptly concluded, “there was substantial evidence in the record supporting the jury’s de- termination that Ingevity’s honeycombs are staple goods.” JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *6. We now address each of Ingevity’s challenges as described above. As a threshold matter, each of Ingevity’s arguments seeks to relitigate factual disputes the jury resolved in BASF’s favor. But we may not second-guess the jury’s “[c]redibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts,” and we must “disregard all evidence favorable to [Ingevity] that the jury [was] not required to believe.” Avaya Inc., 838 F.3d at 373 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, “judgment as a matter of law could only have been appropriate in the extraordinary circumstance that none of that evidence could lead a reasonable jury to find” that Ingevity’s honeycomb products were staple goods. Id. The jury heard substantial evidence regarding Ingev- ity’s honeycombs and their potential use in non-infringing air intake systems. The parties do not dispute that honey- comb use in air-intake systems is non-infringing under the ’844 patent. See JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *2; Ingevity Op. Br. 20. And BASF introduced Ingevity’s own sales records and spreadsheets showing repeated pur- chases by customers Toledo Molding & Die (“Toledo”), Stant, and SumiRiko for a non-infringing “end use” labeled as “CC-AIR INDUCTION SYS” or “CC-AIS Honeycombs” (“AIS” is short for “air induction system”) across multiple months and years, totaling more than 18,000 units. See Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 16 Filed: 02/11/2026
JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *4. The record fur- ther contained a 2010 Ingevity memo that indicated Toledo purchased Ingevity honeycombs for its air-intake systems, again non-infringing, corroborating the spreadsheet data. Id. (citing J.A. 8170); see J.A. 8170 (“TMD manufactures AIS assemblies. They currently purchase 41x150 honey- combs for LEV2 Fords and two different Corvette parts.”); see also J.A. 8484, 9458 (record evidence showing, per Woodcock’s testimony, the “status of an air[-]intake system project for Toledo”). Ingevity, relying on Woodcock’s testimony, argues that the spreadsheet entries were “typographical errors.” In- gevity Op. Br. 40. Yet it provided no documents or other evidence corroborating Woodcock’s testimony, such as tes- timony from the listed Ingevity salespeople or any cus- tomer witnesses stating any errors in the entries. Ingevity also argues that it is “impossible” for its honeycombs “to be used in an air[-]intake system,” id. at 38–39, but offered no expert testimony on this issue, JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *4. Instead, it relied again on testimony from Woodcock and another Ingevity executive and inventor of the ’844 patent, Roger Williams. J.A. 9543, 10131. Be- cause credibility determinations are the jury’s province and the record provided a basis for the jury’s findings, the jury was entitled to discount or reject the conclusory and unsubstantiated testimony, and we may not credit that tes- timony in place of the jury’s judgment. Marra v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 497 F.3d 286, 300 (3d Cir. 2007), as amended (Aug. 28, 2007) (“[W]e must refrain from weighing the evi- dence, determining the credibility of witnesses, or substi- tuting our own version of the facts for that of the jury.”). BASF, on the other hand, “relied on the Park patent and the testimony of James Lyons, its technical expert, to argue” that Ingevity’s honeycombs were suitable for use in air-intake systems. JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *4 (citing J.A. 8582–83, 8585, 8772–83). The Park patent, which covers Ingevity’s honeycomb manufacturing process, Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 17 Filed: 02/11/2026
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J.A. 8577, 8585, discloses that its honeycomb “desirably” has “about 540 cells per square inch” and that one “in- tended application[]” is “in an automobile air[-]intake sys- tem,” J.A. 8779. BASF also presented Akash Abraham’s corroborating testimony where he explained that, as a for- mer BASF employee, Toledo had contacted him to discuss buying the BASF honeycombs at issue for use in air-intake systems and raised no need for modifications or concerns about cell density. J.A. 9307–08. That testimony regard- ing honeycomb use in non-infringing air-intake systems, together with the Park patent, gave the jury sufficient rea- son to discount Ingevity executives’ testimony and favor BASF’s evidence. The jury also heard substantial evidence of actual use. Ingevity argues that even if it did sell thousands of honey- combs for non-infringing use in air-intake systems, “it would not be evidence that any of those buyers actually used FVC honeycombs in air[-]intake systems.” Ingevity Op. Br. 39 (emphasis omitted). But, as we explained, the jury reasonably relied on contemporaneous business rec- ords reflecting repeated sales of Ingevity’s honeycombs for air-intake applications over multiple years and was enti- tled to treat those records as more persuasive than con- trary testimony from interested witnesses. See JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *5. From that evidence, the jury could permissibly infer that Ingevity’s honeycomb products were actually used for the non-infringing pur- poses identified in Ingevity’s own records, even in the ab- sence of direct proof identifying a specific vehicle or installation. United States v. Donley, 878 F.2d 735, 738 (3d Cir. 1989) (“Statements admitted . . . to show the de- clarant’s intent or plan may be used to show that the de- clarant acted in accord with that plan.”); see also Moleculon Rsch. Corp. v. CBS, Inc., 793 F.2d 1261, 1272 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (“It is hornbook law that direct evidence of a fact is not necessary.”). In other words, large-volume purchases for a stated end use support a reasonable inference that Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 18 Filed: 02/11/2026
customers acted in accordance with that use. See J.A. 9448 (Woodcock testimony agreeing that Ingevity’s end use “re- fers to the anticipated customer application”). Finally, the jury heard substantial evidence that those non-infringing uses were substantial. Rather than apply a rigid proportionality or percentage-of-sales test as Ingevity argues, the jury was free to consider the absolute volume of sales, their recurrence over time, and their practical fea- sibility in light of the technical evidence. See, e.g., Vita-Mix Corp., 581 F.3d at 1327 (“[T]he frequency of infringing use . . . does not speak to the substantiality of the non-in- fringing use in this case.”); In re Bill of Lading Transmis- sion & Processing Sys. Pat. Litig., 681 F.3d 1323, 1337–39 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Moreover, the jury instructions did not confine the jury to a comparative evaluation, see J.A. 9032, and Ingevity did not argue that there were any errors in that instruction, JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *2. Accordingly, viewing the evidence under the proper legal standard, the jury reasonably found that the accused prod- ucts had substantial non-infringing uses, and that finding was supported by sufficient evidence. That the products had substantial non-infringing uses means that they are staples. In sum, because the jury’s verdict rested on permissible inferences and credibility determinations supported by the record, substantial evidence supports the finding that In- gevity’s honeycombs are staple goods. Thus, Ingevity’s pa- tent misuse-based defense fails. B Ingevity next argues that its conduct is immune from antitrust liability. Ingevity Op. Br. 47–48. It contends that “[e]ven if the jury’s implicit finding that Ingevity’s FVC honeycombs are staple articles were correct (it is not), In- gevity had a good-faith belief that the honeycombs are non- staple articles” and thus “immunity applies.” Id. BASF responds, arguing that Ingevity’s modified immunity Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 19 Filed: 02/11/2026
INGEVITY CORPORATION v. BASF CORPORATION 19
argument is forfeited and meritless. BASF Resp. Br. 46– 53. It argues that at summary judgment and later at trial, Ingevity’s immunity argument was premised on equating its alleged tying conduct to mere patent enforcement activ- ity. Id. at 49–53. But now, on appeal, BASF further as- serts that Ingevity’s immunity argument posits that actual tying conduct—i.e., conditioning a license on the purchase of a staple article—is itself immune activity regardless whether it is mere patent enforcement activity or some- thing more. Id. at 48 (citing Ingevity Op. Br. 47). We agree with BASF that Ingevity’s immunity argu- ment is materially different from what was argued below and is therefore forfeited. Ingevity’s immunity argument is no longer in the alternative; it now subsumes its patent- misuse defense. That modification attempts to capture on appeal what it had previously regarded as conduct not im- mune from antitrust liability. We may not consider such new and improperly preserved arguments. Simko v. U.S. Steel Corp, 992 F.3d 198, 205 (3d Cir. 2021) (“[A]rguments raised for the first time on appeal are not properly pre- served for appellate review.”). At summary judgment, Ingevity’s immunity argument was based on the theory that what BASF had alleged as tying conduct was actually mere patent enforcement activ- ity and thus immune, and it further agreed that conduct beyond mere enforcement activity was not immune. See J.A. 7925–26 (summary judgment hearing); J.A. 9031 (agreed-to jury instruction); see also J.A. 47; JMOL Deci- sion, 2024 WL 579667, at *8–9. That is evidenced by the colloquy between Judge Andrews and Ingevity’s counsel at the summary judgment hearing. There, Judge Andrews clarified the distinction between unprotected tying conduct and protected patent enforcement communications. He stated, “I don’t think [Ingevity is] saying tying and exclu- sive dealing are immunized. I think [Ingevity is] saying some stuff that surrounds it is immunized.” J.A. 7925. Judge Andrews then asked Ingevity’s counsel directly: “Are Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 20 Filed: 02/11/2026
you saying tying and exclusive dealing are immunized?” Id. at 7925–26. Ingevity’s counsel, drawing a line between actual tying conduct and mere patent enforcement, re- sponded that “the basis upon which we are arguing” is that “threats of litigation are immunized,” and because the al- leged tying conduct here is mere patent enforcement activ- ity, despite BASF’s labeling of it as tying, it is protected. Id. Given that agreed-upon categorical distinction be- tween unprotected commercial tying conduct and patent enforcement, and because the district court noted that there was a factual dispute as to which of those categories Ingevity’s conduct fell under, the district court cautioned that its summary judgment denial reflected its “tenta- tive[]” views and was not a “definitive” ruling. J.A. 42–43; id. at 43 (explaining that “the Noerr-Pennington doctrine will [not] help Ingevity if BASF proves the Ingevity prod- uct . . . is a staple article of commerce”). The distinction drawn at summary judgment was car- ried through trial and Ingevity’s post-trial briefing. At trial, Ingevity agreed to a jury instruction stating that im- munity does not apply to “conduct, such as tying or exclu- sive dealing, that unlawfully restricts competition beyond the scope of the patent monopoly.” J.A. 9031; see J.A. 46 n.2 (the district court acknowledging that Ingevity did not object to the instruction). Post-trial, in its proposed find- ings and conclusions of law response, “Ingevity agree[d] that tying and bad-faith patent enforcement are separate bases for liability,” J.A. 11241, and continued to argue that its conduct was immune because it did “nothing more than . . . communicate[] to customers what does and does not infringe,” J.A. 47 (citing J.A. 11229). The district court rejected that argument because “the conduct upon which the jury based its finding was not lim- ited to protected communications.” J.A. 47. Stated differ- ently, the jury was instructed that patent enforcement Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 21 Filed: 02/11/2026
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communications alone could not support a tying violation, so by finding unlawful tying, the properly-instructed jury necessarily found that Ingevity’s conduct went beyond pro- tected patent communications. See id. Ingevity subse- quently made the same argument in its JMOL motion, equating its tying conduct to mere “statements to convey that it would enforce its patents.” JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *8. The district court again rejected that argument because the evidence supported a finding of “a classic tying arrangement.” Id. at *9. But now, for the first time on appeal, Ingevity erases that distinction. See Ingevity Reply Br. 23 (“BASF’s Al- leged Distinction Between ‘Communications’ and ‘Conduct’ Is Unsupported.”). It argues that even if the jury found that its honeycomb products are staple goods, its tying con- duct is still immune. Ingevity Op. Br. 47–48. Counsel for Ingevity made this change clear at oral argument when he stated that “there are two separate issues: Noerr-Penning- ton, which is one basis for immunity, and Rohm & Haas, which is another [basis for immunity], so all of the state- ments about Noerr-Pennington and statements about com- munications are not relevant to the ruling about Rohm & Haas.” See Oral Arg. at 21:47–22:01. He went on to ex- plain that Ingevity’s argument “today is about Rohm & Haas, which is about conduct and [regardless of] whether [] you are wrong about [the] staple versus non-staple com- parison that right is important as all the other rights for you to have immunity.” Id. at 22:11–21. In effect, Ingev- ity’s counsel newly argued at oral argument that Rohm & Haas supplies a freestanding immunity for tying conduct independent of Noerr-Pennington and independent of whether the honeycombs are staple goods, collapsing the Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 22 Filed: 02/11/2026
jury’s staple good finding into an immunity argument never presented below.7 Ingevity’s reframing of its arguments underscores its forfeiture. Throughout summary judgment, trial, post- trial proceedings, and its opening brief on appeal, Ingevity tied its immunity theory to patent enforcement communi- cations and expressly disclaimed any contention that ac- tual “tying and exclusive dealing are immunized.” See J.A. 7925–26; J.A. 9031; J.A. 47; JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *8–9. The citations Ingevity provides suggest the same. See, e.g., J.A. 4293 (Ingevity’s summary judg- ment immunity arguments cabined to patent enforcement activity, and do not extend to conduct beyond enforcement); J.A. 7927–28 (same at trial); J.A. 10598 (same post-trial). Having litigated and lost on that theory below, Ingevity may not now advance a distinct argument that tying con- duct itself is immune notwithstanding the jury’s staple good finding.8
7 Notably, Ingevity cites Rohm & Haas only for im- munity purposes in its reply brief and only for the uncon- troversial proposition that “the right to control unpatented non-staple goods is no different than the right to control ‘claimed’ aspects of the same patent.” Ingevity Reply Br. 26 (citing Rohm & Haas, 448 U.S. at 201). 8 Even assuming that Ingevity raises the argument that it presented below—i.e., its alleged tying conduct is it- self only protected patent enforcement activity and nothing more, see J.A. 11229—that argument fails. We agree with the district court that the conduct at issue here goes beyond any protected patent enforcement activity. See JMOL De- cision, 2024 WL 579667, at *9. Substantial evidence shows that the only way to get a license to the ’844 patent was to purchase Ingevity’s staple honeycomb products. See Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 23 Filed: 02/11/2026
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Ingevity challenges the immunity-based jury instruc- tion on the same basis. Ingevity Op. Br. 54–57 (citing J.A. 9031). Because Ingevity forfeited its immunity argument, its jury instruction challenge is reviewed only for plain er- ror, which we “exercise[] sparingly” and “with extreme cau- tion in the civil context.” Lesende v. Borrero, 752 F.3d 324, 336 (3d Cir. 2014) (quoting Franklin Prescriptions, Inc. v. N.Y. Times Co., 424 F.3d 336, 340 (3d Cir. 2005)); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 51(d)(2). An instructional error “is plain only where the proper course is clear under current law,” Col- lins v. Alco Parking Corp., 448 F.3d 652, 655–56 (3d Cir. 2006) (citation modified), and Ingevity’s theory that good- faith tying and exclusive dealing are immune is anything but clear. Ingevity cites no case that has ever extended immunity—under the Noerr-Pennington doctrine or the pa- tent laws—to anticompetitive commercial conduct like ty- ing and exclusive dealing because there is none. In fact, counsel for Ingevity, in response to the question whether “there [is] any case law . . . where there is actual tying of staple goods . . . and immunity applies,” admitted that “[t]here is no case either way.” See Oral Arg. at 22:21–32. Moreover, even Rohm & Haas, which Ingevity’s coun- sel claims for the first time at oral argument supports this new proposition, is distinct because that case, unlike here, involved a nonstaple good finding and thus there was no
J.A. 9476; JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *3–6. That is commercial conduct that goes beyond education about Ingevity’s patent rights. See Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc., 564 U.S. 552, 567 (2011) (“[R]estrictions on protected ex- pression are distinct from restrictions on economic activity” like those in the “antitrust laws”); see also FTC v. Actavis, Inc., 570 U.S. 136, 150 (2013) (“[T]he Court has struck down overly restrictive patent licensing agreements—irre- spective of whether those agreements produced supra-pa- tent-permitted revenues.”). Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 24 Filed: 02/11/2026
issue of immunity left. Rohm & Haas, 448 U.S. at 199 (“[P]ropanil is a nonstaple commodity which has no use ex- cept through practice of the patented method.”); id. at 201– 02 (“[T]he provisions of § 271(d) effectively confer upon the patentee . . . a limited power to exclude others from compe- tition in nonstaple goods,” and “Rohm & Haas’ conduct is not dissimilar in either nature or effect from the conduct that is thus clearly embraced within § 271(d).”). Ingevity similarly overreads Brulotte v. Thys Co., which it contends equates enforcing an expired patent with illegal tying for immunity purposes. Ingevity Reply Br. 25 (citing Brulotte v. Thys Co., 379 U.S. 29, 32 (1964)). Brulotte instead uses tying as an analogy to illustrate that both practices imper- missibly extend patent power beyond its lawful scope. Brulotte, 379 U.S. at 33 (“[R]oyalty payments beyond the life of the patent is analogous to an effort to enlarge the monopoly of the patent by t[y]ing.”). On the record before us, the district court’s instruc- tion—which expressly excluded immunity for “conduct, such as tying or exclusive dealing, that unlawfully restricts competition beyond the scope of the patent monopoly,” J.A. 9031—was reasonable and consistent with the parties’ agreed framing and the governing law. At minimum, the absence of any clear authority supporting Ingevity’s newly modified theory, including any potential dispute about the scope of Rohm & Haas, confirms that the “proper course” was not “clear under current law.” Collins, 448 F.3d at 655–56. Any alleged error therefore falls far short of plain error warranting relief. See id. C Upon finding Ingevity liable for antitrust conduct, the jury awarded BASF antitrust damages in the amount of $28,285,714. J.A. 9089. Ingevity argues that the “the an- titrust damages judgment must be vacated because BASF never disaggregated the damages that resulted from Ingev- ity’s unlawful conduct from that caused by Ingevity’s Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 25 Filed: 02/11/2026
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lawful assertion of its patent rights.” Ingevity Op. Br. 61. We again disagree. As the district court explained, “[t]o establish an anti- trust injury, BASF was not required to show that the ac- cused conduct was the sole cause of its injury; BASF needed to show that Ingevity’s conduct was a material or substan- tial cause of its injury.” JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *7; see Danny Kresky Enters. Corp. v. Magid, 716 F.2d 206, 210 (3d Cir. 1983) (“It is enough that the illegality is shown to be a material cause of the injury; a plaintiff need not exhaust all possible alternative sources of injury.” (quoting Zenith Radio, 395 U.S. at 114 n.9)). First, “[t]he jury instructions, to which Ingevity d[id] not object, are consistent with this [materiality] require- ment.” JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *7 (citing J.A. 9065 (“BASF is entitled to recover damages for an in- jury to its business or property if it can establish . . . that the alleged illegal conduct was a material cause of BASF’s injury.”)). Second, there was substantial evidence for the jury to have reasonably found that Ingevity’s tying conduct was a material cause of the injury. Dr. Divya Mathur, BASF’s damages expert, testified that Ingevity’s conduct prevented BASF from selling honeycombs to canister mak- ers for use in five automakers’ vehicles, and that conclusion was supported by evidence that BASF’s honeycombs were cheaper and performed better than Ingevity’s products, and that several automakers expressed interest in BASF’s honeycombs and undertook validation testing. See JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *7 (citations omitted). The jury also heard evidence that Ingevity internally viewed BASF’s product as a competitive “threat” and responded by selectively raising prices to coerce customers into exclusiv- ity and by conditioning patent licenses on the purchase of Ingevity honeycombs—conduct that directly foreclosed BASF from making sales it otherwise could have made. See id. Taken together, that is substantial evidence for the jury Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 26 Filed: 02/11/2026
to have found material causation. See Danny Kresky, 716 F.2d at 210. Furthermore, the jury could reasonably credit Dr. Ma- thur’s testimony that disaggregating damages caused by lawful versus unlawful conduct was impossible, given that the same exclusionary practices simultaneously affected price, access, and customer choice and because Ingevity “bear[s] the risk of the uncertainty which [its] own wrong has created.” See Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc., 327 U.S. 251, 265 (1946); cf. Spray-Rite Serv. Corp. v. Mon- santo Co., 684 F.2d 1226, 1243 (7th Cir. 1982) (A court may not “deprive [plaintiff] of [its] recovery merely because the jury may have found that [defendant] combined lawful con- duct with unlawful conduct[,] making it impossible to de- termine which portion of the total damages was caused by the unlawful conduct.”); see also Cont’l Ore Co. v. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., 370 U.S. 690, 707 (1962) (“[A]cts which are in themselves legal lose that character when they become constituent elements of an unlawful scheme.”). Ingevity’s expert argued that disaggregation was feasi- ble, but the jury was entitled to reject Ingevity’s position and conclude that disaggregation was impossible based on Dr. Mathur’s opinion. See Waldorf v. Shuta, 142 F.3d 601, 624 (3d Cir. 1998) (denying motion for a new trial because the jury was entitled to credit one expert’s damages evi- dence). That is particularly appropriate here, where the jury heard testimony from both parties’ experts that Ingev- ity’s expert proposed an analysis that did not necessarily account for the unlawful conduct at issue. JMOL Decision, 2024 WL 579667, at *7 (citation omitted); see J.A. 10057, 10281–10282, 9705 (trial testimony that Ingevity’s expert lacked critical information regarding unlawful conduct at the time of evaluation). In light of this evidence and Dr. Mathur’s reliance on a broad set of record documents ra- ther than speculative projections, the jury could reasonably Case: 24-1577 Document: 51 Page: 27 Filed: 02/11/2026
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have found both material causation and non-speculative damages.9 CONCLUSION We have considered Ingevity’s remaining arguments but find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of JMOL and uphold the jury verdict of antitrust liability and damages. AFFIRMED
9 Because Daubert rulings are reviewed only for abuse of discretion, Leonard v. Stemtech Int’l Inc., 834 F.3d 376, 391 (3d Cir. 2016), Ingevity’s Daubert argument fails for the same reasons as its merits argument.