Mr. Justice Bean,
after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. The rights of the parties to the fund in controversy must be determined by the condition of affairs at the time of Keliher’s death. The right of a legally designated beneficiary under a certificate of the character now under consideration becomes vested upon the death of the member, and no subsequent action of the lodge or order can change or affect his rights : Bacon, Ben. Soc. § 255 ; McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 104 Cal. 171 (43 Am. St. Rep. 83, 37 Pac. 865); Ireland v. Ireland, 42 Hun, 212 ; Keener v. Grand Lodge, 38 Mo. App. 543.
2. The only question to be determined, then, is whether Keliher complied with the rules of the order so as to effect the change of beneficiaries. If he did, then the guardians of his children are entitled to the fund ; if not, Mrs. Keliher, his widow, is entitled to it, and the decree of the court should be reversed. It is the generally accepted [506]*506doctrine in ordinary life insurance that, unless the power of divestiture is reserved, the issue of the policy confers immediately a vested right in the beneficiary, which no subsequent act of either the insured or insurer, or both together, can impair without his consent. But it is entirely settled that under a benefit certificate issued by a benevolent association, such as the one now under consideration, the beneficiary therein usually has no vested interest until the death of the member, and up to that time the member may change the beneficiary without his consent: Bacon, Ben. Soc. § 306. But it is equally as well settled that such power must be executed in the manner pointed out by the policy and the bylaws and rules of the order, and any material deviation from the course prescribed will invalidate the transfer : 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2 ed.), 993. Thus, where the rules provided that a member might at any time surrender his relief-fund certificate, and a new one would be issued, payable to such person as he might direct, it was held that, where a member, without the knowledge of the association, inserted in the certificate, after the name of the originally designated beneficiary, the words, “and my wife, Mary,” thus seeking to make her a joint beneficiary, and then delivered the certificate to his wife, the attempted change was invalid, and vested no interest in the wife : Thomas v. Thomas, 131 N. Y. 205 (27 Am. St. Rep. 582, 30 N. E. 61). So, too, under a similar provision, it was held that an im dorsement by a member on a benefit certificate of an order to pay the amount to a person other than the beneficiary named will not entitle the payee to receive it from the association: Jinks v. Banner Lodge, 139 Pa. St. 414 (21 Atl. 4) . And again, under a like requirement, where a member, desiring to' change his beneficiary, gave a written notice thereof to the officers of the subordinate lodge, saying that he surrendered the former certificate, [507]*507but did not do so, it was held that the original beneficiary was entitled to the fund, because the adoption of a particular method of changing a benefit certificate under the powers and within the limitations of the charter of the benevolent society is exclusive of all other methods : Coleman v. Supreme Lodge, 18 Mo. App. 189. See, also, Holland v. Taylor, 111 Ind. 121 (12 N. E. 116); Harman v. Lewis (C. C.) 24 Fed. 97; McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 104 Cal. 171 (43 Am. St. Rep. 83, 37 Pac. 865); McCarthy v. Supreme Lodge, 153 Mass. 314 (25 Am. St. Rep. 637, 26 N. E. 806; American Legion of Honor v. Smith, 45 N. J. Eq. 466 (17 Atl. 770).
There are, however, said to be three exceptions to the general rule requiring conformity to the regulations of the association in the matter of a change of beneficiaries, which are thus stated by Mr. Justice Brown, in Supreme Conclave v.Cappella (C.C.), 4l Fed. 1: “ (l)If the society has waived a strict compliance with its own rules, and, in pursuance of a request of the insured to change his beneficiary, has issued a new certificate to him, the original beneficiary will not be heard to complain that the course indicated by the regulations was not pursued. (2) If it be beyond the power of the insured to comply literally with the regulations, a court of equity will treat the change as having been legally made.” For example, where the certificate is lost, and cannot be surrendered by the member (Grand Lodge v. Child, 70 Mich. 163, 38 N. W. 1; Grand Lodge v. Noll, 90 Mich. 37, 30 Am. St. Rep. 419, 51 N. W. 268, 15 L. R. A. 350); or where it is retained by the original beneficiary, who refuses to surrender or deliver it up, as in Supreme Conclave v. Cappella, 41 Fed. 1, and Grand Lodge v. Kohler, 106 Mich. 121 (63 N. W. 897); Isgrigg v. Schooley, 125 Ind. 94 (25 N.E. 151.) “(3) If the assured has pursued the course pointed out by the laws of the association, and has done all in his [508]*508power to change the beneficiary, but, before the new certificate is actually issued, he dies, a court of equity will decree that to be done which ought to be doñe, and act as though the certificate had been issued : ’ ’ National Am. Assoc. v. Kirgin, 28 Mo. App. 80; Luhrs v. Luhrs, 123 N. Y. 367 (25 N. E. 388, 9 L. R. A.534); Heydorf v. Conrack, 7 Kan. App. 202 (52 Pac. 700). But we think the case under consideration does not fall within either of these exceptions. Manifestly not within the first, because the old certificate was never surrendered up, and a new one issued. It does not come within the second exception, because it was not beyond the power of the insured to substantially comply with the rules, which were : First, the filing of a written petition setting forth fully and clearly the changes he desired to make ; second, paying a fee of fifty cents ; third, surrendering up his old benefit certificate ; and, fourth, furnishing satisfactory evidence that he, and not the beneficiary, had paid the assessments on account of such certificate.
If it be conceded that his offer to pay the fee to the secretary was a sufficient compliance with the second requirement, and his delivery of the original certificate to that officer for the purpose of having the desired change made was a sufficient compliance with the third, there was clearly no attempt on his part to comply with either the first or the fourth. He did not file, or endeavor to file, a written petition setting forth the changes he desired to make. The only writing was the memorandum prepared at the request of D. L. Povey for the use and information of his brother, the secretary of the lodge, and was destroyed as soon as it accomplished its purpose. The evidence shows — and about this there is no dispute — that it was not designed or intended as a petition to the court, or to be presented to or acted upon by the order. It is argued that, because the rules of the order require all [509]*509applications for change in beneficiaries to be made on blank forms provided by the supreme court, and it had failed and neglected to furnish the local court in Portland with such forms, Keliher was not required to make his petition in any particular form.
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Mr. Justice Bean,
after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
1. The rights of the parties to the fund in controversy must be determined by the condition of affairs at the time of Keliher’s death. The right of a legally designated beneficiary under a certificate of the character now under consideration becomes vested upon the death of the member, and no subsequent action of the lodge or order can change or affect his rights : Bacon, Ben. Soc. § 255 ; McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 104 Cal. 171 (43 Am. St. Rep. 83, 37 Pac. 865); Ireland v. Ireland, 42 Hun, 212 ; Keener v. Grand Lodge, 38 Mo. App. 543.
2. The only question to be determined, then, is whether Keliher complied with the rules of the order so as to effect the change of beneficiaries. If he did, then the guardians of his children are entitled to the fund ; if not, Mrs. Keliher, his widow, is entitled to it, and the decree of the court should be reversed. It is the generally accepted [506]*506doctrine in ordinary life insurance that, unless the power of divestiture is reserved, the issue of the policy confers immediately a vested right in the beneficiary, which no subsequent act of either the insured or insurer, or both together, can impair without his consent. But it is entirely settled that under a benefit certificate issued by a benevolent association, such as the one now under consideration, the beneficiary therein usually has no vested interest until the death of the member, and up to that time the member may change the beneficiary without his consent: Bacon, Ben. Soc. § 306. But it is equally as well settled that such power must be executed in the manner pointed out by the policy and the bylaws and rules of the order, and any material deviation from the course prescribed will invalidate the transfer : 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2 ed.), 993. Thus, where the rules provided that a member might at any time surrender his relief-fund certificate, and a new one would be issued, payable to such person as he might direct, it was held that, where a member, without the knowledge of the association, inserted in the certificate, after the name of the originally designated beneficiary, the words, “and my wife, Mary,” thus seeking to make her a joint beneficiary, and then delivered the certificate to his wife, the attempted change was invalid, and vested no interest in the wife : Thomas v. Thomas, 131 N. Y. 205 (27 Am. St. Rep. 582, 30 N. E. 61). So, too, under a similar provision, it was held that an im dorsement by a member on a benefit certificate of an order to pay the amount to a person other than the beneficiary named will not entitle the payee to receive it from the association: Jinks v. Banner Lodge, 139 Pa. St. 414 (21 Atl. 4) . And again, under a like requirement, where a member, desiring to' change his beneficiary, gave a written notice thereof to the officers of the subordinate lodge, saying that he surrendered the former certificate, [507]*507but did not do so, it was held that the original beneficiary was entitled to the fund, because the adoption of a particular method of changing a benefit certificate under the powers and within the limitations of the charter of the benevolent society is exclusive of all other methods : Coleman v. Supreme Lodge, 18 Mo. App. 189. See, also, Holland v. Taylor, 111 Ind. 121 (12 N. E. 116); Harman v. Lewis (C. C.) 24 Fed. 97; McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 104 Cal. 171 (43 Am. St. Rep. 83, 37 Pac. 865); McCarthy v. Supreme Lodge, 153 Mass. 314 (25 Am. St. Rep. 637, 26 N. E. 806; American Legion of Honor v. Smith, 45 N. J. Eq. 466 (17 Atl. 770).
There are, however, said to be three exceptions to the general rule requiring conformity to the regulations of the association in the matter of a change of beneficiaries, which are thus stated by Mr. Justice Brown, in Supreme Conclave v.Cappella (C.C.), 4l Fed. 1: “ (l)If the society has waived a strict compliance with its own rules, and, in pursuance of a request of the insured to change his beneficiary, has issued a new certificate to him, the original beneficiary will not be heard to complain that the course indicated by the regulations was not pursued. (2) If it be beyond the power of the insured to comply literally with the regulations, a court of equity will treat the change as having been legally made.” For example, where the certificate is lost, and cannot be surrendered by the member (Grand Lodge v. Child, 70 Mich. 163, 38 N. W. 1; Grand Lodge v. Noll, 90 Mich. 37, 30 Am. St. Rep. 419, 51 N. W. 268, 15 L. R. A. 350); or where it is retained by the original beneficiary, who refuses to surrender or deliver it up, as in Supreme Conclave v. Cappella, 41 Fed. 1, and Grand Lodge v. Kohler, 106 Mich. 121 (63 N. W. 897); Isgrigg v. Schooley, 125 Ind. 94 (25 N.E. 151.) “(3) If the assured has pursued the course pointed out by the laws of the association, and has done all in his [508]*508power to change the beneficiary, but, before the new certificate is actually issued, he dies, a court of equity will decree that to be done which ought to be doñe, and act as though the certificate had been issued : ’ ’ National Am. Assoc. v. Kirgin, 28 Mo. App. 80; Luhrs v. Luhrs, 123 N. Y. 367 (25 N. E. 388, 9 L. R. A.534); Heydorf v. Conrack, 7 Kan. App. 202 (52 Pac. 700). But we think the case under consideration does not fall within either of these exceptions. Manifestly not within the first, because the old certificate was never surrendered up, and a new one issued. It does not come within the second exception, because it was not beyond the power of the insured to substantially comply with the rules, which were : First, the filing of a written petition setting forth fully and clearly the changes he desired to make ; second, paying a fee of fifty cents ; third, surrendering up his old benefit certificate ; and, fourth, furnishing satisfactory evidence that he, and not the beneficiary, had paid the assessments on account of such certificate.
If it be conceded that his offer to pay the fee to the secretary was a sufficient compliance with the second requirement, and his delivery of the original certificate to that officer for the purpose of having the desired change made was a sufficient compliance with the third, there was clearly no attempt on his part to comply with either the first or the fourth. He did not file, or endeavor to file, a written petition setting forth the changes he desired to make. The only writing was the memorandum prepared at the request of D. L. Povey for the use and information of his brother, the secretary of the lodge, and was destroyed as soon as it accomplished its purpose. The evidence shows — and about this there is no dispute — that it was not designed or intended as a petition to the court, or to be presented to or acted upon by the order. It is argued that, because the rules of the order require all [509]*509applications for change in beneficiaries to be made on blank forms provided by the supreme court, and it had failed and neglected to furnish the local court in Portland with such forms, Keliher was not required to make his petition in any particular form. This would probably be a sufficient excuse for not adopting a prescribed form, but it could be no excuse for not filing a petition of some kind, stating the changes he desired to make ; so that, under the evidence in this case, there is no room for the contention that Keliher complied with the first requirement of the order. Nor did he furnish, or attempt to furnish, any evidence, satisfactory or otherwise, that he, and not the beneficiary, had paid the assessments on account of such certificate. This provision was no doubt inserted in the rules of this particular order because of the inequitable doctrine which seems to prevail, to some extent, at least, that a member of a benevolent association may change his beneficiary without his consent, even though he may have advanced the money to pay the assessments, and was designed to prevent a member from making such change, unless he could make it appear that he himself, and not the beneficiary, had been paying the assessments. No such showing was made, or attempted to be made, in this case, and, indeed, it probably could not have been, because it is- in evidence that Mrs. Keliher, the beneficiary named in the certificate, paid a part, at least, of the assessments. We conclude, therefore, that because Keliher did not comply with the rules of the order governing the matter of changing beneficiaries, either in substance or in form, his attempted change was invalid, and the fund now in controversy belongs to his wife, the beneficiary named in the certificate.
3. In reaching this conclusion we have not overlooked the cases of Manning v. A. O. U. W. 86 Ky. 136 (9 Am. St. Rep. 270, 5 S. W. 385), and Splawn v. Chew, 60 Tex. [510]*510532, holding, in effect, that the bylaws of a benevolent association providing the mode of changing the beneficiary named in a certificate issued by it are directory only, and for the benefit of the society, and, if it does not object to an attempted change, the original beneficiary cannot. These cases are manifestly not in harmony with the great weight of authority on the question, and do'not, in our opinion, give effect to the terms and conditions of the contract as made. In case of an insurance contract made by a benevolent association the bylaws, rules, and regulations of the order, as well as the powers inherent in the very nature of such an association, become a part of the contract, and are as binding upon the parties as the provisions of any other contract. By becoming a member, and accepting a certificate, the party obligates himself to comply with the rules and requirements of the order, and agrees that payment shall be made, in case of his death, to the beneficiary named in his certificate, unless a change is made in the mode provided by the laws of the order. For many purposes, mutual benefit assor ciations are insurance companies, and the certificates issued by them are regarded and treated as policies of insurance, and governed by the rules applicable to such contracts. There are, however, some well recognized and important differences, and the principal one is the right of the assured to change the beneficiary without his consent. But this right exists because reserved in the contract, and inherent in the very nature and character of the association. And, as said by the Supreme Court of Indiana in the case of Holland v. Taylor, 111 Ind. 121, 126 (12 N. E. 118) : “As in either case the rights of the beneficiary are dependent upon and fixed by the contract between the assured and the company or association, there seems to be no reason why the assured should have any greater power to change the beneficiary in one case than in the other, [511]*511except as that power may be inherent in the nature of the association, or is reserved to him by the constitution, or by the laws of the association, or by the terms of the certificate. * * * By virtue of the bylaws and the certificate, which, as we have seen, constituted the contract between him and the Boyal Arcanum, he had power to change the beneficiary. That same contract fixed the mode and manner in which that change might be made ; and we think that, taking the bylaws and certificate together, the mode and manner of changing the beneficiary was fixed as definitely, and was as binding upon the assured, as was the right to make such change binding upon the association and the beneficiary. In other words, under the contract the assured had a right to change the beneficiary, provided he made the change in the manner provided in the contract.”
So, in Stephenson v. Stephenson, 64 Iowa, 534 (21 N. W. 19), the court says : “The contract between the association and Bobert Stephenson was that the former should pay the insurance to the persons named in the certificate of membership, unless he should change the name of the beneficiaries ; and the manner in which this should be done formed a part of the contract of insurance. * * * Until the contemplated change was made on the books of the association, and a new certificate issued, the obligation to pay the beneficiary whose name appeared on the books of the association continued to exist. * * * Counsel for plaintiffs insist that, where a power is reserved, and no mode of executing it is provided, it may be executed by will. Possibly, this is so ; but, whether so or not, it will be conceded for the purpose of this case. One difficulty in the application of such a rule to this case is that a mode of executing the reserved power is provided in the contract, and it is conceded that such a mode was not adopted. It was perfectly competent for the parties [512]*512to contract as they did, and the mode of executing the reserved power provided in the contract cannot be regarded as an idle ceremony, because substantially a new contract was made upon its being complied with, and thereby all doubt upon the part of the association as to who was the beneficiary was removed. Because such mode was not adopted in this case creates the doubt we are called upon to solve. We therefore think the mode agreed upon in the contract, whereby the name of the beneficiary should be changed, was made a matter of substance, and should be complied with.”
4. It is argued that, although it is the rule that a change of beneficiary must be made in the manner prescribed by the laws of the society, it is equally well settled that the society may waive compliance with the required form. But with this doctrine we have no concern in the present case, because there is no evidence that the society, either directly or indirectly, waived compliance with any of the requirements of the order. Neither Mr. G. W. Povey, the recording secretary, nor the other officers of the order in Portland whom Mr. Keliher consulted, had any authority to do so. They were but subordinate officers, whose duties were prescribed by the constitution and bylaws, of which Mr. Keliher had notice, not only because he was a member, but on account of the provisions of his certificate, and the further fact that when he joined the order he was furnished with a copy of its constitution and bylaws, and required to subscribe thereto.
It is claimed that the failure of the local society to hold the regular meeting, which should have been held, under the bylaws, between the date of the attempted change of the beneficiary by Mr. Keliher and his death, was a waiver of the provision requiring a petition for the change to be presented to the local court. There would probably be some force in this contention if Mr. Keliher had [513]*513in fact filed a petition for a change of beneficiary ; but, as we have already seen,-he did not, and therefore the failure of the society to hold its regular meeting could in no way have affected his rights. The issue in this case is to be determined on the question as to whether Keliher himself performed the acts required of him, and, as he did not, there is no alternative but to reverse the decree, and award the fund to Mrs. Keliher, the party named in the benefit certificate. Reversed.