IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-24-00048-CV
IN THE MATTER OF THE MARRIAGE OF YOLANDA SALAZAR BARON AND JOSE ELIAS BARON TERRAZAS AND IN THE INTEREST OF E.N.B. AND R.B., CHILDREN
From the 82nd District Court Falls County, Texas Trial Court No. CV41637D
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Yolanda Salazar Baron petitioned for a divorce from Jose Elias Baron Terrazas and
for custody of two children. 1 Jose did not answer the petition, and the trial court granted
the petition for divorce and awarded custody of the children to Yolanda. Within six
months of the trial court’s Final Decree of Divorce, Jose file a restricted appeal. TEX. R.
APP. P. 30. Because there was error on the face of the record, the trial court’s Final Decree
of Divorce, signed on July 13, 2024, is reversed, and the case is remanded to the trial court.
1 Both the Petition and Final Decree spell the parties' last names as Baron. According to Jose, the correct spelling is Barrón. Nevertheless, we use the spelling as noted in the petition and decree. RESTRICTED APPEAL
When a party does not participate in person or through counsel in a hearing that
results in a judgment, the party may be eligible for a restricted appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 30;
Pike-Grant v. Grant, 447 S.W.3d 884, 886 (Tex. 2014). Four elements must be proved by
the filing party to sustain a proper restricted appeal. See Pike-Grant, 447 S.W.3d at 886
(see list of elements). Only the fourth element, that the filing party must prove error is
apparent on the face of the record, is at issue in this case. See id. The "face of the record"
in a restricted appeal consists of the papers on file with the trial court when it rendered
judgment; and we may not consider evidence unless it was before the trial court when it
rendered judgment. See General Elec. Co. v. Falcon Ridge Apartments, 811 S.W.2d 942, 944
(Tex. 1991); Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson, 435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco
2014, no pet.).
In two issues, Jose contends that error appears on the face of the record of the
underlying case which requires reversal of the trial court’s default decree of divorce and
a remand to the trial court because 1) the default decree lacks any evidence to support its
substantive provisions, and, independently, 2) the citation and return do not strictly
comply with the relevant rules of civil procedure. We address Jose’s second issue first.
Strict Compliance
A default judgment can only be sustained if the record before the trial court
affirmatively shows that the defendant was served in strict compliance with the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure. Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994);
Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson, 435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014, no pet.).
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 2 A no-answer default judgment cannot stand if the defendant was not served in strict
compliance with applicable requirements. In re Lakeside Resort JV, LLC, 689 S.W.3d 916,
922 (Tex. 2024); Spanton v. Bellah, 612 S.W.3d 314, 316 (Tex. 2020); Wilson v. Dunn, 800
S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990). Because no-answer default judgments are disfavored, and
because trial courts lack jurisdiction over a defendant who was not properly served with
process, the Texas Supreme Court has construed "strict compliance" to mean just that,
“strict compliance.” Spanton, 612 S.W.3d at 316. See also In re Lakeside Resort, 689 S.W.3d
at 920. Consequently, rendition of a default judgment when there is a failure to strictly
comply with the Rules of Civil Procedure regarding service constitutes reversible error
on the face of the record. See Ins. Co. of State of Pa. v. Lejeune, 297 S.W.3d 254, 256 (Tex.
2009); Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson, 435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014,
no pet.).
Whether service strictly complies with the Rules of Civil Procedure is a question
of law that is reviewed de novo. Furst v. Smith, 176 S.W.3d 864, 869-70 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Further, it is the responsibility of the one requesting
service to see that service is properly accomplished. Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson,
435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014, no pet.). As the reviewing court, we indulge
no presumptions in favor of valid issuance, service, or return of citation. Spanton, 612
S.W.3d at 316; Primate Constr. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994). Instead, any
doubts about a default judgment must be resolved against the party who secured the
default. In re Lakeside Resort, 689 S.W.3d at 922.
Jose asserts that he was not served in strict compliance with the Texas Rules of
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 3 Civil Procedure in two ways: (1) the citation lacks the full disclaimer required by Rule
99(c), and (2) the officer’s return does not confirm delivery of the petition to him as
required by Rules 99(d) and 107(b)(3). We agree there were defects in both the citation
and the officer’s return.
—Citation
Rule 99(c) provides that the citation “shall” include the following language to the
defendant:
You have been sued. You may employ an attorney. If you or your attorney do not file a written answer with the clerk who issued this citation by 10:00 a.m. on the Monday next following the expiration of twenty days after you were served this citation and petition, a default judgment may be taken against you. In addition to filing a written answer with the clerk, you may be required to make initial disclosures to the other parties of this suit. These disclosures generally must be made no later than 30 days after you file your answer with the clerk. Find out more at TexasLawHelp.org.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(c). The citation in this case included most of the required language, but
failed to include the last three sentences:
In addition to filing a written answer with the clerk, you may be required to make initial disclosures to the other parties of this suit. These disclosures generally must be made no later than 30 days after you file your answer with the clerk. Find out more at TexasLawHelp.org.
This failure would not have been fatal prior to the amendment to the rule, effective
January 1, 2021, when the last three sentences were added. But the citation in this case
was issued on May 4, 2023, well within the effective date of the modified Rule.
Yolanda contends the missing language is of no consequence since, she alleges,
she was served later with Jose’s post-divorce petition for the division of property, and
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-24-00048-CV
IN THE MATTER OF THE MARRIAGE OF YOLANDA SALAZAR BARON AND JOSE ELIAS BARON TERRAZAS AND IN THE INTEREST OF E.N.B. AND R.B., CHILDREN
From the 82nd District Court Falls County, Texas Trial Court No. CV41637D
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Yolanda Salazar Baron petitioned for a divorce from Jose Elias Baron Terrazas and
for custody of two children. 1 Jose did not answer the petition, and the trial court granted
the petition for divorce and awarded custody of the children to Yolanda. Within six
months of the trial court’s Final Decree of Divorce, Jose file a restricted appeal. TEX. R.
APP. P. 30. Because there was error on the face of the record, the trial court’s Final Decree
of Divorce, signed on July 13, 2024, is reversed, and the case is remanded to the trial court.
1 Both the Petition and Final Decree spell the parties' last names as Baron. According to Jose, the correct spelling is Barrón. Nevertheless, we use the spelling as noted in the petition and decree. RESTRICTED APPEAL
When a party does not participate in person or through counsel in a hearing that
results in a judgment, the party may be eligible for a restricted appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 30;
Pike-Grant v. Grant, 447 S.W.3d 884, 886 (Tex. 2014). Four elements must be proved by
the filing party to sustain a proper restricted appeal. See Pike-Grant, 447 S.W.3d at 886
(see list of elements). Only the fourth element, that the filing party must prove error is
apparent on the face of the record, is at issue in this case. See id. The "face of the record"
in a restricted appeal consists of the papers on file with the trial court when it rendered
judgment; and we may not consider evidence unless it was before the trial court when it
rendered judgment. See General Elec. Co. v. Falcon Ridge Apartments, 811 S.W.2d 942, 944
(Tex. 1991); Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson, 435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco
2014, no pet.).
In two issues, Jose contends that error appears on the face of the record of the
underlying case which requires reversal of the trial court’s default decree of divorce and
a remand to the trial court because 1) the default decree lacks any evidence to support its
substantive provisions, and, independently, 2) the citation and return do not strictly
comply with the relevant rules of civil procedure. We address Jose’s second issue first.
Strict Compliance
A default judgment can only be sustained if the record before the trial court
affirmatively shows that the defendant was served in strict compliance with the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure. Primate Constr., Inc. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994);
Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson, 435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014, no pet.).
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 2 A no-answer default judgment cannot stand if the defendant was not served in strict
compliance with applicable requirements. In re Lakeside Resort JV, LLC, 689 S.W.3d 916,
922 (Tex. 2024); Spanton v. Bellah, 612 S.W.3d 314, 316 (Tex. 2020); Wilson v. Dunn, 800
S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tex. 1990). Because no-answer default judgments are disfavored, and
because trial courts lack jurisdiction over a defendant who was not properly served with
process, the Texas Supreme Court has construed "strict compliance" to mean just that,
“strict compliance.” Spanton, 612 S.W.3d at 316. See also In re Lakeside Resort, 689 S.W.3d
at 920. Consequently, rendition of a default judgment when there is a failure to strictly
comply with the Rules of Civil Procedure regarding service constitutes reversible error
on the face of the record. See Ins. Co. of State of Pa. v. Lejeune, 297 S.W.3d 254, 256 (Tex.
2009); Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson, 435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014,
no pet.).
Whether service strictly complies with the Rules of Civil Procedure is a question
of law that is reviewed de novo. Furst v. Smith, 176 S.W.3d 864, 869-70 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Further, it is the responsibility of the one requesting
service to see that service is properly accomplished. Midstate Envtl. Servs., LP v. Peterson,
435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014, no pet.). As the reviewing court, we indulge
no presumptions in favor of valid issuance, service, or return of citation. Spanton, 612
S.W.3d at 316; Primate Constr. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152 (Tex. 1994). Instead, any
doubts about a default judgment must be resolved against the party who secured the
default. In re Lakeside Resort, 689 S.W.3d at 922.
Jose asserts that he was not served in strict compliance with the Texas Rules of
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 3 Civil Procedure in two ways: (1) the citation lacks the full disclaimer required by Rule
99(c), and (2) the officer’s return does not confirm delivery of the petition to him as
required by Rules 99(d) and 107(b)(3). We agree there were defects in both the citation
and the officer’s return.
—Citation
Rule 99(c) provides that the citation “shall” include the following language to the
defendant:
You have been sued. You may employ an attorney. If you or your attorney do not file a written answer with the clerk who issued this citation by 10:00 a.m. on the Monday next following the expiration of twenty days after you were served this citation and petition, a default judgment may be taken against you. In addition to filing a written answer with the clerk, you may be required to make initial disclosures to the other parties of this suit. These disclosures generally must be made no later than 30 days after you file your answer with the clerk. Find out more at TexasLawHelp.org.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(c). The citation in this case included most of the required language, but
failed to include the last three sentences:
In addition to filing a written answer with the clerk, you may be required to make initial disclosures to the other parties of this suit. These disclosures generally must be made no later than 30 days after you file your answer with the clerk. Find out more at TexasLawHelp.org.
This failure would not have been fatal prior to the amendment to the rule, effective
January 1, 2021, when the last three sentences were added. But the citation in this case
was issued on May 4, 2023, well within the effective date of the modified Rule.
Yolanda contends the missing language is of no consequence since, she alleges,
she was served later with Jose’s post-divorce petition for the division of property, and
the citation for that petition failed to include the same language. Even if this later citation
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 4 is relevant to this issue, a holding we do not make, that citation was not on file with the
trial court when the trial court rendered judgment; thus, we cannot consider it. See
General Elec. Co. v. Falcon Ridge Apartments, 811 S.W.2d 942, 944 (Tex. 1991); Midstate Envtl.
Servs., LP v. Peterson, 435 S.W.3d 287, 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014, no pet.).
Yolanda also contends that strict compliance does not mean “obeisance to the
minutest detail,” quoting an unpublished opinion from the Austin Court of Appeals,
Cuetara v. DSCH Capital Partners, LLC, No. 03-16-00078-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 7449
(Tex. App.—Austin July 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). Cuetara involved language in the
return of a citation served by substituted service, not whether the citation itself, was
faulty due to the lack of all the language required by Rule 99(c). Further, none of the
cases cited by Yolanda involve the type of failure involved here. We have found no cases
on point either. But, because the Supreme Court of Texas, in Misc. Docket No. 20-9153,
saw fit to add the last three sentences to the required language of Rule 99(c), we will not
call the addition a minute detail that need not be followed.
Accordingly, because strict compliance with Rule 99(c) was not accomplished, the
failure of the citation to include all of the required language of Rule 99(c) is error on the
face of the record.
—The Return
The person executing the citation must complete a return of service. TEX. R. CIV.
P. 107(a). The return "must include," among other requirements, "a description of what
was served." Id. 107(b)(3). Pursuant to Rule 106, a copy of the citation and of the petition
must be served by delivery to the defendant. See id. 106(a)(1). The return of citation in
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 5 this case does not describe service of the petition. It only describes service of the citation.
Because the return does not strictly comply with Rule 107, or with Rule 106, there
is error on the face of the record. 2 See Furst v. Smith, 176 S.W.3d 864, 872 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Shamrock Oil Co. v. Gulf Coast Nat. Gas, Inc., 68 S.W.3d
737, 739 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied.). See also Ins. Co. of State of
Pa., 297 S.W.3d 254, 255-256 (Tex. 2009); Primate Constr. v. Silver, 884 S.W.2d 151, 152-153
(Tex. 1994); Avew Holding, Inc. v. Cty. of Williamson, No. 01-18-00069-CV, 2019 Tex. App.
LEXIS 1860, at *4-5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 12, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.);
Plummer v. Enterra Capital Inv’r Tr., No. 05-19-00255-CV, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 1459, at *5
(Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 20, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op).
CONCLUSION
Based on the record before the trial court at the time the default judgment was
rendered, there were defects in the citation and the return, and Jose has established on
appeal that there is error apparent on the face of the record. Thus, the trial court erred in
granting the default judgment, and Jose’s second issue is sustained.
Having sustained Jose’s second issue, we need not consider Jose’s first issue.
Accordingly, the trial court’s Final Decree of Divorce is reversed, and this case is
remanded for further proceedings.
TOM GRAY Chief Justice
2 Yolanda offers no rebuttal to this part of Jose’s second issue other than to say that Jose relies on a case not on point with his argument. Jose did not cite to the case in his complaint regarding the officers’ return, which Yolanda distinguishes.
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 6 Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Johnson,* and Justice Smith *(Justice Johnson concurs in the judgment only) Reversed and remanded Opinion delivered and filed September 26, 2024 [CV06]
In the Matter of the Marriage of Baron Page 7