NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1029-17T3
IN THE MATTER OF THE SEIZURE OF WEAPONS BELONGING TO R.M. ______________________________
Submitted July 23, 2018 – Decided November 19, 2018
Before Judges Whipple and Suter.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County, Docket No. FO-02-0085-18.
Dennis Calo, Acting Bergen County Prosecutor, attorney for appellant State of New Jersey (Justin M. Blasi, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
Breslin & Breslin, PA, attorneys for respondent R.M. (Kevin C. Corriston, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
The State appeals the October 24, 2017 order denying its weapons
forfeiture motion against respondent R. M., following a bench trial. We affirm
the order. On July 5, 2017, the Bergen County Prosecutor (State) filed a forfeiture
motion to prevent the return of a handgun to respondent and related items seized
by the Englewood Police Department (Englewood), pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:25-
21, when respondent was arrested two months earlier and charged with second-
degree assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(1).1 The items included a Glock model 23
and its magazine, two permits to purchase handguns, respondent's firearms
purchaser identification card, and a handgun case. The State requested forfeiture
under N.J.S.A. 2C:25-21(d)(3) and N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c). Englewood also
objected to returning the weapon because respondent had "shown himself to be
an irresponsible and unqualified gun owner and that his possession of any
handgun, or other weapon, may endanger the well-being and safety of others
involved in his life as well as the general community."
We relate the facts from the bench trial. On May 13, 2017, the Englewood
police responded to a report of a domestic violence assault at respondent's
residence. He was not present when they arrived. Officer Dylan Donegan found
T.L. there with "scratches on both of her hands and forearms." She also "started
getting red marks around her wrists." Donegan described the wounds as
1 This charge subsequently was dismissed. A-1029-17T3 2 "defensive." He was not permitted to testify, however, about what T.L. told him
of the incident because T.L. was not present to testify and there was no "other
competent evidence, corroborating evidence to allow the hearsay to be
considered by the [c]ourt." Donegan did not speak with respondent nor observe
whether he had defensive wounds.
Detective Christopher Quirk testified that T.L. "had a few fingernails
ripped off of her hands, she had some bruising around her neck and [possibly]
some lacerations in her face, or might have been her lip . . . ." The lacerations
were described as "minor."
The police made contact with respondent and he turned himself in, as
directed. Respondent acknowledged to Quirk that he had been involved in a
physical altercation with T.L., but said T.L. was the "primary aggressor,"
requiring him to defend himself. Respondent had physical signs of injuries.
Respondent told Detective Quirk that T.L. became upset with him because he
was wearing a necklace with the initial "T" from another girlfriend (T.D.), who
was pregnant with his twins.
T.D. was an eyewitness to the physical altercation with T.L. She now is
the mother of respondent's twin children, but at the time, she was five months
pregnant. She gave respondent a necklace with her initial "T." On May 13,
A-1029-17T3 3 2017, she went to respondent's house where she found T.L. "attacking"
respondent, who was "sitting in the kitchen on a chair." According to T.D., T.L.
was "slapping him, scratching him and was smacking [him] in his face."
Respondent was "pushing his hand out and trying to stop [T.L.]." When T.L.
saw T.D., she "tried to come after [her]." T.D. returned to her car, with
respondent, but T.L. followed. T.L. tried to "hit [T.D.'s] car from the side and
in the back." T.D. testified respondent had scratches on his chest, neck and face,
"[h]is shirt was ripped," and he had a bite mark on his hand.
Respondent's testimony confirmed that T.L. had given him a ride from the
airport, but she became upset because of the necklace he was wearing with the
initial for his girlfriend. T.L. was hitting him when T.D. arrived. He left with
T.D.
Respondent was arrested once he turned himself in. Officer Juan Moreno
testified the police reviewed a questionnaire with respondent to determine if he
had any illnesses. Moreno testified that "one of the questions is do you want to
harm yourself in any way," to which respondent answered "yes." The police
followed up, asking respondent "when did [he] want to harm himself, and he
said right now."
A-1029-17T3 4 Respondent admitted he told the police he had thought of harming himself
"in situations like this when I did nothing, yes, 'cause I'm upset." He explained
to the police that he was "not going to hurt [him]self, [he] was joking with the
officer when [he] said it . . . ." He admitted he was "very upset" and cursed at
the officer who would not let him use the bathroom.
Respondent was taken by ambulance to the Bergen Regional Medical
Center (Bergen Medical) emergency room, arriving at about 11 p.m. Moreno
testified respondent was not cooperative with the nurses. Because respondent
was under arrest, Moreno stayed at the hospital all night and one of respondent's
hands was handcuffed to the bed. Moreno testified respondent was "upset at
me, he was cursing me out, telling me to fuck myself all night."
The Bergen Medical records were admitted in evidence by consent of the
parties. They showed that following a fifteen minute medical examination,
respondent was diagnosed with an "unspecified depressive disorder" and
suggested ruling out "an adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of emotion
and conduct." Outpatient treatment was recommended. Respondent testified he
was not given any medications.
A-1029-17T3 5 He was released from Bergen Medical at about 10 a.m. the next day and
was taken to jail because he remained under arrest. He was released later in the
day, but was required to wear an ankle monitor.
Respondent owned two handguns. The Ruger was confiscated by the New
York City Police Department (NYPD), following a motor vehicle stop about two
months earlier. He was arrested and later pled guilty to a disorderly conduct
misdemeanor, but as part of that plea, he agreed to forfeit the gun to the NYPD.
His second gun, the Glock model 23, is the subject of the State's forfeiture
motion.
When respondent was released from jail, he returned to the police station,
as agreed, with his Glock model 23, the magazine, two permits to purchase
handguns, his firearms purchaser identification card, and a handgun case.
Respondent also had a document that showed the Ruger was in the possession
of the NYPD. Englewood confirmed that with the NYPD.
T.D. testified respondent had not previously expressed a desire to commit
suicide, nor was she aware that he had any mental health issues. He was
employed, was not aggressive, and did not threaten her. He used his gun for
target practice because he was hoping to become a police officer. Their twins
were born in August 2016. She was not concerned if he had a gun; it was not
A-1029-17T3 6 accessible to the children. Respondent had not received any mental health
treatment either before or after this incident.
After the October 24, 2017 bench trial, the court ordered the Glock and
other items returned to respondent.2 In an oral opinion, the court found no legal
justification to bar return of the weapon. The court found respondent to be
credible based on the "very forthright manner" in which he answered questions.
He was "non-hesitant," and was not "stumbling over his testimony." He made
"good eye contact with the [c]ourt." Based on all of the testimony, the court
found "he acted in self-defense and that [T.L.] was the aggressor here . . . ." The
court gave "a lot of weight to the fact that [respondent] did testify" even though
he was not required.
Based on Detective Quirk's testimony, the court concluded that T.L "was
upset with [respondent] because she found out he had another girlfriend."
Although respondent cursed at the police and was not cooperative, the court
looked at the totality of the circumstances, concluding "this all was one series
of events" and that because he was not "released from the get-go…one thing led
to another." She found respondent was "angry and frustrated" and he made an
2 This was subject to an NCIC check, proof of ownership and of safety equipment to secure the weapon. A-1029-17T3 7 "offhand comment to the police." The court found T.D. to be a truthful witness
who was "concise, level-headed [and] rational." The court found her testimony
"persuasive and compelling" because she knew respondent well and "had no
problem with any guns going back to [him]."
The court rejected the State's argument that respondent was disqualified
because he had been "confined for a mental disorder" within the meaning of the
statute. After thoroughly reviewing the records from Bergen Medical, including
the lack of any affidavits from a psychiatrist and the unspecified diagnoses in
the records, the court concluded this was a "quick screening" and not a
confinement. "He was under arrest, he had no choice but to get screened…."
The court dismissed the complaint under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c)(3), finding
respondent did not suffer from:
a physical disorder, mental disorder, or alcoholism. He has never been treated, by his testimony and the hospital record . . . he has no history of mental illness . . . he's never taken any psychotropic medication, he's not taking psychotropic medication, he's not treated by a psychologist or psychiatrist at the present time.
The court also found the State had not met its burden under N.J.S.A.
2C:58-3(c)(5), because it had not proven respondent was a "threat to the health,
safety or welfare of the public at large under the c(5) disqualifier." The officers
A-1029-17T3 8 who testified "really just described the res gestae or the happenings of the
evening."
We granted a stay of the October 24, 2017 order on December 6, 2017.
On appeal, the State contends the return of respondent's weapon is
contrary to the public's health, safety and welfare under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c)(5).
It also argues the trial court erred by finding respondent was not disqualified
under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c)(3) because, following his statement about suicide, he
was "confined for a mental disorder." The State asserts the court erred by ruling
the police officers could not testify about what T.L. told them about the incident.
We do not agree with these arguments.
In reviewing a trial court's decision in a forfeiture case, we defer to the
judge's factual findings, so long as they are supported by substantial credible
evidence. State v. Cordoma, 372 N.J. Super. 524, 535 (App. Div. 2004). We
owe particular deference to the trial court's credibility determinations. State v.
Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 474 (1999); Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412 (1998).
In matters involving firearm permits and the forfeiture of weapons in
conjunction with domestic violence, we may only "set aside a trial court's
forfeiture ruling when it was not supported by sufficient competent evidence."
Cordoma, 372 N.J. Super. at 535. Nevertheless, it is well established that our
A-1029-17T3 9 review of a judge's conclusions of law is plenary. Manalapan Realty, LP v. Twp.
Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995) ("A trial court's interpretation
of the law and the legal consequences that flow from established facts are not
entitled to any special deference.").
Under the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -
35, an officer who finds probable cause to believe that an act of domestic
violence has been committed shall "seize any weapon that the officer reasonably
believes would expose the victim to a risk of serious bodily injury." N.J.S.A.
2C:25-21(d)(1)(b). This includes seizure of the purchaser identification card
and permit to purchase a handgun. These weapons and items are to be returned
except upon order of the Court. The State can petition to obtain title to the
weapons seized and to revoke any permits, licenses or authorizations. N.J.S.A.
2C:25-21(d)(3). It may object to the return of the weapons "on the ground that
the owner is unfit or that the owner poses a threat to the public in general or a
person or persons in particular." Ibid.
"It is now well-settled that the voluntary dismissal of a domestic violence
complaint does not mandate the automatic return of any firearms seized by law
enforcement officers in connection therewith." Cordoma, 372 N.J. Super. at 533
A-1029-17T3 10 (citations omitted). After a summary hearing, the court can order a return of the
seized weapons if the court
determines the owner is not subject to any of the disabilities set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c) and finds that the complaint has been dismissed at the request of the complainant and the prosecutor determines that there is insufficient probable cause to indict; or if the defendant is found not guilty of the charges; or if the court determines that the domestic violence situation no longer exists.
[N.J.S.A. 2C:25-21(d)(3).]
Here, the State requested the forfeiture of respondent's weapon, under
N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c), subsections (3) and (5), which provide that "no handgun
purchase permit or firearms purchaser identification card shall be issued:"
(3) To any person who suffers from a physical defect or disease which would make it unsafe for him to handle firearms, to any person who has ever been confined for a mental disorder, or to any alcoholic unless any of the foregoing persons produces a certificate of a medical doctor or psychiatrist licensed in New Jersey, or other satisfactory proof, that he is no longer suffering from that particular disability in a manner that would interfere with or handicap him in the handling of firearms. . . .
....
(5) To any person where the issuance would not be in the interest of the public health, safety or welfare.
A-1029-17T3 11 [N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c)(3) and (5) (emphasis added).]
We conclude the trial court did not err by finding the State did not meet
its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the statutory
disqualifiers were met. We defer to the court's credibility findings. "Because a
trial court 'hears the case, sees and observes the witnesses, [and] hears them
testify,' it has a better perspective than a reviewing court in evaluating the
veracity of witnesses." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412 (alterations in original) (quoting
Pascale v. Pascale, 113 N.J. 20, 33 (1988)).
Here, the trial court found respondent's testimony to be "very forthright."
T.D.'s testimony was "concise, level-headed, [and] rational." The police officers
testified about a domestic violence incident, but other than proving an
altercation had occurred, which respondent admitted, the State did not show
respondent was the aggressor. T.L. did not testify. The only other eyewitness,
T.D., testified for respondent that he was defending himself against T.L.
Respondent had no history of violence nor was T.D afraid of him. There was
no medical testimony that respondent was a threat to others.
The State contends respondent is disqualified under N.J.S.A. 2C:58-
3(c)(3) because he was "confined for a mental disorder." We agree with the trial
A-1029-17T3 12 court, however, that the screening which occurred here, was not confinement for
a mental disorder within the meaning of that statute.
The legislature did not define confinement. It is generally defined as
"[t]he act of imprisoning or restraining someone; the quality, state or condition
of being imprisoned or restrained." Black's Law Dictionary 362 (10th ed. 2014).
Under N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.6(a), a police officer is authorized to "take custody" of
a person and to take them immediately to a "screening service" if "[o]n the basis
of personal observation, the law enforcement officer has reasonable cause to
believe that the person is in need of involuntary commitment to treatment." A
screening service is a:
facility in the public mental health care treatment system wherein a person believed to be in need of involuntary commitment to outpatient treatment, a short-term care facility, psychiatric facility or special psychiatric hospital undergoes an assessment to determine what mental health services are appropriate for the person and where those services may be most appropriately provided in the least restrictive environment.
[N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.5(a).]
That screening service can provide "emergency and consensual treatment to the
person receiving the assessment" and may "detain the person up to [twenty-four]
hours for the purposes of providing the treatment and conducting the
A-1029-17T3 13 assessment." Ibid. The mental health screener completes a "screening document
prescribed by the division." Then "[i]f a psychiatrist, in consideration of this
document and in conjunction with the psychiatrist's own complete assessment,
concludes that the person is in need of commitment to treatment, the psychiatrist
shall complete the screening certificate." N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.5(b).3
Here, respondent was under arrest when he was taken for a mental health
assessment because he acknowledged he told the police he wanted to harm
himself. The medical records from Bergen Medical emergency room were in
evidence by consent. There was no indication that a psychiatrist made more
than a fifteen-minute examination rather than a complete assessment based on a
screening document. The State did not present the testimony of a medical doctor
or psychiatrist. Instead, it relied simply on the fact that the police took
respondent to the facility while he was under arrest where he remained for eleven
3 In contrast, a "short-term care facility" is defined in part as "an inpatient, community based mental health treatment facility which provides acute care and assessment services to a person with mental illness whose mental illness causes the person to be dangerous to self or dangerous to others property." N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.2(bb). "A short-term care or psychiatric facility . . . may detain a person, admitted to the facility involuntarily by referral from a screening service without a temporary court order, for no more than [seventy-two] hours from the time the screening certificate was executed." N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.9(c). There was no conclusion in the records that respondent was a danger to himself or others or that he advanced beyond the initial screening. A-1029-17T3 14 hours for an assessment. We agree with the trial court that in these
circumstances, this assessment was not "confine[ment] for a mental disorder"
within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 2C:58-3(c)(3), disqualifying him from the return
of his weapon.
The case of Perona v. Township of Mullica, 270 N.J. Super. 19 (App. Div.
1994) does not lead to a different result. In Perona, we held that the term
"confine a person for mental illness or drug dependence" as used in N.J.S.A.
59:6-6(a)(1) was satisfied by the actions of the police in taking custody of a
person under N.J.S.A. 30:4-27.6 to take them to a screening service. Id. at 28.
However, that case addressed the Tort Claims Act and not the statute in question
here. There is no indication the use of the term in one statute was to be construed
the same in others.
The State also argues that respondent was disqualified under N.J.S.A.
2C:58-3(c)(5) because the return of his weapon "would not be in the interest of
the public health, safety or welfare." In Cordoma, we said:
a judicial declaration that a defendant poses a threat to the public health, safety or welfare involves, by necessity, a fact-sensitive analysis. It requires a careful consideration of both the individual history of defendant's interaction with the former plaintiff in the domestic violence matter, as well as an assessment of the threat a defendant may impose to the general public.
A-1029-17T3 15 [372 N.J. Super. at 535.]
The trial court carefully analyzed the full record including all of the medical
records provided by the State in concluding respondent was not a threat. It found
respondent credible in his assertion that he was defending himself. There was
an eyewitness, who also was found to be credible. T.D. knew respondent well
and was not afraid or concerned with his possession of a gun. The comment
about suicide was made at a time when respondent was frustrated and angry.
There was no evidence to support Englewood's claim that respondent was
"irresponsible" or an "unqualified gun owner."
The State argues that the court erred by not allowing the officers to testify
about what T.L. said to them on May 13, 2017, about the altercation. We review
this evidence ruling based on an abuse of discretion standard.
"[T]he decision to admit or exclude evidence is one firmly entrusted to the
trial court's discretion." State v. Scott, 229 N.J. 469, 479 (2017) (alteration in
original) (quoting Estate of Hanges v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J.
369, 383-84 (2010)). We therefore apply a deferential standard in reviewing a
trial court's evidentiary rulings and uphold its determinations "absent a showing
of an abuse of discretion." State v. Perry, 225 N.J. 222, 233 (2016) (quoting
State v. Brown, 170 N.J. 138, 147 (2001)). A reviewing court must not
A-1029-17T3 16 "substitute its own judgment for that of the trial court," unless there was a clear
error in judgment — a ruling "so wide of the mark that a manifest denial of
justice resulted." Ibid. (quoting State v. Marrero, 148 N.J. 469, 484 (1997)).
Hearsay testimony is admissible in cases such as this provided there is
"sufficient legally competent evidence to support the court's findings." In re
Z.L., 440 N.J. Super. 351, 358 (App. Div. 2015). However, "a fact finding or a
legal determination cannot be based upon hearsay alone." Weston v. State, 60
N.J. 36, 51 (1972). Hearsay can be used to "corroborate competent proof." Ibid.
"[I]n the final analysis for a court to sustain an administrative decision, which
affects the substantial rights of a party, there must be a residuum of legal and
competent evidence in the record to support it." Ibid.
Here, the proffered testimony by the officers about what T.L. said, was
hearsay. T.L. was subpoenaed, but did not appear. She lived out of state and
the State had not asked for a commission. There was no corroborating testimony
that respondent was the aggressor. There was a physical altercation and T.L.
had defense wounds according to one officer. However, that officer did not see
the wounds on respondent to determine if they also were defensive. There was
eyewitness testimony that T.L. was the aggressor, not respondent. The letter
from Englewood that respondent had "shown himself to be an irresponsible and
A-1029-17T3 17 unqualified gun owner" was not supported by the evidence. As such, the court
did not abuse its discretion by excluding the hearsay testimony.
Affirmed.
A-1029-17T3 18