FILED MARCH 25, 2021 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Petition for an Order ) No. 36988-9-III for Protection of: ) ) K.G.T.,† ) ) Minor to be protected, ) ) KATHERINE ANNE GILMORE, ) PUBLISHED OPINION ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) A.R.S., ) ) Minor Appellant. )
PENNELL, C.J. — Washington’s anti-harassment statute authorizes parents to
petition for civil protection orders on behalf of their minor children. But when the person
the parent seeks to restrain is another child, the availability for relief is limited; the parent
must first show the respondent child has been adjudicated or investigated for an offense
against the child to be protected. Unless this factual prerequisite is met, a trial court lacks
discretionary authority to adjudicate the petition and issue a protection order.
† To protect the privacy interests of the minor parties, we use their initials throughout this opinion. Gen. Order 2012-1 of Division III, In re the Use of Initials or Pseudonyms for Child Victims or Child Witnesses, (Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2012), https://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/?fa=atc.genorders_ orddisp&ordnumber=2012_001&div=III. No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
The issue in this case is what qualifies as a predicate “investigation” for an
“offense” under the terms of the statute. We hold the terminology chosen by the
legislature contemplates a criminal inquiry by law enforcement that extends beyond mere
passive receipt of information. Because the facts in this case do not meet this standard,
the superior court lacked authority for issuing a protection order against A.R.S. The
order of protection must therefore be vacated and the underlying petition for protection
dismissed.
FACTS
High school freshman A.R.S. found herself in an ongoing feud with another
student, K.G.T. The conflict included repeated threats by A.R.S. to assault K.G.T.
As a result of this conflict, K.G.T.’s grades, attendance, and health suffered. Despite
intervention by the school and K.G.T.’s mother, tensions between the two students
escalated. The conflict came to a head on May 9, 2019. That day, the girls agreed to
meet and settle their differences in a school bathroom.
Perhaps predictably, differences were not settled. A.R.S. became verbally
aggressive and shoved K.G.T, sending her into a wall and against a trash can. A teacher
entered the bathroom and ended the confrontation. The girls were then brought before the
school’s assistant principal. After questioning A.R.S., K.G.T., other students, and the
2 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
teacher who ended the confrontation, the assistant principal decided to treat the incident
as a matter of school discipline.
That evening, K.G.T.’s mother left a message with the high school’s resource
officer, informing him K.G.T. had sprained her ankle and they were considering pressing
criminal charges. The next day, the resource officer held a meeting between himself,
K.G.T., her mother, and the assistant principal. At the meeting, the mother informed the
resource officer she had decided not to press charges after all and would instead seek a
restraining order. The resource officer did not pursue the matter further. Ultimately, the
assistant principal issued school discipline against both K.G.T. and A.R.S., suspending
K.G.T. from school for one day, and A.R.S. for three days.
Several days later, K.G.T.’s mother filed a civil anti-harassment protection petition
against A.R.S. on behalf of K.G.T. A superior court commissioner issued a temporary
protection order that day. At a subsequent hearing on the merits, the commissioner
received testimony from both the assistant principal and the school resource officer. The
assistant principal testified that a school investigation, but not a criminal investigation,
had occurred. The commissioner questioned the resource officer for further details about
the matter:
THE COURT: But just to clarify, I believe [the assistant principal] stated that there was an investigation of this matter, correct?
3 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
[RESOURCE OFFICER]: Yes, there was a school investigation— THE COURT: Okay. [RESOURCE OFFICER]: —in conjunction with me initially on [May] 10th; a criminal investigation. But the moment they said they didn’t want criminal charges, it became—it became a school investigation only. THE COURT: Okay. [RESOURCE OFFICER]: Not a criminal investigation.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 53-54. The resource officer also commented he likely would not
have found probable cause to arrest A.R.S. had he pursued the matter further.
Through her attorney, A.R.S. contended the superior court lacked jurisdiction to
issue a civil anti-harassment order under RCW 10.14.040(7) because no criminal
investigation had occurred. The commissioner disagreed and granted the petition. A.R.S.
was ordered to have no contact with K.G.T., but was not restrained from attending the
same school. The school was ordered to use its best efforts to keep A.R.S. and K.G.T.
separated.
A.R.S. unsuccessfully moved to revise the commissioner’s ruling. A.R.S. now
appeals the superior court’s denial of her motion for revision, again arguing that the court
lacked jurisdiction under RCW 10.14.040(7).
ANALYSIS
Civil anti-harassment protection orders are governed by chapter 10.14 RCW.
The law allows the parent of a minor child to petition on the child’s behalf for a
4 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
protection order against another minor child, but only in limited circumstances:
The parent or guardian of a child under the age of eighteen may petition in superior court for an order of protection to restrain a person under the age of eighteen years from contact with that child only in cases where the person to be restrained has been adjudicated of an offense against the child protected by the order, or is under investigation or has been investigated for such an offense.
RCW 10.14.040(7) (emphasis added).
At issue here is what is meant by the foregoing emphasized language. Does the
statute refer broadly to any type of investigation, regardless of type or depth? Or is it more
circumscribed, so as to place specific limits on a trial court’s authority to issue a
protection order against a minor child? This is an issue of statutory interpretation, a legal
matter we review de novo. State v. James-Buhl, 190 Wn.2d 470, 474, 415 P.3d 234
(2018). Although a trial court’s overall decision about whether to issue a protection order
is reviewed for abuse of discretion, discretion is abused if the protection order decision is
rooted in legal error. Ugolini v. Ugolini, 11 Wn. App. 2d 443, 446, 453 P.3d 1027 (2019).
The goal of statutory interpretation is to discern and implement the legislature’s
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED MARCH 25, 2021 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Petition for an Order ) No. 36988-9-III for Protection of: ) ) K.G.T.,† ) ) Minor to be protected, ) ) KATHERINE ANNE GILMORE, ) PUBLISHED OPINION ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) A.R.S., ) ) Minor Appellant. )
PENNELL, C.J. — Washington’s anti-harassment statute authorizes parents to
petition for civil protection orders on behalf of their minor children. But when the person
the parent seeks to restrain is another child, the availability for relief is limited; the parent
must first show the respondent child has been adjudicated or investigated for an offense
against the child to be protected. Unless this factual prerequisite is met, a trial court lacks
discretionary authority to adjudicate the petition and issue a protection order.
† To protect the privacy interests of the minor parties, we use their initials throughout this opinion. Gen. Order 2012-1 of Division III, In re the Use of Initials or Pseudonyms for Child Victims or Child Witnesses, (Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2012), https://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/?fa=atc.genorders_ orddisp&ordnumber=2012_001&div=III. No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
The issue in this case is what qualifies as a predicate “investigation” for an
“offense” under the terms of the statute. We hold the terminology chosen by the
legislature contemplates a criminal inquiry by law enforcement that extends beyond mere
passive receipt of information. Because the facts in this case do not meet this standard,
the superior court lacked authority for issuing a protection order against A.R.S. The
order of protection must therefore be vacated and the underlying petition for protection
dismissed.
FACTS
High school freshman A.R.S. found herself in an ongoing feud with another
student, K.G.T. The conflict included repeated threats by A.R.S. to assault K.G.T.
As a result of this conflict, K.G.T.’s grades, attendance, and health suffered. Despite
intervention by the school and K.G.T.’s mother, tensions between the two students
escalated. The conflict came to a head on May 9, 2019. That day, the girls agreed to
meet and settle their differences in a school bathroom.
Perhaps predictably, differences were not settled. A.R.S. became verbally
aggressive and shoved K.G.T, sending her into a wall and against a trash can. A teacher
entered the bathroom and ended the confrontation. The girls were then brought before the
school’s assistant principal. After questioning A.R.S., K.G.T., other students, and the
2 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
teacher who ended the confrontation, the assistant principal decided to treat the incident
as a matter of school discipline.
That evening, K.G.T.’s mother left a message with the high school’s resource
officer, informing him K.G.T. had sprained her ankle and they were considering pressing
criminal charges. The next day, the resource officer held a meeting between himself,
K.G.T., her mother, and the assistant principal. At the meeting, the mother informed the
resource officer she had decided not to press charges after all and would instead seek a
restraining order. The resource officer did not pursue the matter further. Ultimately, the
assistant principal issued school discipline against both K.G.T. and A.R.S., suspending
K.G.T. from school for one day, and A.R.S. for three days.
Several days later, K.G.T.’s mother filed a civil anti-harassment protection petition
against A.R.S. on behalf of K.G.T. A superior court commissioner issued a temporary
protection order that day. At a subsequent hearing on the merits, the commissioner
received testimony from both the assistant principal and the school resource officer. The
assistant principal testified that a school investigation, but not a criminal investigation,
had occurred. The commissioner questioned the resource officer for further details about
the matter:
THE COURT: But just to clarify, I believe [the assistant principal] stated that there was an investigation of this matter, correct?
3 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
[RESOURCE OFFICER]: Yes, there was a school investigation— THE COURT: Okay. [RESOURCE OFFICER]: —in conjunction with me initially on [May] 10th; a criminal investigation. But the moment they said they didn’t want criminal charges, it became—it became a school investigation only. THE COURT: Okay. [RESOURCE OFFICER]: Not a criminal investigation.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 53-54. The resource officer also commented he likely would not
have found probable cause to arrest A.R.S. had he pursued the matter further.
Through her attorney, A.R.S. contended the superior court lacked jurisdiction to
issue a civil anti-harassment order under RCW 10.14.040(7) because no criminal
investigation had occurred. The commissioner disagreed and granted the petition. A.R.S.
was ordered to have no contact with K.G.T., but was not restrained from attending the
same school. The school was ordered to use its best efforts to keep A.R.S. and K.G.T.
separated.
A.R.S. unsuccessfully moved to revise the commissioner’s ruling. A.R.S. now
appeals the superior court’s denial of her motion for revision, again arguing that the court
lacked jurisdiction under RCW 10.14.040(7).
ANALYSIS
Civil anti-harassment protection orders are governed by chapter 10.14 RCW.
The law allows the parent of a minor child to petition on the child’s behalf for a
4 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
protection order against another minor child, but only in limited circumstances:
The parent or guardian of a child under the age of eighteen may petition in superior court for an order of protection to restrain a person under the age of eighteen years from contact with that child only in cases where the person to be restrained has been adjudicated of an offense against the child protected by the order, or is under investigation or has been investigated for such an offense.
RCW 10.14.040(7) (emphasis added).
At issue here is what is meant by the foregoing emphasized language. Does the
statute refer broadly to any type of investigation, regardless of type or depth? Or is it more
circumscribed, so as to place specific limits on a trial court’s authority to issue a
protection order against a minor child? This is an issue of statutory interpretation, a legal
matter we review de novo. State v. James-Buhl, 190 Wn.2d 470, 474, 415 P.3d 234
(2018). Although a trial court’s overall decision about whether to issue a protection order
is reviewed for abuse of discretion, discretion is abused if the protection order decision is
rooted in legal error. Ugolini v. Ugolini, 11 Wn. App. 2d 443, 446, 453 P.3d 1027 (2019).
The goal of statutory interpretation is to discern and implement the legislature’s
intent. State v. Armendariz, 160 Wn.2d 106, 110, 156 P.3d 201 (2007). We begin with the
written text and endeavor to uncover the statute’s plain meaning. This involves an
analysis of not only specific words, but also context, including related statutes. Jametsky
v. Olsen, 179 Wn.2d 756, 762, 317 P.3d 1003 (2014). Dictionaries may be consulted
5 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
when the legislature has left statutory terms undefined. State v. Barnes, 189 Wn.2d 492,
495-96, 403 P.3d 72 (2017). But other outside sources cannot be consulted unless a
statute is deemed truly ambiguous. Armendariz, 160 Wn.2d at 110. An unambiguous
statute needs no further construction and must be given its plain meaning. Id.
Turning first to context, RCW 10.14.040(7) was written to require third-party
involvement before a parent can seek a protection order for their minor child against
another minor child. A parent can petition for their minor child’s protection against an
adult based only on a showing of potential harm. RCW 10.14.040(6). But a petition for
protection against another child requires more. To file for an order of protection against a
child, a parent must show that the child to be restrained has been adjudicated of an
offense against the child to be protected, or is currently or was previously under
investigation for an offense against that child. RCW 10.14.040(7). In other words, under
RCW 10.14.070(7), a parent’s individual concerns on behalf of their child are not enough
to warrant a petition. Instead, the parent’s concerns must have been shared, at least to an
extent, with an independent adjudicator or investigator.
The specific words used in RCW 10.14.040(7) further indicate law enforcement
is the third party that must be involved in a respondent child’s adjudication or
investigation. In the juvenile context, the words “adjudication” and “offense” refer
6 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
to crimes. RCW 13.04.011(1); RCW 13.40.020(21). The role of investigating crimes
falls to law enforcement agents. School officials and other authorities involved in
children’s lives do not qualify unless they are somehow affiliated with law enforcement.
The term adjudication clearly refers to a juvenile conviction, 1 but the term
investigation requires further examination. Webster’s defines the verb “investigate” as
“to make a systematic examination: STUDY; specif : to conduct an official inquiry.”
WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1189 (1993). Similarly, Black’s
Law Dictionary defines the term as “1. To inquire into (a matter) systematically; to make
(a suspect) the subject of a criminal inquiry
involvement in the murder>. 2. To make an official inquiry
the case, the police refused to investigate further>.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 989
(11th ed. 2019).
These definitions indicate a law enforcement agent’s act of investigating involves
more than merely receiving a complaining witness’s information. To investigate, an agent
must act systematically. In other words, there must be not only receipt of information, but
a follow-up plan for what to do with the information. There is no systematic investigation
if a law enforcement agent merely receives information and then decides that no action is
1 RCW 13.04.011(1).
7 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
warranted.
When read in context, it makes good sense that the verb investigate as used in
RCW 10.14.040(7) requires law enforcement to do more than merely passively receive
information. As noted, this statute is written to limit a parent’s ability to obtain an anti-
harassment protection order against another’s minor child. If the investigation
prerequisite could be met any time a law enforcement agent received information from a
complaining parent, there would be no meaningful limitation; a parent could simply
create a basis for an anti-harassment petition by contacting law enforcement and voicing a
complaint. RCW 10.14.040(7) was written to require something more.
The facts here do not satisfy the criteria of an adjudication or law enforcement
investigation as contemplated by RCW 10.14.040(7). A school resource officer might be
considered a law enforcement agent, but the officer here did nothing beyond passively
receiving a complaint from K.G.T. and her mother. We recognize the officer testified he
“ended the investigation,” at the close of his conversation with K.G.T. and her mother.
CP at 52-53. However, this choice of words is not legally controlling. The officer’s 30-
minute conversation with K.G.T. and her mother amounted only to an initial receipt of
information. After hearing from K.G.T. and her mother, the officer decided not to
conduct a follow-up. There is no evidence in the record of anyone else affiliated with law
8 No. 36988-9-III In re Petition for an Order for Protection of K.G.T.
enforcement taking any further action. Given this state of the record, the evidence does
not show A.R.S. was the subject of a criminal investigation, as required by statute.
Because A.R.S. was never the subject of a criminal adjudication or investigation
regarding K.G.T., K.G.T.’s mother lacked a factual basis for obtaining an anti-harassment
protection order. Without a factual predicate for a petition, the superior court lacked
authority to assess the merits of the case and decide on the propriety of the order.
CONCLUSION
The protection order issued against A.R.S. is vacated. This matter is remanded
with instructions to dismiss the underlying petition for protection. 2
_________________________________ Pennell, C.J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________ Siddoway, J. Lawrence-Berrey, J.
2 A.R.S. also seeks relief in the form of the destruction of the superior court orders from the record, but fails to cite to any statutory authority permitting these records to be destroyed. GR 15(h)(1)-(2). As such, we decline to address this request, without prejudice to A.R.S. to raise it in the superior court on remand.