FILED APRIL 11, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of: ) No. 35863-1-III ) JOHN CAMERON IRA YOUNG, ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION Petitioner. ) )
PENNELL, J. — John Young seeks relief from personal restraint imposed for his
2014 Benton County jury conviction for first degree murder, committed when he was
18 years of age. The court imposed a 372-month standard-range sentence that included a
consecutive 60-month firearm enhancement. Young previously appealed his conviction
and this court affirmed. State v. Young, 196 Wn. App. 214, 382 P.3d 716 (2016), review
denied, 187 Wn.2d 1015, 388 P.3d 482 (2017). No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
In this timely personal restraint petition (PRP) filed through counsel, Young claims
(1) the prosecutor committed misconduct and denied his due process right to a fair trial by
knowingly presenting false testimony from a witness, and then emphasizing that
testimony in closing argument, and (2) the court abused its discretion and imposed a
sentence that violated the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article
I, section 14 of the Washington Constitution by failing to consider his youth as a
mitigating factor. Alternatively, Young claims his trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to argue youth as a basis for a downward exceptional sentence and concurrent sentencing
of the firearm enhancement. We deny Mr. Young’s PRP.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
On the morning of July 4, 2013, 16-year-old Jacob S. 1 was found dead in a remote
location in Richland, with gunshot wounds to his head and chest. John Young and Joshua
Hunt, both aged 18 and acquaintances of Jacob, were the last people seen with Jacob on
the evening of July 3. Early the next morning, Young called 911 and reported Jacob’s
killing to authorities. Young said Hunt was the perpetrator. Detectives initially treated
1 Jacob S. is the pseudonym for the juvenile victim that we used in the appeal opinion and use again in this petition. See General Order of Division III, In re the Use of Initials or Pseudonyms for Child Victims or Child Witnesses (Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2012), http://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/. We also use the initials G.B. for a juvenile witness whose testimony we discuss.
2 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
Young as a witness. In an interview videotaped by the detectives, Young gave details of
the evening’s events leading up to the killing. Young initially implicated only Hunt, but
after learning from detectives that Hunt named him as a co-participant, Young eventually
confessed that he also shot Jacob. Both men were charged with Jacob’s murder and tried
separately. Young stipulated to the admissibility of his videotaped police interview and it
was played to the jury. 2
In the police interview, Young described his friendship with Hunt at the time of
the murder. Young characterized Hunt as small and weak in stature, and said he had to
defend Hunt from time to time. Young said Hunt and Jacob had been friends but Hunt
began to express hatred for Jacob in the months leading up to the murder. Hunt believed
that Jacob had stolen money and marijuana from him. Hunt also suspected Jacob was a
police informant. Two weeks prior to the murder, Hunt purchased a handgun from his
friend G.B.’s cousin. Hunt began to talk about shooting Jacob, who was also physically
larger than Hunt. Hunt and Young showed off the gun to other friends. One friend asked
why they needed a gun and Young said they would be getting rid of it soon.
2 The videotaped interview was not part of the record in Young’s direct appeal. A transcript had been utilized as an illustrative exhibit at trial. The State has appended that interview transcript in its response to Young’s PRP. See Response to PRP, App. B.
3 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
In the early evening of July 3, 2013, Young, Hunt and G.B. were in a car near the
skate park in Richland. G.B. testified that Hunt asked Young where they should take
Jacob. Young said he knew a place. Hunt said he had five bullets if they wanted to take
Jacob to the place Young mentioned. They talked about using a pillow to muzzle out
sounds. G.B. left because he did not want to be involved. During the time Hunt was
talking about killing Jacob, Young showed Hunt how to use the gun because Hunt did
not know how to work the safety and trigger mechanism.
At a house party later in the evening on July 3, Young spoke with Kelly
Castleberry. The two had not previously met. At trial, Castleberry testified that Young
told him he was unable to join the United States Army because he was “snitched . . . out
to the cops” by Jacob and had been expelled from school. 4 Report of Proceedings (RP)
(Apr. 18, 2014) at 448. Young asked Castleberry about his experience with “snitches”
in high school and how they were treated. Castleberry told Young he was not involved in
those activities and said “‘[t]hat’s kind of your deal.’” Id. at 449. Young responded,
“‘Well, maybe I’ll do something about it.’” Id.
Young told the detectives during his interview that he and Hunt then left the party
and went to the area of Roberdeau Park in Richland and picked up Jacob and his
girlfriend. They dropped the girlfriend off at her apartment, leaving just the three men in
4 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
the car. Jacob said he wanted to smoke methamphetamine. Hunt indicated he had some
to share, which was not true and was only a lure for Jacob. The trio went to a remote area
where they sat outside and smoked marijuana. Hunt then verbally confronted Jacob about
stealing money from him and cheating on his girlfriend. Young claimed to the detectives
that Hunt shot Jacob three times, in the chest and head, and then handed him the gun.
Young confessed that he then fired one shot into Jacob’s head near the temple-cheek
region. Young said that Jacob’s body had been twitching when Hunt handed him the gun,
but that Jacob stopped twitching after he (Young) shot Jacob in the head.
In the interview, Young also described his thought process before cocking the gun
and deciding to pull the trigger:
I looked at his head and I pointed it at him. You know, I didn’t do it at first. I didn’t want to do it. But I had to man. I thought about it. You know, I thought about it. I couldn’t do it. I couldn’t just leave him there . . . not knowing if he was dead or alive. I couldn’t just . . . do that. So I had to do it man. For my own sake, man. For his own sake.
Response to PRP, App. B at 117; see also 7 RP (Apr. 24, 2014) at 1017-19. An autopsy
confirmed Jacob sustained the final fatal shot to the head while lying on the ground.
Young did not testify at his trial.
After the jury found Young guilty of first degree murder with a firearm, the
defense requested a low-end, standard-range sentence of 250 months plus the 60-month
5 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
firearm enhancement, for a total sentence of 310 months. The trial court imposed the
372-month sentence recommended by the State. Additional facts will be related as
pertinent to Young’s claims in this PRP.
REVIEW STANDARD
To obtain relief in a PRP, the petitioner must show actual and substantial
prejudice resulting from alleged constitutional errors or, for alleged nonconstitutional
errors, a fundamental defect that inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice.
In re Pers. Restraint of Cook, 114 Wn.2d 802, 813, 792 P.2d 506 (1990). To avoid
dismissal, the PRP must be supported by facts and not merely bald or conclusory
allegations. Id. at 813-14; In re Pers. Restraint of Mendez Moncada, 197 Wn. App. 601,
605, 391 P.3d 493 (2017).
ANALYSIS
Prosecutorial misconduct
Mr. Young claims the prosecutor committed misconduct and violated his due
process right to a fair trial by eliciting known false testimony from Kelly Castleberry
regarding Young’s purported motive for participating in the offense, and then
emphasizing Castleberry’s false testimony in closing argument to the jury.
6 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution imposes on prosecutors a duty not to introduce perjured testimony or use
evidence known to be false to convict a defendant. State v. Finnegan, 6 Wn. App. 612,
616, 495 P.2d 674 (1972). This duty requires the prosecutor to correct State witnesses
who testify falsely. Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269-70, 79 S. Ct. 1173, 3 L. Ed. 2d
1217 (1959); Finnegan, 6 Wn. App. at 616. To succeed on his claim that the prosecutor
used false evidence to convict him, Young must show that: (1) the testimony or evidence
was actually false, (2) the prosecutor knew or should have known that the testimony was
actually false, and (3) that the false testimony was material. United States v. Zuno–Arce,
339 F.3d 886, 889 (9th Cir. 2003).
Kelly Castleberry gave the following direct testimony in reference to his
conversation with Young at a house party on the evening of July 3, 2013, just hours
before Jacob was murdered:
Q. What happened after he told you that he was 18? A. Um, I asked him what he was doin’ with his life. It’s a, I guess, a normal question for anyone to ask, and he just said that he had wanted to join the Army but that a person had snitched him out to the cops and he had gotten in trouble and gotten expelled and wasn’t able to join the Army. Q. He was expelled from school? A. Yeah. Q. And did he tell you the name of that person?
7 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
A. I remember [Jacob].[3] Q. And what was your response when he told you that he was expelled from school? A. I just said, you know, “That kind of sucks, but, I mean, when you’re sellin’ drugs you kind of have to expect something like that will happen.” Q. And what was his response? A. He asked me what happened to snitches when I was in high school. Q. And what did you say? A. I just said, “For the most part, I didn’t really get involved in that, but, you know, I was pretty sure kids got, you know, beat up at the most.” Q. And what was his response to that? A. He was just kind of like, “Yeah, okay. That makes sense,” and then he asked me if I—if he should do something about it, and I said, “That’s kind of your deal. You know, I don’t really know,” and he had said something about, “Well, maybe I’ll do something about it.”
4 RP (Apr. 18, 2014) at 448-49.
In closing argument, the prosecutor stated:
So, Kelly asks about school, and the defendant says that he isn’t going to school but he was expelled from school, which is also what he told Scott Runge, the detective from Benton County who drove him from the Conoco to Horn Rapids. He had told him he was upset because it messed up Army, it messed up his sports, and he confessed his bitterness to Detective Runge about being expelled from school, but he was more specific about this prior to when [Jacob] was killed when he told Kelly Castleberry that the person that he blamed for him being expelled from school was somebody who had just arrived at the Menefee house, and that was [Jacob]. Kelly Castleberry came here and testified and identified both the defendant, who was complaining about [Jacob], and he identified [Jacob] at the party. The defendant asked Kelly Castleberry, “When you were in high
3 The pseudonym is inserted in place of the victim’s actual first name stated in Castleberry’s testimony.
8 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
school, what did you guys do to informants or snitches?” Kelly Castleberry talked, “Well, they’d get beat up,” but when he heard about the time line he says, “You know, I might just let it go.” And the defendant says, “No, I’m gonna do something about it.”
7 RP (Apr. 24, 2014) at 990-91. Later in closing argument the prosecutor stated:
Why did they want [Jacob] to get in the car? We know a couple reasons why. We know a couple of non reasons. It’s not like they liked [Jacob] and wanted to hang out with him. They already had been talking that night, had been talking for weeks, months about how much they hated him because he steals stuff. He informs. So, it’s not because they were looking at a friend they wanted to hang out with and talk. .... So, ask yourself, if they didn’t want to hang out because they hate [Jacob], and if they didn’t actually have the meth they told [Jacob] they could use, why did they want [Jacob] to be in the car with them after they dropped [the girlfriend] off?
Id. at 1002. The defense did not object to any of the above argument.
Young contends all three Zuno-Acre elements are met because: (1) Castleberry’s
testimony that Jacob was an informant was actually and demonstrably false, (2) the
prosecutor in the current case knew, or should have known, the Castleberry testimony
was patently false because his office also prosecuted the 2011 juvenile matter that gave
rise to Young’s school expulsion, and nothing in that case record suggests Jacob was
an informant, and (3) Castleberry’s false testimony is material because it was the only
evidence proffered by the State that tended to show Young had a personal motive for
9 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
murdering Jacob, and motive can be highly relevant in a homicide prosecution.
E.g., State v. Haga, 13 Wn. App. 630, 637, 536 P.2d 648 (1975).
Addressing the first Zuno–Arce element, Young contends Castleberry’s testimony
that he (Young) blamed Jacob for his expulsion from school because Jacob “snitched” on
him for dealing drugs was actually and demonstrably false. Young bases his argument on
juvenile court records, appended to his PRP, that the State produced in response to
Young’s public records request. PRP, App. C. The records show that Young was
arrested in September 2011 for delivery of a controlled substance after he and two other
students were caught in a parking lot skipping school by a security officer who turned the
matter over to law enforcement. Young and one of the other students involved gave
statements inculpating Young. Young was then charged and pleaded guilty to delivery of
a controlled substance in Benton County Juvenile Court. (See id. at 595-98, 635-47) He
was subsequently expelled from school.
As Young points out, the 2011 records themselves give no indication that Jacob
had any involvement in the matter or that Young would have had any reason to believe
Jacob “snitched” on him for that incident. And the State agrees no evidence was
produced in the current trial that Jacob actually was an informant. But the State
distinguishes this lack of evidence from the critical point that, according to Castleberry,
10 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
Young told him that Jacob was an informant. Indeed, Young cannot demonstrate that
Castleberry’s testimony about what Young said to him was actually false, even if what
Young purportedly said was based on Young’s misperception that Jacob was an
informant. Castleberry did not previously know Young and there was no showing at trial
that Castleberry had any motive to testify falsely. At best for Young, Castleberry’s
testimony was a matter for the jury to weigh along with other testimony by G.B. that, to
his knowledge, Hunt was the only one who suspected Jacob was an informant. See 3 RP
(Apr. 18, 2014) at 388-89.
In this situation, Young fails to establish the first Zuno–Arce element. With no
showing that Castleberry testified falsely about what Young said to him, the remaining
two Zuno–Arce elements are not implicated and Young’s false evidence/due process
claim fails.
Nor does Young show that the prosecutor committed misconduct when discussing
the Castleberry testimony in closing argument. A defendant claiming prosecutorial
misconduct bears the burden of establishing impropriety of the prosecutor’s comments
and their prejudicial effect. See State v. Brown, 132 Wn.2d 529, 561, 940 P.2d 546
(1997). The prosecutor did not argue that Young’s perception about Jacob being a police
informant was correct, or that Jacob actually was an informant. Instead, the prosecutor’s
11 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
theme was that the murder was motivated by anger at Jacob and the perception that he
was an informant. In the context of the prosecutor’s argument as a whole, the statement
“He informs,” 7 RP (Apr. 24, 2014) at 1002, is an appropriate comment in reference to
Young’s own statements to Castleberry. Young otherwise points to nothing improper in
the prosecutor’s argument which, in any event, does not raise the specter of undue
prejudice in light of Young’s confession to detectives that reflected his premeditation
before firing the fatal gunshot.
Young fails his burden under Cook on his false evidence/prosecutorial misconduct
claims.
Youth as a mitigating sentencing factor
Relying primarily on two decisions issued after his 2014 sentencing— State v.
O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 358 P.3d 359 (2015), and State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d
1, 391 P.3d 409 (2017)—Young claims he is entitled to resentencing on grounds the trial
court abused its discretion by (1) failing to meaningfully consider his youth as a possible
mitigating factor justifying a downward exceptional sentence, and (2) failing to consider
concurrent imposition of the firearm enhancement based on youth. He contends these
purported failings resulted in a sentence that is cruel and unusual punishment as applied
12 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
to juveniles under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I,
section 14 of the Washington Constitution. We reject Young’s arguments.
The trial court may impose an exceptional sentence below the standard range if it
finds mitigating circumstances by a preponderance of the evidence. RCW 9.94A.535(1).
In O’Dell, the Supreme Court held that a defendant’s youthfulness is a mitigating factor
that may justify an exceptional sentence below statutory sentencing guidelines, even when
the defendant is a legal adult. 183 Wn.2d at 688-89. Recently, in In re Personal
Restraint of Light-Roth, 191 Wn.2d 328, 422 P.3d 444 (2018), the Supreme Court held
O’Dell did not constitute a “significant change in the law” for purposes of retroactivity
analysis. 4 Light-Roth reasoned the O’Dell court had explained that State v. Ha’mim,
132 Wn.2d 834, 940 P.2d 633 (1997), “did not preclude a defendant from arguing
youth as a mitigating factor but, rather, it held the defendant must show that his
youthfulness relates to the commission of the crime.” Light-Roth, 191 Wn.2d at 336.
Hence, “RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e) has always provided the opportunity to raise youth for the
purpose of requesting an exceptional sentence downward, and mitigation based on youth
4 Although Light-Roth interpreted the concept of “significant change in the law” in the context of exemptions from the one-year time bar under RCW 10.73.090(1), its reasoning likewise applies to that phrase’s usage in RAP 16.4(c)(4) for purposes of timely PRPs such as Young’s.
13 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
is within the trial court’s discretion.” Id. A sentencing court abuses its discretion when
the defense requests an exceptional sentence below the standard range and the court fails
to consider mitigating factors raised by the defense. O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d at 697.
In O’Dell, the defendant was convicted of second degree rape, committed at the
age of 18. At sentencing, defense counsel requested a downward exceptional sentence
because the defendant’s youthfulness impaired his ability to appreciate the wrongfulness
of his conduct and act in conformity with the law. Id. at 685. The trial court ruled that it
could not consider age as a mitigating circumstance because O’Dell was a legal adult. Id.
On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the sentencing court abused its discretion because
it believed erroneously that it could not consider youth as a mitigating factor and, as a
result, failed to consider whether O’Dell’s youth impacted his culpability. Id. at 696–97.
Here, unlike in O’Dell, Young did not request an exceptional sentence downward,
and he made no argument at sentencing that youth was a mitigating factor that impacted
his culpability. During the sentencing hearing, defense counsel cited to testimony from a
trial witness, Detective Athena Clark, who knew Young from her previous role as a
school resource officer at Richland High School and recalled him as a “sensitive guy”
who did not like to see people get bullied or beat up. 5 RP (Apr. 22, 2014) at 720-21.
Laurie Saueressig, the attendance secretary at the middle school Young attended,
14 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
addressed the court during sentencing. She said she got to know Young pretty well from
his frequent visits to the office and recalled him having a “tender heart.” 7 RP (May 2,
2014) at 1111-12. Ms. Saueressig said she always thought Young would make some
mistakes but would go to junior college, get his life in order, and turn out okay. Young’s
counsel argued the two witnesses presented a consistent theme as to “who John Young
is,” and that he was not a “throw-away type person.” Id. at 1115-16. Young’s counsel
then recommended a low-end, 250-month base sentence plus the 60-month firearm
enhancement.
In pronouncing sentence, the trial court noted potential aggravating factors and
stated it could find no mitigating factors to warrant the leniency that defense counsel
requested. The court commented that it did not believe Young’s capacity to understand
the wrongfulness of his conduct was impaired. The court further commented that the
crime was a “waste” of three young people’s lives, “most importantly [Jacob’s],” but the
court did not sua sponte mention the concept of youth as a potential factor to mitigate
Young’s culpability. Id. at 1119. The court imposed the 312-month, standard-range base
sentence and a consecutive 60-month firearm enhancement requested by the State.
In these circumstances, the court did not abuse its discretion as Young alleges
because it was not asked to impose an exceptional sentence or consider youthfulness as a
15 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
mitigating factor. See State v. Garcia–Martinez, 88 Wn. App. 322, 329, 944 P.2d 1104
(1997) (When the trial court imposes a sentence within presumptive range and the
defendant has not alleged mitigating factors, the court cannot be said to have abused
discretion.). And under O’Dell, “age is not a per se mitigating factor” that automatically
entitles young defendants to an exceptional sentence downward. 183 Wn.2d at 695.
The trial court committed no sentencing error in relation to Young’s age to which O'Dell
is material.
In Houston-Sconiers, our Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment requires
sentencing courts to consider the mitigating qualities of youth for juveniles sentenced in
adult court, and that trial courts must have discretion to impose any sentence below the
otherwise applicable SRA (Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter 9.94A RCW) range
and/or sentence enhancements. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d at 20-21. Houston-
Sconiers thus provides authority that a sentencing court has discretion to run a firearm
enhancement concurrent with the base sentence, rather than consecutively, based upon
the mitigating factor that youth diminished the defendant’s culpability.
16 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
Houston-Sconiers was not yet issued at the time of Young’s sentencing. 5 The
prosecutor told the court at the sentencing hearing that it was mandatory to run the 60-
month firearm enhancement consecutive to the base sentence. See 7 RP (May 2, 2014)
at 1099-1100, 1116-17. See RCW 9.94A.533(3)(a), (e). Young’s counsel recommended
a low-end base sentence plus a consecutive firearm enhancement. There was no further
discussion of the topic; it appears the parties and court all proceeded on the assumption
that consecutive sentencing of the enhancement was mandatory.
A trial court’s incorrect understanding of applicable sentencing laws, leading to
failure to recognize it had discretion to impose a mitigated exceptional sentence, is a
fundamental defect under Cook. In re Pers. Restraint of Mulholland, 161 Wn.2d 322,
332-33, 166 P.3d 677 (2007). Nevertheless, whether the court’s belief here about
mandatory consecutive sentencing was in fact erroneous under then-current law, or
whether Houston-Sconiers constitutes a significant change in the law that theoretically
5 In In re Personal Restraint of Meippen, the Washington Supreme Court is currently considering whether the Houston-Sconiers holding that in sentencing juveniles in the adult criminal justice system a trial court has discretion to depart from the sentencing guidelines and mandatory sentence enhancements in light of the particular circumstances surrounding a defendant’s youth, constitutes a “significant change in law” that applies retroactively. See Wash. Supreme Court oral argument, In re Pers. Restraint of Meippen, No. 95394-5 (Nov. 15, 2018), audio recording by TVW, Washington State’s Public Affairs Network, http://www.tvw.org.
17 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
could apply to Young (an adult defendant 18 years and 7 months old when he committed
the murder), neither scenario is helpful to Young. Again, he did not raise any issue of
youthfulness so as to invoke an exercise of the court’s discretion in imposing the
sentencing enhancement. And he points to no such mitigating evidence in the trial court
record. Young’s personal qualities observed by witnesses and referenced at the
sentencing hearing are not evidence to suggest youthfulness mitigated his culpability for
this crime.
Young’s additional cited case, State v. McFarland, 189 Wn.2d 47, 399 P.3d
1106 (2017), is inapposite. There, the Washington Supreme Court relied on its analysis
in Mulholland, and held that “in a case in which standard range consecutive sentencing
for multiple firearm-related convictions ‘results in a presumptive sentence that is
clearly excessive in light of the purpose of [the SRA],’ a sentencing court has discretion
to impose an exceptional, mitigated sentence by imposing concurrent firearm-related
sentences.” McFarland, 189 Wn.2d at 55 (alteration in original) (quoting RCW
9.94A.535(1)(g)). Young’s case does not involve multiple convictions. And again, he
did not seek any exercise of the trial court’s sentencing discretion on grounds of
youthfulness.
18 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
Finally, Young’s reliance on State v. Bassett, 198 Wn. App. 714, 394 P.3d 430
(2017), aff’d, 192 Wn.2d 67, 428 P.3d 343 (2018), and State v. Ramos, 187 Wn.2d 420,
387 P.3d 650 (2017) is also misplaced. In Bassett, our Supreme Court affirmed the
court of appeals decision and held that a provision of the Miller 6-fix statute, RCW
10.95.030(3)(a)(ii), that allowed 16- and 17-year-olds to be sentenced to life without
parole violated the ban on cruel punishment under article I, section 14 of the Washington
Constitution. 192 Wn.2d at 91.
In Ramos, the juvenile defendant who committed murder crimes at age 14 received
a mandatory 85-year sentence after a Miller resentencing hearing. Our Supreme Court
rejected the notion that Miller applies only to literal, not de facto, life without parole
sentences for juveniles. Ramos, 187 Wn.2d at 438-39. The Ramos court explained that
“[h]olding otherwise would effectively prohibit the sentencing court from considering the
specific nature of the crimes and the individual’s culpability before sentencing a juvenile
homicide offender to die in prison, in direct contradiction to Miller.” Id. The court
ultimately held that Ramos received a constitutionally adequate Miller hearing and did not
show that his sentence violated the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 440-53.
6 Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 479, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012) (Mandatory juvenile life without parole sentences are unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.).
19 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
Unlike the defendants in Bassett and Ramos, Young was no longer a juvenile when
he committed his crime, did not receive a de facto life sentence, and did not allege youth
was a mitigating factor at sentencing. He makes no showing that his 31-year standard-
range sentence for first degree murder violates the Eighth Amendment or article I, section
14 of the state constitution.
Young provides no basis for further review of his standard-range sentence. See
Garcia–Martinez, 88 Wn. App. at 329. He also fails his burden under Cook on his claims
related to youth as a mitigating sentencing factor.
Ineffective assistance of counsel
Young claims in the alternative that his counsel gave him ineffective assistance for
failing to argue youthfulness was a mitigating factor to justify a downward exceptional
sentence and concurrent firearm enhancement.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, Young must show that his attorney’s
performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced by the deficiency. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); In re Pers.
Restraint of Crace, 174 Wn.2d 835, 840, 280 P.3d 1102 (2012). Young must overcome
the “strong presumption that counsel’s performance was reasonable.” State v. Grier,
20 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
171 Wn.2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011) (quoting State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862,
215 P.3d 177 (2009).
Young likens his case to State v. McGill, 112 Wn. App. 95, 47 P.3d 173 (2002),
where the court indicated a desire to impose an exceptional sentence downward, but
incorrectly believed it lacked the ability to do so. On appeal, Division One of this court
held that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to cite case law that would have
allowed the trial court to depart from the standard range on grounds the SRA multiple-
offense policy resulted in an excessive sentence. The court reasoned that “[a] trial court
cannot make an informed decision if it does not know the parameters of its decision-
making authority. Nor can it exercise its discretion if it is not told it has discretion to
exercise.” Id. at 102.
But unlike in McGill where a clear basis existed for a downward departure from
the standard range, Young makes no showing from the trial court record—and he
provides no other evidence in this petition—that youthfulness was a mitigating factor in
his crime. Absent such evidence, he does not show that counsel performed unreasonably
by not raising the issue and instead advocating for the low-end sentence based on
personal qualities that witnesses attributed to Young. With no showing of deficient
21 No. 35863-1-III In re Pers. Restraint of Young
performance by counsel, Young's ineffective assistance claim fails under Strickland. He
thus also fails his burden under Cook on this claim.
We deny Mr. Young's PRP.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:
Lawrence-Berrey, C.J.