HONORABLE RICHARD A. JONES 1
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 10 INGENGCO HOLDINGS LLC, et al., 11
Plaintiffs, 12 Case No. 2:13-cv-00543-RAJ v. 13 ORDER ON THE PARTIES’ MOTIONS IN LIMINE ACE AMERICAN INSURANCE 14 COMPANY, 15 Defendant. 16
17 18 I. INTRODUCTION This matter comes before the Court on the parties’ motions in limine. Dkt. ## 270, 19 272. As discussed below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the parties’ 20 motions. The Court also TAKES UNDER ADVISEMENT certain motions until trial so 21 that the parties can provide further information on the admissibility of specific evidence. 22 23 II. LEGAL STANDARD Parties may file motions in limine before or during trial “to exclude anticipated 24 prejudicial evidence before the evidence is actually offered.” Luce v. United States, 469 25 U.S. 38, 40 n. 2 (1984). To decide on motions in limine, the Court is generally guided by 26 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 401 and 403. Specifically, the Court considers whether 27 1 the evidence “has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be 2 without the evidence,” and whether “the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” 3 Fed. R. Civ. P. 401. However, the Court may exclude relevant evidence if “its probative 4 value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair 5 prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or 6 needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 403. 7 III. DISCUSSION 8 A. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS IN LIMINE 9 1. MIL #1: Applying the “mend the hold” doctrine to exclude opinions from Ace’s expert 10 Ingenco seeks to exclude testimony from Ace’s expert, Dr. Michael Casey, on 11 whether the adsorbent media beads were defective and whether the plant itself was 12 defectively designed. Dkt # 270 at 2. Ingenco argues that the “mend the hold” doctrine 13 precludes Ace from changing its basis for denying coverage and thus Dr. Casey’s post- 14 litigation opinions on the cause of loss. Id. 15 Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. Washington has not adopted the mend the hold 16 doctrine, and instead applies equitable estoppel when an insurer denies liability under the 17 policy for one reason, while having knowledge of other grounds for denying 18 liability. Bosko v. Pitts & Still, 75 Wn.2d 856, 864 (1969); Hayden v. Mutual of 19 Enumclaw Ins. Co., 141 Wn.2d 55, 63 (2000). When this occurs, the insurer is estopped 20 from later raising the other ground in an attempt to escape liability, if the insured can 21 demonstrate either that they suffered prejudice or that the insurer acted in bad faith in 22 failing to raise all its grounds for denial in its initial denial letter. Hayden, 141 Wn.2d at 23 63. 24 Ingenco cannot meet this burden. On remand, Ingenco moved to reopen discovery, 25 in part, because newly discovered evidence would “reveal the invalidity of Dr. Casey’s 26 theory regarding the cause of the deterioration of the Guild media.” Dkt. # 175 at 9. This 27 1 makes clear that Ingenco knew the “cause the deterioration of the Guild media” would be 2 part of Ace’s defense. The ability to conduct additional discovery on this particular issue 3 mitigates any such prejudice. Similarly, the issue of inherent problems with Ingenco’s 4 system has been in dispute throughout this case. 5 2. MIL #2: Excluding evidence on whether the replacement diffuser baskets are defective 6 Ingenco seeks to preclude evidence and testimony about whether the replacement 7 diffuser baskets were defective. Dkt. # 270 at 11-12. According to Ingenco, there is no 8 legitimate purpose served by permitting Ace to present such testimony based on the 9 Ninth Circuit’s reasoning that any subsequent damage would still be covered as an 10 “ensuing loss.” Id. In response, Ace argues that the replacement diffusers are relevant to 11 damages and the question of whether the October 2010 basket failure caused the March 12 2011 plant shutdown. Dkt. # 277 at 7. Despite finding that “the replacement diffuser 13 basket” theory failed as a matter of law, the Court agrees that evidence of the replacement 14 diffuser baskets is relevant to causation and damages. Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. 15 3. MIL #3: Excluding testimony about the impact of “poisoning agents” on 16 the condition of the adsorbent beads 17 Ingenco seeks to exclude testimony regarding the impact of “poisoning agents” in 18 the process gas as irrelevant. Dkt. # 270 at 12. Ingenco argues that Ace’s theory—that 19 “poisoning agents” such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogren fluoride gas, damaged the 20 adsorbent beads—would still require Ace to prove that “the beads themselves were 21 defective to escape the ensuing loss provision.” Id. at 14. But as Ace points out, the 22 condition of the adsorbent media beads is a disputed issue of fact. Dkt. # 277 at 8. 23 Additionally, in moving to reopen discovery, Ingenco acknowledged the impact of the 24 process gas on the adsorbent beads as relevant to that inquiry. Dkt. # 175 at 4. 25 Accordingly, Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. 26 27 1 2 3 4. MIL #4: Excluding testimony about “post-loss” changes to the Cedar Hills Plant 4 Ingenco seeks to preclude evidence and testimony of post-loss changes at the Cedar 5 Hill Plant. Dkt. # 270 at 14. Ingenco argues such evidence is barred under Federal Rule 6 of Evidence 407. Id. 7 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 407, subsequent remedial measures cannot be 8 admitted to prove design defect but may be admitted for other permissible purposes. See 9 Gauthier v. AMF, Inc., 788 F.2d 634, 637 (9th Cir. 1986). However, the Ninth Circuit has 10 held that Rule 407 “only applies to a defendant’s voluntary actions.” Pau v. Yosemite 11 Park & Curry Co., 928 F.2d 880, 888 (9th Cir. 1991). Rule 407 is based on the policy of 12 encouraging potential defendants to remedy hazardous conditions without fear that their 13 actions will be used as evidence against them. Id. 14 This is a breach of contract case. Accordingly, the policy behind Rule 407 is not 15 applicable here. Although Ingenco cites an unpublished opinion suggesting otherwise, the 16 Court will follow Ninth Circuit binding precedent. Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. 17 5. MIL #5: Excluding testimony on legal conclusions 18 Ingenco requests an order precluding expert testimony containing legal conclusions. 19 Dkt. # 270 at 15. It is well established that experts may not give opinions as to legal 20 conclusions. See Crow Tribe of Indians v. Racicot, 87 F.3d 1039, 1045 (9th Cir. 1996) 21 (“Expert testimony is not proper for issues of law.”); Aguilar v. Int’l Longshoremen’s 22 Union Local No. 10, 966 F.2d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal citations omitted) 23 (explaining that expert testimony consisting of legal conclusions on the meaning of a 24 contract’s terms is inadmissible). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS in part Ingenco’s 25 motion. Experts will not be permitted to testify on issues of law, such as the meaning of 26 terms under the insurance policy or whether certain damage falls within the scope of the 27 1 insurance policy.
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HONORABLE RICHARD A. JONES 1
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 10 INGENGCO HOLDINGS LLC, et al., 11
Plaintiffs, 12 Case No. 2:13-cv-00543-RAJ v. 13 ORDER ON THE PARTIES’ MOTIONS IN LIMINE ACE AMERICAN INSURANCE 14 COMPANY, 15 Defendant. 16
17 18 I. INTRODUCTION This matter comes before the Court on the parties’ motions in limine. Dkt. ## 270, 19 272. As discussed below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the parties’ 20 motions. The Court also TAKES UNDER ADVISEMENT certain motions until trial so 21 that the parties can provide further information on the admissibility of specific evidence. 22 23 II. LEGAL STANDARD Parties may file motions in limine before or during trial “to exclude anticipated 24 prejudicial evidence before the evidence is actually offered.” Luce v. United States, 469 25 U.S. 38, 40 n. 2 (1984). To decide on motions in limine, the Court is generally guided by 26 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 401 and 403. Specifically, the Court considers whether 27 1 the evidence “has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be 2 without the evidence,” and whether “the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” 3 Fed. R. Civ. P. 401. However, the Court may exclude relevant evidence if “its probative 4 value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair 5 prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or 6 needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 403. 7 III. DISCUSSION 8 A. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS IN LIMINE 9 1. MIL #1: Applying the “mend the hold” doctrine to exclude opinions from Ace’s expert 10 Ingenco seeks to exclude testimony from Ace’s expert, Dr. Michael Casey, on 11 whether the adsorbent media beads were defective and whether the plant itself was 12 defectively designed. Dkt # 270 at 2. Ingenco argues that the “mend the hold” doctrine 13 precludes Ace from changing its basis for denying coverage and thus Dr. Casey’s post- 14 litigation opinions on the cause of loss. Id. 15 Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. Washington has not adopted the mend the hold 16 doctrine, and instead applies equitable estoppel when an insurer denies liability under the 17 policy for one reason, while having knowledge of other grounds for denying 18 liability. Bosko v. Pitts & Still, 75 Wn.2d 856, 864 (1969); Hayden v. Mutual of 19 Enumclaw Ins. Co., 141 Wn.2d 55, 63 (2000). When this occurs, the insurer is estopped 20 from later raising the other ground in an attempt to escape liability, if the insured can 21 demonstrate either that they suffered prejudice or that the insurer acted in bad faith in 22 failing to raise all its grounds for denial in its initial denial letter. Hayden, 141 Wn.2d at 23 63. 24 Ingenco cannot meet this burden. On remand, Ingenco moved to reopen discovery, 25 in part, because newly discovered evidence would “reveal the invalidity of Dr. Casey’s 26 theory regarding the cause of the deterioration of the Guild media.” Dkt. # 175 at 9. This 27 1 makes clear that Ingenco knew the “cause the deterioration of the Guild media” would be 2 part of Ace’s defense. The ability to conduct additional discovery on this particular issue 3 mitigates any such prejudice. Similarly, the issue of inherent problems with Ingenco’s 4 system has been in dispute throughout this case. 5 2. MIL #2: Excluding evidence on whether the replacement diffuser baskets are defective 6 Ingenco seeks to preclude evidence and testimony about whether the replacement 7 diffuser baskets were defective. Dkt. # 270 at 11-12. According to Ingenco, there is no 8 legitimate purpose served by permitting Ace to present such testimony based on the 9 Ninth Circuit’s reasoning that any subsequent damage would still be covered as an 10 “ensuing loss.” Id. In response, Ace argues that the replacement diffusers are relevant to 11 damages and the question of whether the October 2010 basket failure caused the March 12 2011 plant shutdown. Dkt. # 277 at 7. Despite finding that “the replacement diffuser 13 basket” theory failed as a matter of law, the Court agrees that evidence of the replacement 14 diffuser baskets is relevant to causation and damages. Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. 15 3. MIL #3: Excluding testimony about the impact of “poisoning agents” on 16 the condition of the adsorbent beads 17 Ingenco seeks to exclude testimony regarding the impact of “poisoning agents” in 18 the process gas as irrelevant. Dkt. # 270 at 12. Ingenco argues that Ace’s theory—that 19 “poisoning agents” such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogren fluoride gas, damaged the 20 adsorbent beads—would still require Ace to prove that “the beads themselves were 21 defective to escape the ensuing loss provision.” Id. at 14. But as Ace points out, the 22 condition of the adsorbent media beads is a disputed issue of fact. Dkt. # 277 at 8. 23 Additionally, in moving to reopen discovery, Ingenco acknowledged the impact of the 24 process gas on the adsorbent beads as relevant to that inquiry. Dkt. # 175 at 4. 25 Accordingly, Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. 26 27 1 2 3 4. MIL #4: Excluding testimony about “post-loss” changes to the Cedar Hills Plant 4 Ingenco seeks to preclude evidence and testimony of post-loss changes at the Cedar 5 Hill Plant. Dkt. # 270 at 14. Ingenco argues such evidence is barred under Federal Rule 6 of Evidence 407. Id. 7 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 407, subsequent remedial measures cannot be 8 admitted to prove design defect but may be admitted for other permissible purposes. See 9 Gauthier v. AMF, Inc., 788 F.2d 634, 637 (9th Cir. 1986). However, the Ninth Circuit has 10 held that Rule 407 “only applies to a defendant’s voluntary actions.” Pau v. Yosemite 11 Park & Curry Co., 928 F.2d 880, 888 (9th Cir. 1991). Rule 407 is based on the policy of 12 encouraging potential defendants to remedy hazardous conditions without fear that their 13 actions will be used as evidence against them. Id. 14 This is a breach of contract case. Accordingly, the policy behind Rule 407 is not 15 applicable here. Although Ingenco cites an unpublished opinion suggesting otherwise, the 16 Court will follow Ninth Circuit binding precedent. Ingenco’s motion is DENIED. 17 5. MIL #5: Excluding testimony on legal conclusions 18 Ingenco requests an order precluding expert testimony containing legal conclusions. 19 Dkt. # 270 at 15. It is well established that experts may not give opinions as to legal 20 conclusions. See Crow Tribe of Indians v. Racicot, 87 F.3d 1039, 1045 (9th Cir. 1996) 21 (“Expert testimony is not proper for issues of law.”); Aguilar v. Int’l Longshoremen’s 22 Union Local No. 10, 966 F.2d 443, 447 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal citations omitted) 23 (explaining that expert testimony consisting of legal conclusions on the meaning of a 24 contract’s terms is inadmissible). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS in part Ingenco’s 25 motion. Experts will not be permitted to testify on issues of law, such as the meaning of 26 terms under the insurance policy or whether certain damage falls within the scope of the 27 1 insurance policy. However, the Court will not rule in a vacuum. Any objections can be 2 raised and ruled upon at trial should any witness veer inappropriately toward providing 3 legal conclusions. 4 B. DEFENDANT’S MOTIONS IN LIMINE 5 1. MIL #1: Excluding witnesses under Rule 615(c) 6 Ace seeks an order excluding witnesses, except for designated party witnesses and 7 experts, under Federal Rule of Evidence 615(c). Dkt. # 272 at 4. Under Rule 615, a party 8 may move to order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear other witnesses’ 9 testimony. Ingenco does not oppose the motion. The Court GRANTS the motion. 10 2. MIL #2: Daubert motions to exclude testimony of Ingenco’s experts 11 Ace seeks to exclude the expert testimony of three witnesses: Matthew Schneider, 12 Dr. James Ritter, and Dr. John Monnier. Dkt. # 272 at 10. As Ingenco points out, Ace 13 previously requested the very same relief as to the very same witnesses, and the Court 14 previously rejected this request. Dkt. # 275 at 2. The Court agrees and DENIES this 15 motion for the reasons set forth in the Court’s prior order. See Dkt. # 258. 16 3. MIL # 3: Excluding testimony relating to the O’Donnell Engineering Report Dated January 15, 2020 17 Ace seeks to exclude the January 15, 2020 O’Donnell Engineering Report and all 18 related testimony from its authors, Behzad Kasraie, PhD, P.E. and John Koltick, P.E. Dkt. 19 # 272 at 11. The Court previously held that the 2020 O’Donnell Report was not covered 20 in the order reopening discovery and thus GRANTS this motion in part. See Dkt. # 206. 21 Ingenco argues that Ace’s motion goes too far insofar as it proactively seeks exclusion of 22 “all related testimony” by Ingenco’s witnesses. Dkt. # 275 at 4. The Court will not rule in 23 a vacuum. Any objections can be raised and ruled upon at trial should any witness veer 24 inappropriately into the content of the excluded 2020 O’Donnell Report. 25 4. MIL # 4: Excluding testimony of John M. Koltick, Jr., P.E. 26 Ace seeks to exclude the testimony of John M. Koltick, Jr., as cumulative. Ingenco 27 has withdrawn Mr. Koltick as a witness at trial. Dkt. # 272 at 11. The Court DENIES 1 Ace’s motion as moot. 2 3 4 5. MIL # 5: Excluding opinion testimony of David J. Palumbo 5 Ace seeks to exclude the testimony of David J. Palumbo regarding damages. Dkt. 6 # 272 at 15. Ace contends that Mr. Palumbo is not qualified to give opinions on 7 Ingenco’s business income and property damage losses. Id. at 15-16. More specifically, 8 ACE argues that Ingenco’s calculations are sophisticated enough as to require expert 9 testimony under FRE 702 and that Mr. Palumbo has not been disclosed as an expert in 10 this case. Id. 11 Ingenco argues that Mr. Palumbo’s testimony falls within the scope of FRE 701. 12 Dkt. # 275 at 5. At this stage, the Court agrees. The excerpts from Mr. Palumbo’s 13 deposition testimony suggests he has relevant, percipient knowledge as a senior 14 executive, and that he was personally responsible for reviewing expense invoices and 15 actual revenue data to calculate Ingenco’s damages. Dkt. # 276-1 at 4-16. Accordingly, 16 Mr. Palumbo’s testimony appears based on “particularized knowledge” that he “has by 17 virtue of [his] position in the business.” Federal Rule of Evidence 701, advisory 18 committee notes to 2000 amendments. 19 The Court DENIES the motion. The Court reserves the ability to the determine 20 whether and when Mr. Palumbo’s opinion becomes too scientific, technical, or otherwise 21 specialized to fall under Federal Rule of Evidence 701. See Fed. R. Evid. 701(c). 22 6. MIL # 6: Excluding claims handling evidence Ace seeks to preclude testimony from certain testimony from individuals involved 23 in the investigation and adjustment of Ingenco’s insurance claim. Dkt. # 272 at 18. This 24 Court previously entered judgment in Ace’s favor on Ingenco’s WCPA and IFCA claims. 25 Ingenco indicates those witnesses also have relevant testimony on various fact issues, 26 including the basics of Ingenco’s insurance claim, the grounds for Ace’s denial of 27 1 coverage, and the alleged prejudice suffered by Ace regarding the delayed claim notice. 2 See Dkt. # 275. Therefore, the Court DENIES this motion. Ace may object to the extent 3 these witnesses elicit testimony regarding the propriety of Ace’s claims handling activity. 4 7. MIL # 7: Excluding testimony on standard of care/standard of industry 5 Ace seeks to preclude testimony from O’Donnell Engineering on whether the 6 diffuser baskets at issue were designed in accordance with industry standards, or 7 otherwise negligently designed. Dkt. # 272 at 19. According to Ace, the “applicable 8 standard” is “unambiguously stated in the Policy” and thus the proposed testimony is 9 irrelevant. Id. The design of the diffuser baskets and the foreseeability of failure is 10 relevant to various issues. Since Ace has not otherwise shown that this testimony is 11 inadmissible on Daubert grounds, the Court DENIES the motion. 12 IV. CONCLUSION 13 As discussed below, the Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the parties’ 14 motions. Dkt. ## 270, 272. The Court also TAKES UNDER ADVISEMENT certain 15 motions until trial so that the parties can provide further information on the admissibility 16 of specific evidence.
17 DATED this 21st day of December, 2022. 18 A 19 20 The Honorable Richard A. Jones 21 United States District Judge 22
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