The summaries of the Colorado Court of Appeals published opinions constitute no part of the opinion of the division but have been prepared by the division for the convenience of the reader. The summaries may not be cited or relied upon as they are not the official language of the division. Any discrepancy between the language in the summary and in the opinion should be resolved in favor of the language in the opinion.
SUMMARY October 30, 2025
2025COA85
No. 24CA1393 Smith v. Terumo BCT, Inc. — Class Actions; Courts and Court Procedure — Jurisdiction of Courts — Standing — Injury in Fact
A division of the court of appeals holds that a plaintiff cannot
establish standing to sue based solely on an allegation that the
defendant’s negligent conduct may increase his future risk of illness
or injury. The concurrence dubitante raises questions about the
correct interpretation of C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) in the wake of seemingly
conflicting decisions in Schaden v. DIA Brewing Co., 2021 CO 4M,
and BLOM Bank SAL v. Honickman, 605 U.S. 204, 214 (2025). COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2025COA85
Court of Appeals No. 24CA1393 Jefferson County District Court No. 19CV31822 Honorable Lindsay VanGilder, Judge
Edward Smith, Jr.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
and
Paula Jensen and Gay Lang,
Intervenors-Appellants
v.
Terumo BCT, Inc., and Terumo BCT Sterilization Services, Inc.,
Defendants-Appellees.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
Division V Opinion by JUDGE GROVE Welling and Johnson, JJ., concur Grove, J., concurs dubitante
Announced October 30, 2025
Singleton Schreiber LLP, Kevin S. Hannon, Yohania T. Santana, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant and Intervenors-Appellants
McFarland Litigation Partners, LLC, J. Lucas McFarland, Golden, Colorado; King & Spalding LLP, Paul Alessio Mezzina, Nicolas A. Mecsas-Faxon, Washington, D.C.; King & Spalding LLP, Douglas A. Henderson, Nicholas H. Howell, Atlanta, Georgia, for Defendants-Appellees Wheeler Trigg O’Donnell, LLP, Frederick R. Yarger, Kate K. Fletcher, Denver, Colorado, for Amici Curiae American Property Casualty Insurance Association, Advanced Medical Technology Association, National Federation of Independent Business Small Business Legal Center, Inc., American Tort Reform Association, Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, Colorado Chamber of Commerce, Coalition for Litigation Justice, Inc., and American Coatings Association ¶1 In Colorado, a plaintiff must satisfy two criteria to establish
standing to sue: (1) an injury in fact to (2) a legally protected
interest. Ainscough v. Owens, 90 P.3d 851, 856 (Colo. 2004). In
this case, we consider whether Edward Smith, Jr., the named
plaintiff in this putative class action lawsuit, adequately pleaded
that he suffered an injury in fact by alleging that he and other class
members have been exposed to and absorbed toxic chemicals from
nearby industrial facilities. The district court concluded that
Smith’s complaint must be dismissed because it did not allege that
Smith and his fellow class members have fallen ill or suffered any
other tangible adverse effects as a result of their alleged chemical
exposure. It thus denied Smith’s motion to amend his complaint
under C.R.C.P. 15(a), his motion for relief and subsequent leave to
amend under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5), and a motion by Paula Jensen and
Gay Lang to intervene as plaintiffs under C.R.C.P. 24(a) or (b).
¶2 Like the district court, we conclude that a plaintiff cannot
establish standing to sue under Colorado law based solely on an
allegation that the defendant’s actions have increased the plaintiff’s
risk of future illness or disease. Therefore, we affirm.
1 I. Background
¶3 We draw the following factual background from Smith’s
complaint and the proposed amended complaint.
¶4 Defendants, Terumo BCT, Inc., and Terumo BCT Sterilization
Services, Inc. (collectively, Terumo), are the owners and operators of
manufacturing and sterilization facilities in Lakewood. Terumo
sterilizes medical equipment using ethylene oxide (EtO), which is a
colorless and odorless gas and a known carcinogen. The Lakewood
facilities emit EtO in accordance with an air quality permit issued
by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.
¶5 In December 2019, Smith filed a class action lawsuit on behalf
of himself and other similarly situated residents living near the
Lakewood facilities. In his complaint, Smith asserted claims for
negligence, strict liability for ultrahazardous activity, private
nuisance, and public nuisance. He alleged that he and other class
members have been injured because they have been exposed to
large amounts of EtO emissions from the Lakewood facilities since
1988.
¶6 Smith did not allege that he or any other member of the
proposed class has suffered any adverse physical effects from EtO
2 exposure; to the contrary, he excluded from the proposed class “all
persons who have been diagnosed with cancer related to exposure
to EtO.” As for the injuries suffered by members of the proposed
class, Smith alleged that the “significant exposure” he and other
nearby residents have experienced has increased their “risk of
illness, disease process and/or disease, including cancer.” An
appropriate remedy for this “increased risk,” Smith contended,
would be to award him and other class members “the cost of a
program of diagnostic testing for the early detection of illnesses,
disease processes or disease” to ensure that any illnesses caused by
EtO exposure could be “immediately identified and aggressively
treated.”
¶7 Terumo moved to dismiss Smith’s complaint. The district
court granted the motion, reasoning that Smith had not alleged that
he or any other class member has been injured by EtO exposure.
As the court put it, “[e]ven taking [Smith’s] allegations of exposure
and heightened risk of developing disease as true, the Court finds
exposure to a toxic substance does not, by itself, establish injury for
an action in tort.”
3 ¶8 The court dismissed the complaint on February 16, 2021.
Although the order did not indicate whether the dismissal was with
or without prejudice, the register of actions includes two additional
entries on the same date, one stating that the case was dismissed
without prejudice and the other stating that the case was
administratively closed.
¶9 Smith did not appeal the district court’s February 16, 2021,
order. Instead, on April 5, 2021, he filed a motion to amend the
complaint under C.R.C.P. 15(a) or, alternatively, for relief from
judgment under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5).1 The proposed amended
complaint sought to add two plaintiffs — Jensen and Lang — who
at the same time moved to intervene in the case. It also alleged
additional facts about EtO’s hazardous, mutagenic, cancer-causing,
and genotoxic nature; diagnostic testing and monitoring available to
facilitate early detection of diseases associated with EtO exposure;
1 At the end of his response to Terumo’s motion to dismiss, Smith
requested “leave to amend his complaint if the Court cannot deny Defendants’ [C.R.C.P.] 12(b)(5) motion.” The court did not address Smith’s request at the time because, as the court noted in a subsequent order, it was not submitted as a separate motion. See C.R.C.P. 121, § 1-15(1)(d) (“A motion shall not be included in a response or reply to the original motion.”).
4 Terumo’s EtO emissions; and the presence of EtO in Smith’s,
Lang’s, and Jensen’s bodies, including allegations that EtO has
been absorbed through their respiratory tracts and distributed in
their bodies, “constituting a change in the structure of [their]
bod[ies].” The proposed amended complaint also attempted to add
battery as a new cause of action.
¶ 10 Three years elapsed with no action from the district court.
Eventually, Terumo filed a “Motion to Confirm the Case is Closed,”
which appears to have prompted the court to deny Smith’s requests
for relief under C.R.C.P. 15(a) and 60(b)(5), as well as Jensen and
Lang’s motion to intervene as plaintiffs. Regarding Smith’s motion
to amend the complaint under C.R.C.P. 15(a), the court ruled that
he was not entitled to amend his complaint as a matter of course
because the February 16, 2021, order granting the motion to
dismiss was a final judgment. See Schaden v. DIA Brewing Co.,
2021 CO 4M, ¶ 2. The court denied Smith’s request for relief under
C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) after concluding that the allegations in the
proposed amended complaint did not “address or cure the legal
deficiencies that provide the basis for the [initial] dismissal of the
complaint.” Accordingly, the court denied the “request for leave to
5 amend under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) as futile.” In a separate order issued
the same day, the court denied the motion to intervene filed by
Jensen and Lang “for the reasons outlined” in the order denying
Smith’s motion.
¶ 11 Smith now appeals. He contends first that the district court
should have permitted him to amend his complaint as a matter of
course because the February 16, 2021, order was not a final
judgment. In the alternative, he argues that the court should have
granted his motion for relief under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) (and should
have permitted Jensen and Lang to intervene as plaintiffs) because
his proposed amended complaint stated a claim upon which relief
could be granted and included sufficient allegations to establish
that he and the intervenors had standing to pursue their claims.
II. C.R.C.P. 15(a)
¶ 12 Smith contends that the district court’s February 16, 2021,
order granting the motion to dismiss was not a final judgment.
Accordingly, he asserts, he was entitled to amend his complaint as
a matter of right under C.R.C.P. 15(a) because Terumo had not yet
filed a responsive pleading when the court granted the motion. We
disagree.
6 A. Standard of Review
¶ 13 Appellate courts generally review a district court’s denial of a
motion seeking leave to amend a complaint for an abuse of
discretion. Benton v. Adams, 56 P.3d 81, 85 (Colo. 2002). However,
when a court denies leave to amend on grounds that the
amendment would be futile because it cannot survive a motion to
dismiss, we review that question de novo as a matter of law. Id.
B. Applicable Law
¶ 14 C.R.C.P. 15(a) provides that a party “may amend his pleading
once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading
is filed” or if a responsive pleading is not permitted, “within 21
days” after the initial pleading was filed. Outside of this right to
amend, a party may also amend a complaint with the written
consent of the adverse party or by leave of the court “when justice
so requires.” C.R.C.P. 15(a).
¶ 15 “[A] final judgment,” however, “cuts off a plaintiff’s right to file
an amended complaint as a matter of course under C.R.C.P. 15(a).”
Schaden, ¶ 2. Thus, to amend a complaint after entry of a final
judgment, a plaintiff must seek relief under C.R.C.P. 59 or 60 and
7 must obtain either written consent to amend from the defendant or
leave to amend from the court. Schaden, ¶ 39.
¶ 16 “A final judgment is ‘one which ends the particular action in
which it is entered, leaving nothing further for the court
pronouncing it to do in order to completely determine the rights of
the parties involved in the proceeding.’” In re Water Rts. of Elk
Dance Colo., LLC, 139 P.3d 660, 668 (Colo. 2006) (citation omitted).
When evaluating finality, courts look to the substance of the order
at issue, rather than its title or characterization, to determine
whether it cuts off the plaintiff’s right to amend the complaint as a
matter of course. Schaden, ¶¶ 47-49.
C. Additional Facts
¶ 17 The district court granted Terumo’s motion to dismiss because
Smith did not plead a cognizable injury. The court reasoned that
mere exposure to “a toxic chemical,” without an accompanying
adverse physical impact, “is inadequate to support a cause of action
for toxic-tort related injury.” Likewise, to the extent that EtO
exposure increases Smith’s “potential risk for future illness or
disease,” the court determined that the increased risk was “not a
present injury in itself.” As a result, the court concluded, Smith’s
8 claim seeking medical monitoring for class members as a remedy
for EtO exposure must fail. In reaching this conclusion, the court
observed that it had not found a single case decided by a Colorado
state court that “adopted or advanced [medical monitoring as a]
separate cause of action under Colorado state law.”2 Because the
court found it inappropriate “to engage in legislative or policy-
making functions,” it dismissed the case. Given the basis of its
ruling — that Smith had not pleaded that he suffered a legally
cognizable injury — the court did not consider whether Smith had
sufficiently pleaded other elements of the claims asserted in his
complaint.
¶ 18 The court denied Smith’s subsequently filed motion to amend
the complaint for largely similar reasons. After ruling that
amendment as a matter of course was no longer available after it
had dismissed the case, see Schaden, ¶ 2, the court concluded that
2 The court acknowledged two federal district court cases that had
predicted Colorado state courts might “recognize a claim for medical monitoring absent present physical injury,” see Bell v. 3M Co., 344 F. Supp. 3d 1207, 1224 (D. Colo. 2018); Cook v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 755 F. Supp. 1468, 1477 (D. Colo. 1991), but found it significant that no state court has subsequently done so given the substantial amount of time that has elapsed since those predictions were made.
9 Smith’s proposed amended complaint was futile because it still
failed to allege a cognizable injury.
D. Analysis
¶ 19 Smith contends that the district court’s February 16, 2021,
order was not a final judgment because it left issues to be decided.
In particular, he asserts that the dismissal order did not determine
standing, whether he had sufficiently pleaded all of his claims, or
the scope of the district court’s jurisdiction. He also asserts the
court’s order lacks indicia of finality because the court did not enter
the judgment in the record of actions, it dismissed Smith’s claim
without prejudice, and it did not dismiss the entire action.
¶ 20 Regardless of how the district court framed its analysis,3 it
concluded that Smith did not allege that he or other members of the
class have suffered a cognizable injury as a result of EtO exposure.
3 We acknowledge that the district court’s February 16, 2021, order
could be read in two ways — as dismissing the case either on jurisdictional grounds for lack of standing or because Smith’s complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Reviewing the question of subject matter jurisdiction de novo, we conclude that Smith’s failure to plead that he suffered an injury in fact to a legally protected interest deprived the district court of jurisdiction over his complaint. See Wimberly v. Ettenberg, 570 P.2d 535, 539 (Colo. 1977).
10 Thus, in the absence of an allegation that the class members have
been “injured in fact,” the district court was required to dismiss the
case on jurisdictional grounds for lack of standing. See Hotaling v.
Hickenlooper, 275 P.3d 723, 725 (Colo. App. 2011) (“To establish
standing, a plaintiff suing in Colorado state court must establish
that (1) he incurred an injury-in-fact; and (2) the injury was to a
legally protected interest.”); Colo. Manufactured Hous. Ass’n v.
Pueblo County, 857 P.2d 507, 510 (Colo. App. 1993) (“If the
complaint fails to allege injury, the case must be dismissed; if the
plaintiff does allege sufficient injury, the question whether the
plaintiff is protected by law from the alleged injury must be
answered.”).
¶ 21 Looking to “the substance of the judgment at issue,” Schaden,
¶ 47, we conclude that the February 16, 2021, order was a final
judgment. The district court concluded that Smith and other
members of the class have not suffered an injury as the result of
Terumo’s alleged EtO emissions. And, having concluded that Smith
did not allege that he or the other putative class members have
been injured by Terumo, it follows that Smith lacked standing and
“the district court was compelled to dismiss the case as it lacked
11 jurisdiction to hear it.” Id. at ¶ 48. Once the court decided it did
not have jurisdiction, there was nothing more for it to decide “and
nothing further for the court to pronounce,” id., meaning that it had
issued a final judgment and Smith could no longer rely on C.R.C.P.
15(a) to amend his complaint as a matter of course. See Moya v.
Schollenbarger, 465 F.3d 444, 449 (10th Cir. 2006) (“In evaluating
finality, . . . we look to the substance and objective intent, of the
district court’s order, not just its terminology.”).
III. C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5)
¶ 22 Smith argues in the alternative that, if the district court’s
dismissal order was a final judgment, the court erred when it
concluded that his proposed amendment to the complaint was futile
and thus denied him relief from judgment under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5),
which allows the court to relieve a party from a judgment for “any
other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.”4
He asserts that a present physical injury is not a prerequisite for
recovery under Colorado tort law and that, as a result, his proposed
4 To the extent that we address Smith’s arguments, we are limited
to reviewing the court’s decision denying Smith’s request for relief under C.R.C.P. 60 because he failed to appeal the court’s dismissal order.
12 amendments cured the alleged deficiencies in his original
complaint.5 We are not persuaded.
A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
¶ 23 As we have already discussed, Schaden holds that “once a
judgment enters and becomes final, a plaintiff no longer has the
right to file an amended complaint as a matter of course under
C.R.C.P. 15(a).” Schaden, ¶ 39. But losing the right to amend the
complaint as a matter of course does not necessarily deprive a
plaintiff of any postjudgment remedy. To the contrary, the court in
Schaden concluded that “such a plaintiff must seek relief from the
judgment under C.R.C.P. 59 or 60 and must obtain either leave to
amend from the court or written consent to amend from the
defendant.” Id. (emphasis added).
¶ 24 Grounds for a district court to deny leave to amend pleadings
include undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, repeated failure to
5 Smith’s appellate briefing does not develop any argument
contesting the district court’s apparent rejection of his proposed amended claims based on ultrahazardous activity and public and private nuisance. We therefore do not consider them. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. City of Lakewood, 788 P.2d 808, 811 n.5 (Colo. 1990) (deeming abandoned a claim not raised on appeal, even where the district court failed to rule on the claim below).
13 cure deficiencies in the pleadings via prior amendments, undue
prejudice to the opposing party, and futility. Benton, 56 P.3d at 86.
A proposed amendment is futile “if, among other things, it fail[s] to
state a legal theory or [is] incapable of withstanding a motion to
dismiss.” Vinton v. Virzi, 2012 CO 10, ¶ 13.
¶ 25 Whether to grant a party leave to amend “is within the sound
discretion of the trial court.” Benton, 56 P.3d at 85. We review the
decision to deny a party’s motion to amend pleadings for an abuse
of discretion. Riccatone v. Colo. Choice Health Plans, 2013 COA
133, ¶ 47. “A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is
manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair” or “when it
misconstrues or misapplies the law.” Rinker v. Colina-Lee, 2019
COA 45, ¶ 29.
¶ 26 C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) is a residuary provision that has been
construed to apply only to situations not covered by the other
provisions of C.R.C.P. 60(b) and should be employed “only in
extreme situations or extraordinary circumstances.” Davidson v.
McClellan, 16 P.3d 233, 237 (Colo. 2001). As relevant here, a court
may relieve a party from a final judgment under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5)
for “any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the
14 judgment.” As the concurrence discusses, Schaden did not make
clear whether the plaintiff in that case made a showing of
extraordinary circumstances, and the United States Supreme
Court’s recent decision in BLOM Bank SAL v. Honickman, 605 U.S.
204, 214 (2025), raises questions about the extent to which such a
showing is required. We need not reach that question, however,
because, like the district court, we conclude that Smith’s proposed
amended complaint was futile.
B. Additional Facts
¶ 27 We have already noted that the district court dismissed
Smith’s original complaint after concluding that he had not pleaded
a cognizable injury. In his proposed amended complaint, Smith
attempted to address these shortcomings by, in part, fleshing out
his assertion that he and other class members have suffered a
cognizable injury as a result of their EtO exposure.
¶ 28 The court declined to grant Smith relief because his proposed
amendments were futile. The court explained that, while the
amendments included new allegations “to support [Smith’s] claim of
exposure to EtO and presence of EtO in his body,” the proposed
amended complaint still failed to allege that Smith or any other
15 class member has been “diagnosed with cancer or any other illness
or disease.” While the court acknowledged that Smith’s proposed
amendments added more information about the “hazardous nature
of EtO and its mutagenic, cancerous, and genotoxic properties,” the
proposed amended complaint still failed to do any more than
generally assert that Smith’s body (and the bodies of other class
members) has absorbed the chemical, leading to an increased risk
of illness and disease and alterations in his body and “bodily
structures.” What the proposed amended complaint did not do, the
court observed, was “allege any manifestation of illness or disease.”
¶ 29 In the absence of allegations that Smith and other class
members have suffered any injury as a result of EtO exposure, the
district court adhered to the analysis in its original dismissal order.
To reach this conclusion, the court compared Smith’s complaint to
“cases that analyze exposure to asbestos, finding no injury where
there was no manifestation of illness or disease.” Accordingly,
because granting the proposed amendments would not cure the
alleged deficiencies that provided the basis for the court’s earlier
dismissal, the court denied Smith’s request to amend the complaint
as futile.
16 C. Analysis
¶ 30 Smith contends that his proposed amended complaint was not
futile for two reasons. First, he maintains that he did allege an
injury by asserting that EtO exposure has altered his bodily
structures and left him with an increased risk of disease. Second,
he argues that he has been injured due to the “[t]he pecuniary
detriment of the present medical necessity to incur the cost of
diagnostic testing for the early detection of disease.” As Colorado
law currently stands, we cannot conclude that either of these
assertions established that Smith has suffered an injury in fact
sufficient to confer standing to sue.
¶ 31 “One of the basic principles of law is that a party may not
recover damages if he has not suffered an injury.” Isaac v. Am.
Heritage Bank & Tr. Co., 675 P.2d 742, 744 (Colo. 1984).
Consistent with this principle, “a person cannot pursue a tort claim
for future death, future physical injury, or future property damage.”
Open Door Ministries v. Lipschuetz, 2016 CO 37M, ¶ 19 (emphasis
added). Because Smith’s allegation that EtO exposure increases his
risk of cancer or other disease amounts to nothing more than a
hypothetical claim of “future physical injury,” the district court
17 correctly concluded that he had not alleged an injury “where there
was no manifestation of illness or disease.”
¶ 32 Although Smith does not identify any Colorado case holding
that mere exposure to a toxic chemical without an accompanying
physical injury can confer standing to sue, we acknowledge that
there is a split of authority on this issue in other states. Some have
held that such an allegation can support a claim for medical
monitoring. See, e.g., Meyer v. Fluor Corp., 220 S.W.3d 712, 718
(Mo. 2007) (“A physical injury requirement is inconsistent with the
reality of latent injury and with the fact that the purpose of medical
monitoring is to facilitate the early diagnosis and treatment of latent
injuries caused by exposure to toxins.”); Bower v. Westinghouse
Elec. Corp., 522 S.E.2d 424, 430 (W. Va. 1999) (rejecting “the
contention that a claim for future medical expenses” based on an
allegation of exposure to toxic substances “must rest upon the
existence of present physical harm”); Bourgeois v. A.P. Green Indus.,
Inc., 97-C-3188, pp. 5-6 (La. 7/8/98), 716 So. 2d 355, 356-57, 359
(holding that even though asymptomatic plaintiffs did not suffer
“bodily harm” from exposure to asbestos, their medical-monitoring
claim rested on the “legally protected interest” of avoiding “costly
18 medical bills”), superseded by statute, 1999 La. Acts 2662. Others
have declined to permit medical-monitoring relief under similar
circumstances and have “generally presumed that the subclinical
effects of toxic exposure do not constitute physical injury.” June v.
Union Carbide Corp., 577 F.3d 1234, 1249 & n.11 (10th Cir. 2009)
(collecting cases).
¶ 33 In recent years, however, a trend has emerged as courts
throughout the country have repeatedly held that a toxic tort claim
cannot proceed in the absence of a present physical injury. See,
e.g., Baker v. Croda Inc., 304 A.3d 191, 194 (Del. 2023) (“[A]n
increased risk of harm only constitutes a cognizable injury once it
manifests in a physical disease.”); Brown v. Saint-Gobain
Performance Plastics Corp., 300 A.3d 949, 952 (N.H. 2023) (“[T]he
mere existence of an increased risk of future development of disease
is not sufficient under New Hampshire law to constitute a legal
injury . . . .”); Berry v. City of Chicago, 2020 IL 124999, ¶ 33, 181
N.E.3d 679, 688 (“The rule . . . that an increased risk of harm is
not, itself, an injury, is consistent with the traditional
understanding of tort law.”); Lowe v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 183
P.3d 181, 187 (Or. 2008) (“Following our precedents, we hold that
19 negligent conduct that results only in a significantly increased risk
of future injury that requires medical monitoring does not give rise
to a claim for negligence.”). Because these cases are consistent
with Colorado’s longstanding rejection of tort claims based on the
potential of future physical harm, see, e.g., Lipschuetz, ¶ 19, the
district court did not err by following them.
¶ 34 Similar reasoning applies to Smith’s new claim that EtO has
been “absorbed” by his respiratory tract and “distributed in his
body,” thus “constituting a change in the structure of his body.”
This allegation hews closely to section 15 of the Restatement
(Second) of Torts (A.L.I. 1965), which defines bodily harm as “any
physical impairment of the condition of another’s body, or physical
pain or illness.” And section 15 provides further in an
accompanying comment that “an impairment of the physical
condition of another’s body” occurs “if the structure or function of
any part of the other’s body is altered to any extent even though the
alteration causes no other harm.” Id. at cmt. a.
¶ 35 No Colorado case has adopted this definition, but we need not
decide whether it controls because Smith’s allegations are
conclusory in any event. See Scott v. Scott, 2018 COA 25, ¶ 19
20 (noting that the “plausibility standard” for a complaint “emphasizes
that facts pleaded as legal conclusions (i.e., conclusory statements)
are not entitled to the assumption that they are true”). True, the
proposed amended complaint cited various scientific studies
describing the health risks associated with EtO exposure and
alleged that it is readily absorbed by the lungs, rapidly metabolized,
and distributed throughout the body. But absorption and
metabolization do not necessarily lead to changes in the body’s
“structure or function,” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 15 cmt. a;
thus, without allegations specific to Smith or the other proposed
plaintiffs, these claims must be rejected as conclusory. Cf. Rhodes
v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 636 F.3d 88, 95 (4th Cir. 2011)
(applying West Virginia law to conclude that the “alteration in the
structure” of or accumulation of a toxic chemical in the plaintiffs’
blood was insufficient to support a claim of battery). Because the
proposed amended complaint did not include an allegation that
Smith — or any other member of the class — has suffered any
currently existing adverse effect as a result of his alleged exposure to
EtO, the district court correctly concluded that his proposed
21 ¶ 36 Turning to Smith’s assertion that his need to undergo medical
monitoring amounts to an economic injury, the district court
correctly observed that this claim “blurred the line between
establishing injury and damages.” As the Michigan Supreme Court
put it in a similar case, “a plaintiff must demonstrate a present
physical injury to person or property in addition to economic losses
that result from that injury in order to recover under a negligence
theory.” Henry v. Dow Chem. Co., 701 N.W.2d 684, 690 (Mich.
2005). Put another way, Smith cannot recover economic damages
associated with a medical monitoring claim without first
establishing that he has suffered an injury in fact. Because his
proposed amended complaint did not include allegations that would
support such an inference, the district court did not err by denying
Smith’s motion as futile.
IV. Remaining Issues
¶ 37 We briefly address Smith’s remaining contentions.
• To the extent that Smith attacks the merits of the court’s
original order of dismissal, we do not reach those
arguments because Smith did not appeal that order. See
Gestner v. Gestner, 2024 COA 55, ¶ 21 (explaining that
22 an appeal of the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion “does not
bring up the underlying judgment for review” (quoting
People in Interest of J.A.U. v. R.L.C., 47 P.3d 327, 331 n.6
(Colo. 2002))).
• Although the district court did not explicitly address the
question, we conclude that the claim of battery — which
Smith included in the proposed amended complaint as
an additional ground for the recovery of medical
monitoring costs — was futile. Battery is an intentional
tort, and “regardless of the characteristics of the alleged
tortfeasor, a plaintiff must prove that the actor desired to
cause offensive or harmful consequences by his act.”
White v. Muniz, 999 P.2d 814, 819 (Colo. 2000). While
Smith’s proposed amended complaint alleged that
Terumo intentionally emitted EtO into the atmosphere, it
did not allege that Terumo “desired” to offend or harm
anyone by doing so.
• Finally, the court did not err by denying Jensen and
Lang’s motion to intervene on grounds that intervention
was futile. The proposed new class members asserted
23 “the same claims for injury as Plaintiff Smith: past
present and future significant exposure” to EtO that
resulted in “increased risk of illness, disease, or disease
process” and the need for medical monitoring to detect
the resulting illness or disease. Because Smith’s
proposed amended complaint was futile, it follows that
the proposed intervenors’ claims were futile as well.
V. Disposition
¶ 38 We affirm the judgment.
JUDGE WELLING and JUDGE JOHNSON concur.
JUDGE GROVE concurs dubitante.
24 JUDGE GROVE, concurring dubitante.
¶ 39 I write separately to highlight an emerging divide between the
Colorado Supreme Court’s interpretation of C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) and
the United States Supreme Court’s interpretation of the federal rule
that it tracks, Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6), and to urge the Colorado
Supreme Court to clarify its interpretation of the Colorado rule.
¶ 40 C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) is a residuary provision that should be
construed narrowly “to avoid undercutting the finality of
judgments.” In re People in Interest of A.P., 2022 CO 24, ¶ 22; see
Cavanaugh v. State, Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 644 P.2d 1, 5 (Colo. 1982).
The rule mirrors Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6) and, like its federal
counterpart, has historically been construed to apply “only to
situations not covered by [C.R.C.P. 60(b)’s other] enumerated
provisions” and “only in extreme situations or extraordinary
circumstances.” Davidson v. McClellan, 16 P.3d 233, 237 (Colo.
2001).
¶ 41 Notwithstanding its historically narrow interpretation of
C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5), in Schaden v. DIA Brewing Co., 2021 CO 4M, the
Colorado Supreme Court seemed to suggest that the rule can be
used as a vehicle for the post-dismissal amendment of a complaint
25 without regard to whether an “extreme situation” or “extraordinary
circumstance” exists. As I understand Schaden’s holding, a district
court should allow a postjudgment amendment to the complaint
under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) as long as the proposed amendment
remedies the shortcomings that led to the complaint’s dismissal.
Specifically, the Schaden court held that because the plaintiff’s
“proffered amended complaint is not futile and properly alleges both
standing and the claims set forth” therein, the proper remedy was a
remand with instructions to the district court to “accept [the]
amended complaint for filing.” Id. at ¶ 61.
¶ 42 Notably, the Schaden court reached this conclusion without
any reference to the “extraordinary circumstances” requirement
that it has traditionally imposed on all types of requests for
postjudgment relief under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5). This approach was
consistent with some federal courts’ historical interpretation of the
The plaintiff in Schaden v. DIA Brewing Co., 2021 CO 4M, sought post-trial relief more than fourteen days after the court had dismissed its claims and closed the case. See C.R.C.P. 59(a) (providing that a motion for post-trial relief must be brought within fourteen days of entry of judgment). So the case appears to have been decided under the residuary provision of C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) as that is the only provision under C.R.C.P. 60(b) that would permit the court to rule on a futility standard.
26 interplay between Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6),
which blended the liberal standard for amending pleadings with the
stricter approach generally applicable to motions for postjudgment
relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)’s residuary clause. See, e.g.,
Williams v. Citigroup Inc., 659 F.3d 208, 213 (2d Cir. 2011)
(“[P]ostjudgment motions for leave to replead must be evaluated
with due regard to both the value of finality and the policies
embodied in Rule 15.”); O’Brien v. Village of Lincolnshire, 955 F.3d
616, 629 (7th Cir. 2020) (“Although Rules 59(e) and 60(b) provide
extraordinary remedies for exceptional circumstances, we review
post-judgment motions for leave to amend according to the Rule 15
standard when a district court enters judgment at the same time it
first dismisses a case.”).
¶ 43 To the extent that it dispensed with the traditional
prerequisites for obtaining relief under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5), Schaden’s
approach now appears irreconcilable with the United States
Supreme Court’s holding in BLOM Bank SAL v. Honickman, 605
U.S. 204, 210 (2025). There, the Supreme Court rejected a “hybrid
standard” for reviewing a postjudgment motion to amend a
complaint and instead applied a two-step analysis under which “a
27 party seeking to reopen his case and replead must first satisfy Rule
60(b) on its own terms and obtain Rule 60(b) relief before Rule
15(a)’s liberal amendment standard can apply.” Id. at 210, 214. In
holding that “satisfaction of Rule 60(b)(6) necessarily precedes any
application of Rule 15(a),” BLOM Bank emphasized that “[a] party
seeking Rule 60(b)(6) relief must always demonstrate ‘extraordinary
circumstances’ justifying relief” and noted that a contrary holding
would be incompatible with the “long line of precedents” narrowly
construing the federal rule’s residuary clause. Id. at 213-15.
¶ 44 BLOM Bank stresses the importance of finality, along with
reiterating the “extraordinary circumstances” test when seeking
relief under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6). This fits well with Colorado’s
steady march toward streamlining litigation and reducing costs for
litigants. To that end, recent changes in Colorado procedure
encourage — indeed, require — parties to show more of their cards
earlier in the case, with the express goal of increasing efficiency for
courts and parties. Notice pleading, for example, has been
jettisoned in favor of the more demanding “plausibility” standard.
See Warne v. Hall, 2016 CO 50, ¶ 24. Amendments to Colorado’s
case management, discovery, and disclosure rules, too, have
28 “endeavor[ed] to foster a new culture and paradigm for handling
civil cases in a way that will be faster and less expensive.” Richard
P. Holme, New Pretrial Rules for Civil Cases — Part II: What Is
Changed, 44 Colo. Law. 111, 111 (July 2015) (discussing efficiency-
driven changes to C.R.C.P. 16 and C.R.C.P. 26).
¶ 45 The apparent divide between Schaden and BLOM Bank is also
significant because the Colorado Supreme Court has traditionally
aligned its understanding of C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) with the United States
Supreme Court’s interpretation of Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6). See, e.g.,
A.P., ¶¶ 21-24; Davidson, 16 P.3d at 237-38; Canton Oil Corp. v.
Dist. Ct., 731 P.2d 687, 694 & n.6 (Colo. 1987). This longstanding
reliance on federal precedent not only reflects the substantial
textual similarities between the state and federal rules but also
advances Colorado’s policy of discouraging forum shopping, see AE,
Inc. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 168 P.3d 507, 511 (Colo. 2007),
which can occur when “vastly different outcomes result from
nothing more than a choice of forums.” Warne, ¶ 17.
¶ 46 In the wake of BLOM Bank, and in the absence of a clear break
in Schaden from the Colorado Supreme Court’s historical reliance
on analogous federal precedent when interpreting and applying
29 C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5), I worry that Colorado’s district courts will be left
unsure how to balance the seemingly competing demands of
C.R.C.P. 15(a) and 60(b)(5) when deciding whether to provide leave
to amend a complaint after judgment has been entered. To the
extent Schaden suggests that a postjudgment motion to amend a
complaint need not establish extraordinary circumstances before
qualifying for relief under C.R.C.P. 15(a), I do not believe that it can
be squared with BLOM Bank’s interpretation of Fed. R. Civ. P.
60(b)(6). And while the Colorado Supreme Court is free to interpret
its own procedural rules in a manner that diverges from federal
precedent, see Warne, ¶ 17, Schaden did not do so explicitly. Nor
did the Colorado Supreme Court grapple with its many previous
exhortations that C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) is not a substitute for appeal,
see A.P., ¶ 23, and that it should be construed narrowly to “give
scrupulous consideration to our strong policies favoring the finality
of judgments,” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. McMillan, 925 P.2d
785, 791 (Colo. 1996).
¶ 47 Without recounting the facts outlined in the majority opinion, I
believe it is self-evident that Smith’s request for postjudgment relief
under C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) would have failed under the BLOM Bank
30 standard because it was not based on extraordinary circumstances.
Rather, in his response to Terumo’s motion to dismiss, Smith
conceded that he “ha[d] the information to plead . . . additional
facts” and suggested that he could include those facts in an
amended complaint if the district court determined that he had
failed to plead a cognizable injury. I struggle to see how these
circumstances — in which the plaintiff intentionally omitted
information he believed would successfully counter the motion to
dismiss, offering to add it only after the case was dismissed for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction — are sufficiently “extraordinary” to
overcome the strong interests in both efficiency and maintaining the
finality of judgments. Indeed, “extraordinary circumstances rarely
exist when a party seeks relief from a judgment that resulted from
the party’s deliberate choices.” Budget Blinds, Inc. v. White, 536
F.3d 244, 255 (3d Cir. 2008).
¶ 48 Because of the apparent inconsistency between the Colorado
Supreme Court’s application of C.R.C.P. 60(b)(5) in Schaden and the
United States Supreme Court’s interpretation of Fed. R. Civ. P.
60(b)(6) in BLOM Bank, I urge the Colorado Supreme Court to
clarify whether a plaintiff who seeks to amend his complaint after
31 final judgment is entered must demonstrate “extraordinary
circumstances” before being permitted to do so.