MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Feb 27 2018, 9:41 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Leanna Weissmann Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Lawrenceburg, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Katherine A. Cornelius Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Termination of the Parent- February 27, 2018 Child Relationship of: Court of Appeals Case No. 69A01-1710-JT-2331 A.S. (Minor Child) Appeal from the Ripley Circuit and Court K.S. (Mother), The Honorable Ryan King, Judge Appellant-Respondent, Trial Court Cause No. 69C01-1703-JT-8 v.
Indiana Department of Child Services, Appellee-Plaintiff
Altice, Judge. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 1 of 14 Case Summary
[1] K.S. (Mother) appeals from the involuntary termination of her parental rights to
A.S. (Child). Mother argues that the trial court’s order terminating her parental
rights is not supported by clear and convincing evidence. 1
[2] We affirm.
Facts & Procedural History
[3] Mother began using illegal drugs in 2011. On October 9, 2013, Mother, who
was then nineteen years old, gave birth to Child. After Child was born, Mother
lived with her fiancé, who is not Child’s biological father. Mother’s fiancé is
also a drug user and has a pending charge for sexual misconduct with a minor.
[4] When Child was three months old, Mother introduced Child to her paternal
great-grandparents, D.Z. and W.Z. Mother would regularly leave Child with
different caregivers, including her mother or sister, but most often she left Child
in the care of the paternal great-grandparents for days or even weeks at a time.
Mother would return only for a day or two and then leave again. When
Mother left Child with the paternal great-grandparents, she would not bring
food, money, authorization to obtain medical care, or sufficient and appropriate
1 Father signed a voluntary consent to termination of his parental rights to Child. Father does not participate in this appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 2 of 14 clothing for Child. The paternal great-grandparents were Child’s primary
caregivers.
[5] As an example of Mother’s unwillingness to care for Child, D.Z. recounted an
instance when she had become ill, so W.Z. contacted Mother and asked her to
pick up Child so D.Z. could rest and recover. Mother, however, did not pick
up Child, claiming she was taking a trip to New York. On another occasion,
D.Z. contacted Mother because Child was very sick. Mother told D.Z. to take
her to the hospital. Mother, however, did not meet them at the hospital and
never called to see how Child was doing. D.Z. also made sure that Child was
seen regularly by a doctor and received her vaccinations and she did so despite
the fact that Mother never provided her with Child’s Medicaid card.
[6] When Child was around two-and-a-half years old, D.Z. noted that Child had a
bruise on her face, as well as a black eye and a scratch on her cheek. When
D.Z. confronted Mother about her concern of physical abuse, Mother admitted
that she left Child in the care of her fiancé while she ran errands and that when
she got home and heard Child screaming, her fiancé told her that Child must
have fallen out of bed. Mother was adamant that her fiancé would never hurt
Child.
[7] D.Z. also had concerns about possible sexual abuse. She noted something
unusual about the appearance of Child’s vagina and that, although Child was
potty trained, Child would have accidents or hide beside a bed to defecate after
she had spent time with Mother. D.Z. took Child to the doctor and then the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 3 of 14 hospital to determine if Child had been sexually abused. Mother attended only
one of these appointments.
[8] D.Z. had also become concerned that Mother was using drugs. She noted that
Mother’s appearance and behavior had changed and that she had become
forgetful. She recounted how on a cold winter day, Mother, claiming she had
run out of time, failed to dress Child in anything more than a diaper.
[9] In January 2016, it was reported to the Department of Child Services (DCS)
that Mother violated her probation by having a positive drug screen.
Mistakenly believing it was D.Z. who contacted DCS, Mother picked Child up
from the D.Z.’s home and told her that she would never see Child again. After
Mother left with Child, D.Z. contacted DCS. On January 21, 2016, DCS
located Child at maternal grandmother’s home. Mother was not present,
maternal grandmother was under the influence of drugs, and drugs were found
in the home. DCS filed a request for emergency custody, which the court
granted.
[10] On January 22, 2016, DCS filed a Verified Petition Alleging Child to be in
Need of Services (CHINS). Child was initially placed in the care of D.Z.
Angela Davis, the Family Case Manager (FCM) assigned to Mother, was
unable to track Mother down for nearly a month, finally getting in touch with
her by phone on February 24, 2016. FCM Davis noted that during the
conversation, Mother was slurring her words and was very emotional, leading
her to believe that Mother was using drugs. Mother also indicated to FCM
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 4 of 14 Davis that she would not participate in supervised visits with Child even though
FCM Davis explained that such was required given Mother’s drug use. Mother
also refused to discuss or plan for services offered to help reunify her with
Child. Subsequently, when a service provider contacted Mother to arrange a
supervised visit, Mother was rude and dismissive.
[11] On March 13, 2016, Mother appeared for an initial hearing in the CHINS
matter and was appointed counsel, but she failed to personally appear for a
May 9, 2016 fact-finding hearing. On May 11, 2016, the court adjudicated
Child a CHINS. Mother did not attend a dispositional hearing held on May 23,
2016, and there was an outstanding warrant for her arrest. In its dispositional
order, the trial court ordered Mother to stop using drugs, complete a substance
abuse assessment and follow all recommendations, and submit to random drug
screens. At the time, the permanency plan was reunification.
[12] During the pendency of the CHINS matter, Mother spent time in jail on several
occasions. From March 14 through March 21, 2016, Mother was incarcerated
in the Ripley County Jail for a probation violation after submitting a positive
probation drug screen. Two days after her release, Mother tested positive for a
heroin metabolite. Five days after that, March 28, 2016, Mother tested positive
for amphetamines and morphine. Based on her continued drug use, a second
probation violation was filed on March 30, 2016, and a warrant was issued for
her arrest. Before this arrest warrant was executed, however, Mother was
arrested in May 2016 in Johnson County for possession of methamphetamine
and possession of a narcotic drug (heroin) and was incarcerated for two days.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 5 of 14 She later pled guilty to the charges and was sentenced to 910 days, all
suspended but for time served.
[13] In June 2016, Mother admitted to violating her probation as alleged in the
second probation violation and the court revoked 180 days of her previously
suspended sentence in Ripley County, but stayed the sentence pending
Mother’s completion of an inpatient stay at Tara Treatment Center. Mother
was released from treatment on July 1, 2016, but failed to attend the intensive
outpatient treatment program recommended by FCM Davis. Rather, Mother
chose to live with her mother and sister, both of whom were active
methamphetamine users. On or about July 19, 2016, Mother cooperated with a
DCS request for a drug screen, testing positive for methamphetamine. On July
20, Mother again tested positive for amphetamines during a random probation
drug screen. As a result, a third violation of probation was filed. Mother
admitted to violating her probation by using illegal drugs, and the trial court
revoked 185 days of her probation. Mother remained in jail until October 2016.
[14] Mother failed additional drug screens that were administered by DCS. On
November 10, 2016, prior to a supervised visit with Child, Mother tested
positive for methamphetamine. In March 2017, FCM Davis offered Mother
treatment at a center in Evansville and asked Mother to come in for a phone
interview and a drug screen. Mother, however, refused to cooperate, despite
being informed that her refusal would be considered a “dirty screen.” Transcript
at 48. Mother’s response was that “one more screen wasn’t going to hurt her”
and then she hung up the phone. Id. On April 21, 2017, prior to a supervised
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 6 of 14 visit with Child, Mother again tested positive for methamphetamine. FCM
Davis testified that it was difficult to test Mother more regularly because her
whereabouts were often unknown and she did not keep in touch with DCS.
[15] Mother was arrested on May 2, 2017, pursuant to an arrest warrant issued after
she failed to appear for probation appointments in Johnson County. On May
30, 2017, Mother’s Johnson County probation was revoked. Mother has been
incarcerated since that time and is anticipated to remain incarcerated until mid-
2018, unless her sentence is modified.
[16] With regard to visitation, the record reveals that from January 21, 2016, until
the time of termination, Mother visited with Child only five times, despite
numerous referrals for weekly supervised visits. Of the five visits, two of them
occurred because the visitation supervisor took Child to see Mother while she
was at the Tara Treatment Center. FCM Davis also made referrals for Mother
to participate in home-based services, but Mother would not participate or
maintain contact with FCM Davis so arrangements for the services could be
made.
[17] At a January 9, 2017 permanency hearing, the court found that Mother had not
been compliant with services and approved changing the permanency plan from
reunification to adoption. Thereafter, DCS filed a Verified Petition for the
Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship (TPR Petition) on March 29,
2017. Even though Mother failed to appear at the initial hearing on the TPR
Petition, the trial court appointed counsel to represent her. On August 14,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 7 of 14 2017, Mother requested that counsel withdraw his appearance, which motion
the court denied. The court held a fact-finding hearing on the TPR Petition on
August 29, 2017. On September 7, 2017, the court entered its order terminating
Mother’s parental rights. Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be
provided as necessary.
Discussion & Decision
[18] When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the
evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258,
265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence
and reasonable inferences most favorable to the judgment. Id. In deference to
the trial court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside its
judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous.
In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. Thus, if the
evidence and inferences support the decision, we must affirm. Id.
[19] The trial court entered findings in its order terminating Mother’s parental rights.
When the trial court enters specific findings of fact and conclusions thereon, we
apply a two-tiered standard of review. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family &
Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). First, we determine whether the
evidence supports the findings, and second, we determine whether the findings
support the judgment. Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the
record contains no facts to support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen
v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). A judgment is clearly erroneous
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 8 of 14 only if the findings do not support the court’s conclusions or the conclusions do
not support the judgment thereon. Id.
[20] We recognize that the traditional right of parents to “establish a home and raise
their children is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
Constitution.” In re M.B., 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied.
Although parental rights are of constitutional dimension, the law provides for
the termination of these rights when parents are unable or unwilling to meet
their parental responsibilities. In re R.H., 892 N.E.2d 144, 149 (Ind. Ct. App.
2008). In addition, a court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those
of the child when evaluating the circumstances surrounding the termination. In
re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832, 836 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). The purpose of terminating
parental rights is not to punish the parents, but to protect their children. Id.
[21] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur in Indiana, DCS
is required to allege and prove by clear and convincing evidence, among other
things:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well- being of the child.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 9 of 14 (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been adjudicated a child in need of services[.]
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B). DCS must also prove by clear and convincing
evidence that termination is in the best interests of the child and that there is a
satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child. I.C. § 31-35-2-
4(b)(2)(C), (D).
[22] Mother first challenges the trial court’s findings as to subsections (b)(2)(B)(i)
and (ii). We note that DCS was required to establish only one of the three
requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) by clear and convincing evidence before
the trial court could terminate parental rights. See In re L.V.N., 799 N.E.2d 63,
69 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Here, the trial court found that DCS presented
sufficient evidence to satisfy two of those requirements, namely, that there is a
reasonable probability the conditions resulting in Child’s removal or continued
placement outside Mother’s care will not be remedied and that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to Child’s well-being. See I.C. §
31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i), (ii). We focus our inquiry on the requirements of
subsection (b)(2)(B)(i)—that is, whether there was sufficient evidence to
establish a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in Child’s
removal or continued placement outside Mother’s care will not be remedied.
[23] In making such a determination, the trial court must judge a parent’s fitness to
care for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into
consideration evidence of changed conditions. In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512
(Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. The court must also evaluate the parent’s Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 10 of 14 habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there is a substantial
probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. Id. In making this
determination, courts may consider evidence of a parent’s prior criminal
history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support,
and lack of adequate housing and employment. A.F. v. Marion Cnty. Office of
Family & Children, 762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied.
[24] The court may also consider the parent’s response to the services offered
through DCS. Lang v. Starke Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 861 N.E.2d 366,
372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. “A pattern of unwillingness to deal with
parenting problems and to cooperate with those providing social services, in
conjunction with unchanged conditions, support a finding that there exists no
reasonable probability that the conditions will change.” In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d
at 210. Moreover, the failure to exercise parenting time demonstrates a “lack of
commitment to complete the actions necessary to preserve [the] parent-child
relationship.” Lang, 861 N.E.2d at 372 (quoting In re A.L.H., 774 N.E.2d 896,
900 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002)) (alteration in original).
[25] In its order terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child, the court detailed
Mother’s continued drug use, her criminal history, her failure to visit Child or
participate in services during the pendency of the CHINS action, and her lack
of employment and stable housing. Indeed, as noted by the court, by the time
of Mother’s last arrest, she was a frequent user of methamphetamine and
heroin. After Child was removed from Mother, Mother was arrested and
incarcerated several times, and yet she resumed using drugs after each
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 11 of 14 detention. Mother did not cooperate with FCM Davis and she completed no
CHINS-related services. Mother did complete a three-week inpatient treatment
program, but did so to avoid serving six months in jail. Since Child’s removal,
Mother visited with Child only five times, two of which happened because a
service provider took Child to see Mother. Prior to at least two other visits,
Mother tested positive for drugs.
[26] Mother’s pattern of continued drug use, her repeated arrests and violations of
probation that are directly related to such drug use, and her failure to visit Child
or participate in any services all demonstrate that Mother is unwilling or unable
to take the steps necessary to be an adequate parent for Child. The trial court
was not required to credit Mother’s testimony at the TPR Hearing that she is
now ready to overcome her addiction and parent Child. The trial court’s
finding that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in
Child’s removal or continued placement outside Mother’s care will not be
remedied is not clearly erroneous.
[27] Mother also challenges the court’s finding that termination is in Child’s best
interests. In determining whether termination of parental rights is in the best
interests of a child, the trial court is required to look beyond the factors
identified by DCS and consider the totality of the evidence. In re J.C., 994
N.E.2d 278, 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). In so doing, the trial court must
subordinate the interest of the parent to those of the child, and the court need
not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed before terminating the parent-child
relationship. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 12 of 14 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Our Supreme Court has explained that
“[p]ermanency is a central consideration in determining the best interests of a
child.” In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1265 (Ind. 2009). “Moreover, we have
previously held that the recommendations of the case manager and court-
appointed advocate to terminate parental rights, in addition to evidence that the
conditions resulting in removal will not be remedied, is sufficient to show by
clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interests.”
In re J.S., 906 N.E.2d 226, 236 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
[28] Mother argues that the court’s determination that termination is in Child’s best
interests was clearly erroneous because it was based on the court’s speculation
that Mother would relapse after completing drug treatment and being released
from jail. We disagree. The trial court’s determination that termination was in
Child’s best interests was not based solely on speculation that Mother would
relapse. While the trial court recounted in detail Mother’s continued drug use,
the court also considered Mother’s failure to participate in supervised visits and
services offered by DCS. The court also considered testimony from Child’s
pediatrician that Child suffers from PTSD and has an attachment disorder and
that it is imperative that Child be placed in a safe and stable home. The trial
court summarized Child’s pediatrician’s testimony, noting that Child “is at a
critical age in her brain development where there still exists a possibility that
[she] can overcome her mental illness and thrive” if placed in the appropriate,
therapeutic environment that was being provided by Child’s adoptive foster
family. Appellant’s Appendix at 15.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 13 of 14 [29] Further, we have already concluded that the evidence is sufficient to support the
court’s finding that the conditions resulting in Child’s removal and continued
placement outside Mother’s care will not be remedied. In addition, Child’s
pediatrician, FCM Davis, and Child’s court appointed special advocate all
recommended termination of Mother’s parental rights. This is sufficient
standing alone to support the court’s finding that termination is in Child’s best
interests. The court’s determination that termination of Mother’s parental
rights is in Child’s best interests is not clearly erroneous.
[30] Judgment affirmed.
May, J. and Vaidik C.J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 69A01-1710-JT-2331 | February 27, 2018 Page 14 of 14